NASA 1994 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation

Project Title:

HYBRID FLOATING BRUSH SEAL FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE HIGH TEMPERATURE ADVANCED GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS

94-1	01.01	0051

HYBRID FLOATING BRUSH SEAL FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE HIGH
TEMPERATURE ADVANCED GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS

Abstract:

The present proposal offers the possibility of a technological
jump in the use of Brush Seals, which in themselves represent a
novel technology presently being incorporated in the new
generation of jet engines. Turbine efficiency is strongly
associated with the blade tip clearance, and it can decrease
significantly through the unloading of the blade due to leakage
over its tip, and subsequent increase in the flow area over the
tip. The most basic cause resides with the radial displacements
of the rotor and the case when the clearance generally becomes
larger than the desired operating conditions.
A significant contribution towards the solution of the problem
has been the introduction of the brush seals. These types of
seals provide a principally compliant buffer between the blades
and the case, or at compressor and turbine interstages. While
these seals work relatively well, the brush wear at the
rotor/brush interface as well as its overheating seem to still be
a major obstacle to long term reliability. As the problem stems
in part from the large relative velocity and heat flux production
at the interface, the solution proposed here, the hybrid Floating
Brush Seal aims at reducing considerably (80%-90%) the relative
velocity thus completely eliminating this class of problems. To
further reduce overheating, be that from friction at the
interface, or from the extremely hot gases coming from the
combustor, a new procedure of combined film and transpiration
cooling is also incorporated within this new type of floating
brush.

Brush seal development is a specific technology that has been
identified by Government organizations(Air Force, Army), as well
as by private industry jet engine manufacturers (General
Electric, Textron Lycoming, Allied Signals, Pratt & Whitney,
Rolls-Royce) and seal manufacturers (Technetics, EG&G Sealol,
Cross Mfg), as very promising in the area of enhanced engine
primary and secondary stream management and SFC. Successful
conclusion of the undertaking proposed here will offer a new
class of brush seal devoid of the problems exhibited by the
present generation of brush seal. Such a brush could be used with
newly found reliability not only in the turbine and compressor
interstages but also as very efficient and reliable blade tip
seals. Its added transpiration cooling feature will possibly make
this brush usable even in the first stage of the high pressure
turbine.

Key Words

B&C Engineering Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 2384
Akron, OH 44309

Project Title:

Experimental Simulation of Buoyancy Effects using Two Liquids inTurbo machinery Components

94-1	01.01	0333

Experimental Simulation of Buoyancy Effects using Two Liquids in
Turbo machinery Components

Abstract:

An innovative experimental technique is proposed which would allow
simulation of flows where buoyancy effects are important but
compressibility is not. The technique uses two liquids of different
density and seeds one of the two with fluorescent dye. Velocity
measurements are obtained using Laser Velocimetry (LV) with a
Refractive Index Matched (RIM) liquid. Use of the liquids allows
matching Rotation and Reynolds numbers with those of the engine
while maintaining a low rpm, thus providing distinct cost and cycle
time benefits in assessing and developing design alternatives.
Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) is used to track species diffusion
which can be related to temperature diffusion. The ability to use
acrylic models, when coupled with RIM fluid, provides complete
optical access. The technique would be demonstrated by obtaining
benchmark velocity and species diffusion (which can be related to
temperature diffusion) data in a compressor drum rotor which is a
critical component in stall line management. The program would
provide a novel concept for instrumentation and flow visualization
and would gather benchmark experimental data. The technique would
provide a new tool for NASA in obtaining data in a cost-effective
and timely manner.

The technique would have very significant advantages for
experimental investigation for flows where buoyancy is important
but compressibility is not. Such situations are common in gas
turbine components where secondary flow is used for cooling
purposes. In rotating machinery, it would allow matching of mass-
flow and tangential Reynolds numbers at lower rpm than possible
with a gas flow and would allow use of an acrylic model allowing
maximum optical access for laser-based measurement. Applications
other than turbomachinery would be found in the chemical process
industry and industrial power generation industry. Development of
this technique would provide SRA with an important
commercialization opportunity in its support service operation.

Key Words

Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
50 Nye Road, P.O. Box 1058
Glastonbury, CT 06033-6058

Project Title:

An Innovative Fuel Atomization Device for Gas Turbine Combustors

94-1	01.01	1600

An Innovative Fuel Atomization Device for Gas Turbine Combustors

Abstract:

This proposal introduces an innovative fuel atomization device,
the "smart nozzle", for gas turbine combustors. It consists of a
conventional fuel atomizer and an innovated piezoelectric driver.
It generates the spray through the fuel atomizer and modulates
the spray structure through the piezoelectric driver. By adopting
a conventional atomizer, the "smart nozzle" retains the basic
characteristics of the current fuel atomization system but adds
the controllability to spray structure. One will be able to
adjust and optimize combustor performance by control of the fuel
spray through the "smart nozzle".
An analytical model describing the spray cone angle and nozzle
discharge coefficient will be developed. The model will be
verified with experimental data. Open loop response of the smart
nozzle to control signal, such as the variation of cone angle
under different driving conditions, will be measured. Laser
Induced Fluorescence (LIF) will be used to measure spray
patternation. As a result of the proposed work, a database about
the smart nozzle operation will be compiled and used for flow
tests and combustor performance verification in Phase-II. The
acquired knowledge will lead to proper control of spray structure
for satisfactory combustor performance.

Smart nozzle enables on-line control of fuel spray and combustor
performance in a wide range of operating conditions. Concurrent
improvement in efficiency, and emissions reduction can be
achieved as a result of improved combustor performance. Such a
device can have a great market in gas turbine industry as well as
other liquid spray related industries.

Key Words

Berkeley Applied Science and Engineering
5 Third Street, Suite 530
San Francisco, CA 94103

Project Title:

Coupled Flow and Heat Transfer Analysis using Hybrid Structured-Unstructured Grids.

94-1		01.01	3304			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

Coupled Flow and Heat Transfer Analysis using Hybrid Structured-
Unstructured Grids.

Abstract:

A new CFD software technology is proposed for the simultaneous
analysis of fluid flow and wall heat conduction in propulsion
systems components. In gas turbine engines, the proposed software
will be particularly useful for analyzing turbine blades. Using the
proposed software, designers will be able to design better
turbine blade cooling techniques which will increase engine
efficiency by allowing higher turbine entry temperatures and/or
by requiring less compressed air. The design of other hot gas
section components will similarly benefit. The proposed software
will be unique in that it will simultaneously solve for
combusting flow within the hot gas section, coolant flow in the
geometrically complex coolant passages, and heat conduction
through the wall. Also unique will be the use of hybrid
structured/unstructured grids, which will simplify the generation
of grids for complex geometries. Implicit solution procedures
will be used for all modules. During Phase I, a 2D wall heat
conduction module will be developed and coupled with the existing
hybrid structured-unstructured modules, and time preconditioning
will be added to accelerate Navier-Stokes solver convergence for
low Mach number flows.

The new analysis system will allow designers to quickly analyze
flow and heat transfer for propulsion system components. The code
will be marketable to the aerospace industry and other industries.

KEY WORDS

Amtec Engineering, Inc.
3075 112th Ave N.E. Suite 106
PO Box 3633
Bellevue, WA 98009-3633

Project Title:

Intelligent Parallel Task Partitioning for Workstation Clusters

94-1	01.01	5601

Intelligent Parallel Task Partitioning for Workstation Clusters

Abstract:

Since workstation clusters are becoming more prevalent for
executing "production" parallel programs, we propose to develop
"intelligent" techniques for partitioning the parallel tasks of a
parallel program among workstations grouped in a cluster. Current
parallel programming environments (e.g.,PVM) enable the
programmer to view the workstation cluster as a single entity but
thrust upon the programmer the responsibility for determining how
to partition the various parallel tasks of the parallel program
among the workstations. Although programmers may relatively
easily specify an arbitrary partitioning, they may not so easily
specify an efficient partitioning. Our innovation will be to
employ artificial intelligence techniques to perform the
partitioning: the Intelligent Parallel Task Partitioning System
(IPTPS) will "learn" from past executions how of a particular
parallel program to modify accordingly the partitioning of the
current execution. We anticipate that for production runs of
internal fluid mechanics codes (i.e., ones needing to execute
several hundred or more times for parametric analyses), after
some learning curve, the IPTPS will allocate the program's tasks
among the workstations in a near optimal manner. After the
initial demonstration on internal fluid mechanics computations,
production codes of other application domains should be amenable
to being efficiently executed on workstation clusters with IPTPS.

The IPTPS will be useful in any industrial application
(computational fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, fluid flow,
thermal analyses, computational chemistry, numerical weather
prediction, etc.) in which workstation clusters can provide the
necessary computational power. Additionally, the IPTPS
methodology will also find application in other domains, such as
automobile traffic control, in which efficient, effective,
automated "load balancing" is useful.

Key Words

SYSTRAN Corp.
4126 Linden Avenue
Dayton, OH 45432

Project Title:

Enhanced Cooling of Turbine Blades with Perforated Ribs

94-1	01.02	0017

Enhanced Cooling of Turbine Blades with Perforated Ribs

Abstract:

Gas turbines are required to operate with gas flows at temperatures
more than 1400@C, much higher than the melting temperatures of
blade material. Ribs cast in internal passages of blades for
cooling, result in exorbitant pressure drops and extremely uneven
heat transfer distribution. This is mainly due to the rib-induced
"separation reattachment of cooling air". Perforated ribs are
proposed for heat transfer augmentation. It is anticipated that the
interaction between the flow through perforations and the main flow
over the rib, can increase turbulence intensity near the wall,
yielding enhanced and uniform heat transfer. The additional flow
path provided by perforated ribs can also lower the penalty in
pressure drops. The present investigation aims at obtaining the
distribution of local heat transfer coefficients by using liquid
crystal thermometry and understanding the complex interaction
between two flows. The local distributions obtained will determine
the extent of uniformity and enhancement of heat transfer. A square
channel with ribs on two opposite walls simulating internal
passages of blades will be employed. A wide number of operating and
geometrical parameters for perforated ribs will be examined.
Lynntech Inc., intends to adopt a dual-use approach for advanced
cooling techniques, rendering them available for aircraft engines
and industrial consumer-oriented applications.

The potential commercial applications for perforated ribs include
gas turbine blades employed in aircraft engines and power plant
utilities, heat exchangers for process and petrochemical
industries, fuel rods in nuclear reactors, evaporator and
condensers in refrigeration industries, tubes in boilers and heat
recovery units, etc.

Key Words

Lynntech, Inc.,
7610 Eastmark Drive,
Suite 105,
College Station, TX 77840.

Project Title:

The Variable Flow Number Pressure Fuel Nozzles

94-1	01.02	1322

The Variable Flow Number Pressure Fuel Nozzles

Abstract:

The performance of the traditional simplex pressure atomizer design
is limited/undesirable for its low Turn-Down Ratio(TDR) in its
application to the practical engines. An innovative variable
geometry/Flow-Number pressure nozzle concept is proposed to remedy
the defect of the current design. The program goal is to be
achieved by introducing a pressure activated fuel swirler plug into
the nozzle spin chamber. With this modification, at low
flow/pressure conditions, the swirl plug slots are to be partially
blocked and result in a smaller cross-section low Flow Number(FN)
fuel passage. At this mode, the fuel nozzle will effectively
increase the off-set of the fuel slots relative to the center of
the spin chamber. Thus at a given flow rate condition, the nozzle
will be operated at a much higher liquid velocity (due to low FN)
and angular momentum (due to the increased slot off-set). It will
then achieve a much better atomization performance at low flow
conditions as well as higher TDR for the entire nozzle operation
range.

This innovative nozzle design will achieve a much better nozzle
performance than me traditional counterpart. It will be widely used
in the gas turbine industry and industrial oil burner applications.
The improved nozzle performance can also be used in spray
atomization application at large.

Key Words

Sun Valley Technology Inc.
26700 Emery Industrial Parkway, Unit 4
Warrensville Heights, OH 44128

Project Title:

AIR ASSISTED FUEL ATOMIZATION SYSTEM

94-1	01.02	1535	A

AIR ASSISTED FUEL ATOMIZATION SYSTEM

Abstract:

This Phase I SBIR proposal will evaluate an innovative method for
obtaining a more uniform dispersion of smaller fuel droplets and
prevent droplet coalescing in order to reduce flame hot spots by
several hundred degrees. If successful, this SBIR program has the
potential to ease stage I turbine nozzle design and reduce NOx
formation during high power engine operation.
The basic Air Assist Fuel Atomization system operating principle is
to (1) extract a small amount of compressor discharge air, (2)
further compress it by approximately 25% in a engine mounted
turbocompressor, and then (3) insert the compressed air into the
fuel nozzle upstream of the exit orifice in an innovative mixing
chamber.
The test apparatus to be used in the Phase I test program will be
fabricated to Grey Fox Technologies' specifications. The proposed
Phase I work plan will be centered on two test segments. The first
test segment will be comprised of simple, understandable tests
using different air/water ratios and mechanical mixing
configurations. The second test segment will consist of a more
precise measurement of the actual droplet sizes for the most
promising air/fuel ratios and mechanical mixing configuration.
The Air Assisted Fuel Atomization system has a significant world
wide commercial and military market potential for advanced high
compressor pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature aircraft
engine applications. This innovative system also has a substantial
marine and industrial gas turbine market potential.

o Advanced Subsonic Transports
o Advanced Supersonic Transports
o Marine and Industrial Gas Turbine Applications

Key Words

GREY FOX TECHNOLOGIES, Inc.
33 DASCOMB ROAD
ANDOVER, MA. 01810

Project Title:

An Innovative Variable Geometry Advanced Dual-Lip Airblast Fuel Nozzle

94-1	01.02	4138

An Innovative Variable Geometry Advanced Dual-Lip Airblast Fuel
Nozzle

Abstract:

An innovative variable geometry dual-lip airblast fuel nozzle for
current and future gas turbine combustors is proposed for
development in this SBIR. The proposed nozzle design, which is a
new propulsion system component, will control the nozzle effective
flow area (ACd) over a wide range of engine power conditions
resulting in a high quality fuel atomization particularly at start-
up and ground idle conditions. The proposed nozzle has a dual-lip
design, which offers high turndown fuel/air ratios (10 to 1), and
provides for a premixing capability of fuel and air prior to
admission into the combustor primary zone. These design features
will optimize the combustor performance in terms of producing lower
NOx, CO, HC and satisfying the combustor performance and life
goals. In this phase I SBIR, 2D and /or 3D CFD analysis will be
performed to predict the effective flow area (ACd) of each air flow
passage and compute the flow velocity and pattern for a number of
designs concepts configurations. The best design(s) concepts
screened by Phase I will further be optimized, designed, fabricated
and tested in Phase II at Fuel Systems Textron Inc. Proof of best
design concept in an engine sector under high pressure conditions
will also be included in Phase II. The final product of this SBIR
will be an advanced fuel nozzle that will have both commercial ar
government applications in particular for the Advanced Subsonic
Technology program.

The proposed airblast dual-lip fuel nozzle in this SBIR will
improve the performance of gas turbine combustors such as light-up
characteristics, lower NOx and CO, higher turndown fuel-air ratios
and combustion efficiency. Such an improved nozzle design is always
of great interest to government and commercial aviation firms.

Key Words

Engineering Research & Analysis Company
4810 Mulford St., Suite # 1-E
Skokie, IL 60077-3146

Project Title:

Advanced Subsonic Engine High Efficiency Combustor

94-1	01.02	5215	A

Advanced Subsonic Engine High Efficiency Combustor

Abstract:

Overall engine efficiency can be dramatically improved with a high
inlet velocity, low pressure drop, high heat release rate combustor
which reduces diffuser losses and combustor pressure drop losses,
improves turbine nozzle performance, and minimizes size and weight.
For natural gas fuel, PCI has demonstrated a novel catalytic
combustor design with very low pressure drop, high inlet duct
velocity, high turndown and stability, and low NOx at pressure.
With appropriate design modifications for liquid jet fuel
operation, this combustor design should be suitable for integration
into the advanced subsonic gas turbine engine program. In the Phase
I, the important design issues for conversion to liquid jet fuel
will be addressed for proof-of-concept testing leading to high
pressure combustor testing in a Phase II.

This proposal offers a high efficiency, low emissions subsonic
combustor technology which has substantial attractiveness for
NASA's advanced subsonic gas turbine engine program.

Key Words

Precision Combustion, Inc.
25 Science Park
New Haven, CT 06511

Project Title:

Lean Direct Fuel Injector for Low NOx Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) Gas Turbine Combustors

  94-1	01.02	6576

  Lean Direct Fuel Injector for Low NOx Advanced Subsonic
  Technology (AST) Gas Turbine Combustors

Abstract:

The high combustor inlet pressures and temperatures required to
meet Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) goals will put critical
demands on the fuel injector design. This SBIR project proposes
to develop an innovative Lean Direct Injector (LDI) concept that
enhances fuel-air mixing to reduce NOx emissions, yet is free
from durability problems associated with Lean, Premixed~
Prevaporized (LPP) fuel injectors.
In Phase I, at least five configurations of the proposed LDI
concept will be studied. Different types of axial and radial
fuel staging techniques used within the nozzle will be examined,
including partial premixing in some designs. Selected designs
will be analyzed using 2-D and 3-D turbulent, reacting CFD
analysis. The analysis will include multi-step, finite-rate
chemistry and prescribed pdf modeling for turbulence-combustio
n interaction. General Electric Aircraft Engines, the selected
subcontractor, will assist in the review/ assessment of result
s. In Phase II, the most promising designs will be optimized
using a combined numerical/experimental approach. Experimental
tests will be performed using existing experimental rigs at GEAE
or General Applied Science Laboratories (GASL). LDI fuel
injector concepts that are successfully demonstrated in Phase II
have strong potential for future transition into commercial and
military low NOx combustors.

The final product of this project will be a staged LDI fuel
injector capable of durable and reliable operation with very low
NOx emissions for the full range of anticipated AST operating
conditions. This product is of significant interest to
manufacturers of gas turbine engines.

Key Words

CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

Project Title:

Adaptive Closed-Loop System for Control of Combustor Pattern Factor (71 14-940)

  	  94-1	01.03	0003

  	  Adaptive Closed-Loop System for Control of Combustor Pattern
  Factor
  	  (71 14-940)

Abstract:

This proposal describes a program to experimentally
demonstrate an
adaptive closed-loop control system for real-time control of
the
exit temperature distribution in gas-turbine combustors. The

proposed concept takes advantage of new technologies
associated
with adaptive signal processing and flow control to create
a
completely new engine control system. The system is based on
a
multi-input/output controller using an adaptive neural
network.
Demonstration experiments will be performed in an existing
small-
scale spray combustion facility modified to accommodate
dilution
air actuators and temperature sensors. Proof-of-principle
experiments to control the combustor exit temperature profile will
be demonstrated in this simplified geometry. Conclusions drawn from
these experiments will be used to identify control system
requirements for full scale gas-turbine applications. The Phase II
program will then design, fabricate, and test a scaled-up control
system on a larger combustor with eventual testing to be performed
on a designated NASA gas-turbine combustor sector rig.

The proposed innovation is applicable to both commercial and
military gas-turbine combustion systems including both stationary
and propulsion related applications. The system will increase gas-
turbine service life by controlling the thermal stress associated
with turbine blade wear. Successful implementation of the proposed
system in commercial aircraft propulsion units will represent a
significant savings to the airline industry by reducing turbine hot
section service and maintenance costs.

Key Words

Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

Project Title:

Durable "Fly-by-Light" Jet Engine Temperature Probe

  94-1		01.03	5130

  Durable "Fly-by-Light" Jet Engine Temperature Probe

Abstract:

We proposed to utilize out innovative, proprietary, pollution-free,
JET VAPOR DEPOSITION process to fabricate high quality, durable,
oxidation-resistant, noble-metal aluminide intermetallic coatings
for use in an advanced "fly-by- light" jet engine temperature
probe. This SBIR project will be carried out with Allison Gas
Turbines, a major jet engine manufacturer, and Land Infrared Co.,
a leader in fiber-optic pyrometer systems for engine control
applications. The University of Pennsylvania will advise us on the
development of the intermetallic coatings. In Phase I, we will
develop and demonstrate advanced sensor coating materials able to
withstand the extreme high temperature oxidizing environment of an
advanced gas turbine. We will calibrate and test the performance of
the sensor in simulated engine conditions. If Phase I is
successful, we will collaborate in Phase II to optimize the sensor
design and qualify it for actual engine control applications. We
will also improve and automate the sensor manufacturing processes.
In Phase II commercialization, we will produce and sell these high-
value sensors for advanced, multi-channel, "fly-by-light" gas
turbine engine temperature control systems for both new engines and
retrofit applications for both military and commercial aircraft.

This R&D will result in an innovative, low cost manufacturing
method for high performance "fly by light" jet engine control
sensors for the DOD/NASA Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine
Technology Initiative.

Key Words

Adr

Project Title:

Large-area SiC-on-insulator (SiCOI) Substrates for High-temperature Electronics

94-1	01.03	6000

Large-area SiC-on-insulator (SiCOI) Substrates for High-
temperature Electronics

Abstract:

This Phase I program will fabricate low-defect, high-quality SiC
(using carbonized ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures)
as a lattice-matched buffer layer for CVD growth of SiC device
structures. Recently, Spire demonstrated for the first time the
fabrication of ultrathin Si on SiO2 (140 A) by using the low-energy
Separation by IMplantation of OXygen (SIMOX) process. SiC thin
films will be fabricated by carbonizing the ultrathin Si top layer
of SIMOX wafers. The carbonization technique has produced the
lowest defect density in epitaxial SiC on Si; however, due to the
different lattice constants, a strained layer exists at the
interface which limits the usefulness of this material for device
applications.
Ultrathin Si films will allow rapid conversion of the entire Si
layer to SiC, since the SiC only contacts SiO2, which is amorphous
and softens at the carbonization temperature. In the absence of a
lattice mismatch, the source of stress is eliminated (as in SIMOX),
thus paving the way for formation of a high-quality SiC layer.
Phase I will produce SiC buffer layers under varying material and
processing conditions, and epitaxial SiC layers, by CVD, on the
lowest-defect material. Phase II would include optimization of the
processing parameters and fabrication of device structures for
material evaluation.

Fabrication of large-area, inexpensive, Si-based substrates for
growth of low-defect SiC and GaN films will enable for radiation-
hard, high-temperature electronics. These substrates are essential
for integration of LEDs, lasers, detectors, and a variety of other
devices into Si microelectronic chips.

silicon carbide (SiC), carbonization, gallium nitride (GaN), atomic
layer epitaxy (ALE), silicon-on-insulator (SOI)

Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396
Phone number: (617) 275-6000

Project Title:

Computer-Aided Design Software for Integrated Flight/Propulsion Control System Design

94-1	01.03	7569

Computer-Aided Design Software for Integrated Flight/Propulsion
Control System Design

Abstract:

The importance of integrated flight/propulsion control systems in
enhancing the performance of STOVL aircraft and the future
hypersonic aircraft has been recognized by researchers at NASA
and other aerospace research centers. Proposed research will
identify the role of integrated flight/propulsion control systems
for improving the performance existing transport and high
performance aircraft. Design algorithms for integrated
flight/propulsion system control will be set up to form the basis
for a computer-aided design software. Robust linear control
techniques based on centralized control design followed by
controller partitioning technique pioneered at NASA LeRC,
together with decentralized design methods, and methods based on
multiple time-scale analysis and feedback linearization will be
included. During Phase II, these algorithms will be used for
synthesize a computer-aided design package useful for integrated
flight/propulsion control system development by the aerospace
industry.

Integrated flight/propulsion control systems have the potential
for improving the performance and safety of existing aircraft,
and will also find significant use in high angle of attack
aircraft, high speed civil transport, and in the hypersonic
aircraft program. Design methods and software developed under the
proposed SBIR program will contribute towards the continued
leadership of the U. S. aircraft industry.
The software developed under the present research will find
extensive use in the design of control systems containing several
complex subsystems. Semiconductor process control and, control of
flexible manufacturing systems are two typical examples of such
systems.

KEY WORDS

Optimal Synthesis
450 San Antonio Road, Suite 15
Palo Alto, CA 94303

Project Title:

"High Temperature Fiber Optic Imaging Apparatus"

  94-1	01.03	9014

  "High Temperature Fiber Optic Imaging Apparatus"

Abstract:

It is proposed to develop a high temperature imaging fiber
optic system as a means for non-intrusive diagnosis of high
temperature and high pressure engine components and combustion
systems, and as a research tool for system development.
Current fiber optic imaging systems provide invaluable access
for remote sensing in many applications but are relatively
limited in temperature range. The development of imaging
sapphire fiber optics and high temperature fiber cladding
processes under other NASA programs have led to the
possibility of fiber optic imaging at temperatures in excess
of 1000@C. This would enable simple, non-intrusive diagnosis
of jet combustors and turbines, rocket engines, and furnace
processing. A sapphire fiber optic video system will be
designed, fabricated and tested for basic performance in a
furnace as a Phase 1 feasibility demonstration. A prototype
system will be developed in Phase 2 for delivery to NASA.

High temperature imaging fiber optics will be used extensively
for diagnosis of engine and combustion processes at high
temperature and high pressure manufacturing processes, and
with 2-D laser excited flow and combustion diagnostics. Future
applications include intelligent multipoint combustion system
control and fault detection.

sapphire, fiber optic, imaging, high temperature, optical
access.

Thoughtventions Unlimited
P.O. Box 1310
Glastonbury, CT 06033

Project Title:

Fiber Optic Sensors for Long Wavelength Pyrometry andThermometry

  94-1    01.03     9806

 Fiber Optic Sensors for Long Wavelength Pyrometry and
Thermometry

Abstract:

Radiation pyrometry and thermometry combined with fiber optics
provide powerful sensors for determining surface and gas
temperatures in otherwise unaccessible locations. However,
several applications require that temperature measurements be
made in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) where widely-used
silica fibers are non-transmissive. For example, gas turbine
engines components are being fabricated from ceramic materials or
are often coated with ceramic thermal barrier coatings which have
low, variable emissivities at shorter wavelengths. Therefore,
temperature measurements would be more accurate and reproducible
in the LWIR where the emissivities are typically high and stable.
A second example is measurement of gas temperatures where the
dynamic range must be extended to lower temperatures. In this
case, shorter wavelength sensors suffer as the peak of the Planck
function shifts to longer wavelengths. This program will involve
the development and testing of novel fiber optic radiometric
temperature sensors that operate in the LWIR. The key innovation
is the use of hollow sapphire waveguides to carry radiation from
the sensing point to the detector. Hollow sapphire waveguides are
suitable for use at high temperatures and transmit in the LWIR;
no currently available solid-core fibers offer this combination
of features.

The development of hollow sapphire waveguide-based radiometric
temperature sensor would extend the applicability of LWIR
pyrometry to applications where limited optical access would
otherwise preclude this type of measurement. This will be of
particular benefit to measuring temperatures of turbine engine
components coated with ceramic thermal barrier coatings which
have low and variable emissivities at shorter wavelengths. The
proposed technology will also extend the capabilities of fiber
optic gas thermometers by providing an increased dynamic range
with a single sensor.

Key Words

Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
87 Church Street
East Hartford, CT 06108

Project Title:

Regenerated Engines for General Aviation Propulsion

  94-1    01.04     2637

 Regenerated Engines for General Aviation Propulsion

Abstract:

A new type of lightweight, highly efficient, diesel engine is
currently being developed under a joint Navy - Caterpillar
program. The ReJen Company is the originator of this new
regenerated engine approach and is a major partner in its R&D.
Current programs are directed toward large, four stroke, marine
engines. However, there is reason to believe that smaller and two
stroke versions of these regenerated engines can be developed. If
so, they would be a new type of powerplant for general aviation
aircraft that would provide: (1) fuel efficiency superior to the
best current diesel engines, (2) very much smaller size and
weight engines, (3) an air cooled engine, (4) an engine that
utilizes cheap and readily available fuel, and (5) the potential
for reduced emissions. The objective of this Phase I SBIR program
is to determine the feasibility of applying this regenerated
engine technology to general aviation propulsion. This will be
accomplished by (1) analytically investigating the performance of
two stroke regenerated engines, (2) analytically investigating
the scalability of the regenerated engine, and (3) experimentally
and analytically investigating the structural integrity and
thermal performance of the most critical new component of these
engines, the regenerator. Ultramet, Inc., is a major
subcontractor in this Phase I program.

Regenerated engines could replace other powerplants in many
applications, including general aviation propulsion. The improved
performance, greatly reduced operating cost, lower weight, air
cooling, and smaller volume of these engines could have
substantial impact on the general aviation industry. If this SBIR
program successfully demonstrates the applicability of the
regenerated engine to general aviation propulsion applications,
then it will initiate a new area of aircraft engine R&D with very
high payoff.

Key Words

The ReJen Company
Rt. 2, Box 394
Mountain View Dr.,
Swall Meadows
Bishop, CA 93514

Project Title:

Single Lever Power Control for General Aviation and Unmanned Aircraft

  94-1	01.04	3633

  Single Lever Power Control for General Aviation and Unmanned
  Aircraft

Abstract:

Powerplants of general aviation and lightweight aircraft are
generally controlled through various levers by the pilot. It is
upon the pilot to select speed setting for the propellor through
direct throttle setting on the engine to obtain a desired flight
condition. Therefore, the selected operating conditions can be far
off from best performance and sometimes even far off from safe
operating conditions. The innovation proposed herein is a single
lever flight controller in the form of a single command from the
pilot to the entire powerplant system and which enables the PCU
(Powerplant Control Unit) to select optimum performance for any
desired flight condition. The pilot is now free to concentrate on
navigation and the control of the aerodynamic surfaces, if not done
by the autopilot.
The work proposed consists of implementing a single lever power
controller into the existing hard- and software of a high-altitude
UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle) turbocharged powerplant controller.
ú Anticipated results: The most efficient combination of engine MAP
(Manifold Air Pressure) and engine rotational speed to find desired
power output independent of flight conditions
ú Applications:General Aviation Aircraft, UAV (Unmanned Air
Vehicles), High-Altitude Aircraft
ú Benefits:	Safety due to reduced pilot work, Performance,
Simplification of pilot-autopilot interface (reliability),
Increased TBO (Time Between Overhaul), Comfort (ergonomics)

ú General Aviation
ú UAV'S (Unmanned Air Vehicles)
ú HALE aircraft (High-Altitude Long-Endurance)
ú General motorized vehicles.

Key Words

Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation
10601 Observation Rd. Manassas, VA 22111
Phone: (703) 369-3633

Project Title:

Computation of Aircraft Trailing Vortices

  94-1		02.01	0631

  Computation of Aircraft Trailing Vortices

Abstract:

A new numerical algorithm, "Vorticity Confinement" is proposed
to economically and accurately compute the generation and
evolution of trailing vortices in realistic conditions,
including shear, ground effect, turbulence, and
stratification. Completely Eulerian, the method involves the
addition of a self-interaction term to the momentum equations
which depends only on local computed velocity. This term
eliminates numerical diffusion and prevents concentrated
vortices from spreading due to numerical discretization error,
even if the vortices are resolved over only 2-3 grid cells. As
such, Vorticity Confinement combines the generality and ease
of use of Eulerian fixed-grid methods with the efficiency of
Lagrangian methods in treating concentrated, convecting and
possibly merging vortices. This capability will make it
possible to include computations of interacting, trailing
vortices under realistic conditions. Neither Lagrangian
markers nor external vorticity specifications are used, so
complex flows with changing topology can be computed.
Vorticity Confinement allows the use of simple, efficient
second-order methods on coarse, regular computational grids
rather than very fine grids, computationally intensive higher-
order methods, or complex grids that other Eulerian methods
require. Use of the method will allow the design of aircraft
with lower vortex-wake hazard and the development of better
safety standards and better trailing vortex sensors.
Objectives include demonstration of the technique for several
realistic, 3-D trailing vortex problems, and development of a
preliminary code for use in the Phase II effort.

The efficiency and accuracy of the computational tools
developed will be unique. Commercial applications will
include: (i) the design and utilization of wake vortex ad
visory systems; (ii) the design of wake vortex sensors; (iii)
the determination of aircraft wake vortex characteristics; and
(iv) the design and utilization of crop dusting equipment. In
addition, agencies responsible for planning air transport
systems and setting aircraft separation standards will use the
computational tools to aid their decision making. It is
anticipated that a version will be installed at each major
airport for wake simulation in addition to versions sold to
aircraft and wake-sensor manufacturers, since no other
computational method will have the capability.

Key Words

Flow Analysis, Inc.
256 93rd Street
Brooklyn, NY 11209-6806

Project Title:

Optimization of Suction for Laminar Flow Control Applications

94-1	02.01	0818

Optimization of Suction for Laminar Flow Control Applications

Abstract:

We propose to make available a transition prediction code which
incorporates recently developed techniques for efficient
optimization of suction distribution on swept wings for achieving
larger regions of laminar flow. The objectives will be achieved
through a two-phase project.
In phase I, a code developed at HTC which computes the mean flow
and stability characteristics of three-dimensional flow will be
modified to incorporate recent optimization techniques also
developed at HTC. Phase I results in a code which computes
efficiently the optimal suction distribution for user provided
total mass flux and flow conditions. The code also handles user-
provided constraints on parameters such as the maximum suction
velocity.
The project will result in a design tool for efficient optimization
of suction distribution for the purpose of delaying laminar-
turbulent transition onset on aerodynamic surfaces and achieving
larger regions of laminar flow with minimum suction power.

Development of a transition prediction code that efficiently
determines the optimal suction distribution for laminar flow
control on aircraft wings is valuable for reducing the project time
needed to design such surfaces. Such a code is also expected to
achieve larger regions of laminar flow with less suction power.

Key Words

High Technology Corp.
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666

Project Title:

Active Control/Alleviation of Trailing (Streamwise) Vortices

94-1	02.01	0818	B

Active Control/Alleviation of Trailing (Streamwise) Vortices

Abstract:

Destabilization and dissipation of wing tip vortices is the
dominant issue for reducing wake hazard and increasing airport
productivity. The wake hazard problem exists due to the longevity
of trailingline vortices and their associated high rotational
energy. An innovative control strategy is proposed for the
enhancement and premature aging of the vortex system. This research
is focused on an active excitation/energization of large scale
instability modes and inducement of bursting in tip vortices via
acoustic and non-acoustic forcing. The technique is innovative for
its simplicity, i.e., it is easy to add on to current wing design
and it has no adverse effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of
the generating wing. The effort is directed at modeling the
receptivity of tip vortices to acoustic/external excitation and
manipulation of sound-induced large-scale turbulence for tip vortex
disablement.

Control and alleviation of the wake vortex of commercial and
military aircraft to increase safety and airport productivity,
efficient aerial spraying of agricultural chemicals, prevention of
helicopter blade vibration/fatigue, aircraft (submarine) stealth,
and mixing enhancement.

Key Words

High Technology Corp.
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666

Project Title:

A New Approach to the Prediction of Transition in Gas Turbines

94-1		02.01	2600			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

A New Approach to the Prediction of Transition in Gas Turbines

Abstract:

The objective of this proposal is to develop advanced analysis
software based on three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic
(CFD) methods to support the design and optimization of gas
turbines.
In fact, due to the process of transition from a laminar to a
turbulent boundary layer on the blade, great uncertainty presently
exists in predicting convective heat transfer rates from the blade.
Current CFD techniques using inadequate transition criteria, based
on local pressure gradient and boundary-layer thickness parameters,
fail to address the fact that the competing effects of high
external stream turbulence and severe streamwise acceleration can
lead to the boundary layer being in an intermediate state between
laminar and turbulent over much of the blade surface. We propose to
use a well-validated procedure, based on state-of-the-art
turbulence modeling, for predicting momentum and heat transfer
rates in boundary layers with especial reference to the transition
from laminar to turbulent (or semi-turbulent) flow induced by high
levels of external stream turbulence.
Phase I will focus on demonstrating the innovative technology and
assessing our turbulence models in the design of gas turbines. This
will be accomplished by modeling the development of a boundary
layer on the blade surface under the influence of various free
stream turbulence energy levels. The state-of-the-art in turbulence
modeling will include the use of low-Reynolds number RNG-based
eddy-viscosity models, non-linear k-e, explicit algebraic stress
models and other alternatives to a full low-Re second-moment
closure.
Phase II will focus on improving and enhancing physical models as
deemed necessary in Phase I, as well as employing the use of
sophisticated full Reynolds-stress closures that incorporate
sufficiently general sub-models of the different processes at work
for there to be good prospects of it predicting transition with
reasonable accuracy.

The proposed work employs many basic features that will find wide
usage in industry. The code developed may be used for modeling
blade-cascade flows over a wide range of operating conditions and
will be a valuable tool for the design and optimization of gas
turbines.

KEY WORDS

Fluent Inc.
10 Cavendish Ct.
Lebanon, NH 03766

Project Title:

From Design to Analysis: A Synergistic Approach to Grid and Model Geometry

94-1		02.01	6660	A		AMOUNT REQUESTED $

>From Design to Analysis: A Synergistic Approach to Grid and Model
Geometry

Abstract:

We propose designing the structured grid generator GRIDGEN's
geometric basis so that grid geometry and CAD model geometry are
treated identically: as rational, n-th degree polynomial curves and
surfaces.  We also propose adding CAD-style curve and surface
creation tools to the grid generator.  This unique approach to
the challenge of accurate transfer of product geometry from the
designer to the analyst will: 1) provide the analyst with a
single code for geometry repair and grid generation, 2) enable
the analyst to effectively repair or idealize the geometry for
gridding, 3) enhance the grid generation process by providing
new, CAD-style tools for grid creation, and 4) improve the
efficiency of the grid generation software and its user
interface.  Since grid generation is a necessary step prior to
any CFD analysis and since complex aerospace vehicle geometry
usually arrives at the grid generator in a form not amenable to
analysis, the proposed work is essential to the continued use of
CFD in aerospace design.  Since GRIDGEN is widely used at several
NASA centers the results of the proposed research will be
immediately useful.

Adding the proposed grid-CAD geometry engine to the GRIDGEN
structured grid generator would have considerable commercial
applications for any firm that obtains analysis models from CAD
systems. Many firms are turning to computer aided engineering
(CAE) analysis software as a means of improving their
international competitiveness, especially in light of the recent
downsizing trend. CAE software helps these firms decrease the
time to market for new products and improve product quality
through improved analyses. However, before the grid can be made
and the analysis performed, the geometry must be changed to a
usable form. It is this need that the proposed program fulfills.
An aerospace application may call for editing the trailing edge
of a wing so that is sharp. The CAD model may be of a wind tunnel
model that purposely defined a blunt trailing edge for ease in
milling the model. An automotive engineer may wish to fair over
the wheel wells of a vehicle prior to an external aerodynamics
calculation. A biomedical engineer may have to edit the curves in
an arterial model (curves that originated from a magnetic
resonance imaging scan). Finally, as a result of incorporating
curve and surface creation tools, analysts without access to any
CAD system may create a model from scratch in GRIDGEN.

KEY WORDS

MDA Engineering, Inc.
Suite 401
500 E. Border St.
Arlington, TX 76010

Project Title:

An Object-Oriented Scientist's Workbench for Parallel Vector and Tensor Field Analysis

94-1		02.01	7442			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

An Object-Oriented Scientist's Workbench for Parallel Vector and
Tensor Field Analysis

Abstract:

We propose to investigate the feasibility of a scientist's
workbench based on the vector bundle visualization model and the
Linda(R) and ParadiseTM programming systems. The vector bundle
model provides a theoretical basis for high-level integration of
analysis, visualization, and verification of vector and tensor
field datasets, while Linda and Paradise provide transparent,
scalable parallel or distributed execution on both massively
parallel machines and workstation networks. The union of these
technologies into a single environment will provide a parallel
computation and visualization workbench with specific knowledge of
vector and tensor fields, capable of handling the extremely large,
heterogeneous datasets associated with computational fluid dynamics
and other applications based on partial differential equations.
The specific Phase I objectives are to
(i)		investigate the mappings of fields and other data types
in the vector bundle model into objects in the virtual
shared memories provided by Linda and Paradise;
(ii)		investigate heuristics for adjusting the granularities
used to decompose vector bundle objects and map them to
available processors; and
(iii)	identify the most suitable operations in the vector
bundle model for parallelization.
These investigations will lead to a design specification from which
a full prototype workbench can be developed in Phase II.

The proposed scientist's workbench would give scientists, in
computational fluid dynamics and a wide range of other disciplines,
convenient access to parallel processing for analysis and
visualization of extremely large vector and tensor field datasets.
The ability to transparently distribute large computation and
visualization problems over heterogeneous networks of workstations
and other machines would provide a level of computational power not
currently available to most scientific and engineering
organizations.

KEY WORDS

Scientific Computing Associates
One Century Tower
265 Church Street
New Haven, CT 06510-7010

Project Title:

Turbulence Model with Enhanced Physics and Neural Network Closure Modeling

94-1	02.01	9457

Turbulence Model with Enhanced Physics and Neural Network Closure
Modeling

Abstract:

The objective of the work is to develop a new multi-equation,
eddy-viscosity turbulence model. Significant advances in the
analytical and empirical aspects of turbulence modeling will be
employed. The model will be derived from exact equations
representing the critical physics in most turbulent flows, rather
than dimensional analysis. An artificial neural network, trained
on turbulence data and constrained by universal laws of
turbulence, will provide the empiricism needed to "close" the
turbulence model equations. The proposed work represents a
fundamentally new concept in modeling, not just an incremental
improvement. If this modeling concept is successful, the model's
accuracy can be increased, without inherent limits, by enlarging
the turbulence data base use to train the neural net. The concept
provides a means of applying turbulence simulation results to
realistic, full-scale problems. This turbulence model will be
useful for solving many problems in aerodynamics within NASA and
in the commercial sector.

Inadequate turbulence modeling is a major obstacle to improved
accuracy in many flow simulations, and improved modeling accuracy
is needed to help solve some critical design issues in
aeronautical systems. All companies which employ CFD in the
design of aircraft, engines, and automobiles, for example, are
potential customers of a significantly improved turbulence model.

Turbulence modeling, artificial neural networks, computational
fluid dynamics

Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
526 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2212

Project Title:

Electronic Knowledge Exchange System for CFD Validation Concepts

94-1	02.01	9457	A

Electronic Knowledge Exchange System for CFD Validation Concepts

Abstract:

The transition of state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) methods from the code research and development community to
the vehicle design community is an important goal for the aerospace
industry. However, the success of this technology transfer effort
is dependent upon the active participation of both communities,
particularly in the area of CFD code validation. The objective of
this work is to combine knowledge systems and electronic
communication tools into a hypermedia system for exchanging
information among multiple users. This system will document CFD
code validation efforts in a knowledge base and will allow the user
community to provide comments and feedback to the code development
community. The proposed technique takes advantage of the ability of
electronic networks to facilitate communications among a
distributed group of participants and of the applicability of
knowledge systems to technology transfer tasks. The merging of
these two technologies will benefit NASA and the aerospace industry
by increasing the participation factor in code validation user
communities.

The knowledge exchange system can be used to document test cases
and results, provide feedback, and implement multiple communication
channels for any application that involves testing of complex
hardware or software systems by a distributed group of users. One
such application is the technology transfer of CFD to the
aerospace, ship building, or turbomachinery industries. This system
also has commercial potential in the validation and testing of any
software product, and therefore can be marketed to the U.S.
software industry.

Key Words

Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
526 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2212

Project Title:

Application of Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing for Diagnostics of High-Enthalpy Test Facilities

94-1	02.02	0688

Application of Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing for Diagnostics of High-
Enthalpy Test Facilities

Abstract:

The innovation proposed in this small business innovative research
proposal is the application of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM)
to the measurement needs of high enthalpy test facilities. DFWM
provides a means of simultaneously measuring species concentration
and gas temperature in such facilities. The resonant and spatially
coherent characteristics of DFWM make it suitable for trace species
detection in luminous environments. We propose to make simultaneous
measurements of the OH concentration and temperature in NASA's
counter-flow diffusion flame (CFDF) facility. We anticipate that
this work will enable us to develop a strategy for performing
similar DFWM measurements in other NASA facilities such as the
scramjet combustor test facility, TC-2, at Langley. DFWM
measurements in the CFDF will meet two of NASA's needs. First, the
data collected in the CFDF will provide an experimental database
for direct comparison with NASA's combustion modeling efforts.
Second, the work performed in the CFDF will enable the development
of a general DFWM measurement strategy, providing NASA with a
diagnostic tool applicable to many test facilities.

The technique of degenerate four-wave mixing is applicable to a
number of measurement needs in both the public and private sector.
The Phase I effort proposed here will result in the design of a
prototype diagnostic tool for use in combustion environments. An
existing MetroLaser product, the FlameMap, can easily be modified
to incorporate the designed DFWM tool.

Key Words

MetroLaser
18006 Skypark Circle #108
Irvine, CA  92714-6428

Project Title:

An Adaptive Probability Density Function (PDF) Method for Turbulent Supersonic Combustion Simulations

94-1		02.02	6576			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

An Adaptive Probability Density Function (PDF) Method for Turbulent
Supersonic Combustion Simulations

Abstract:

An innovative adaptive PDF methodology will be developed in this
project to improve the predictability and efficiency of turbulent
supersonic combustion. Previous attempts at developing an analysis
approach of this type suffered from one or more of the following
problems: inefficient use of computer resources, inaccurate
modeling, and limited geometric flexibility. A new and unique
approach based on adaptive modeling techniques is proposed which
provides the foundation for resolving these problems.
In the proposed Phase I study, the feasibility of coupling an
adaptive Monte Carlo solution procedure for the composition
probability density function (PDF) with an advanced structured,
unstructured, and hybrid CFD code will be addressed. The PDF will
account for the interaction between turbulent fluctuations and
finite-rate chemical kinetics. The proposed PDF algorithm will
incorporate adaptive table generation for chemical kinetics and
adaptive particle distribution. Without an adaptive approach,
accurate and efficient use of PDF modeling as a design tool is not
possible.
The feasibility of the combined method will be shown by solving
several two- and three-dimensional problems on structured,
unstructured, and hybrid grids. The planned Phase II work includes
extending the adaptive modeling principles for efficient spray,
radiation, and soot formation models. Additionally, the developed
PDF models will be useable with NASA Langley's CFL3D and USM3D
codes.

The adaptive PDF technology will be packaged as a module into
existing commercial CFD software as part of Phase III. The software
will allow efficient and accurate evaluation of supersonic
combustion systems. This capability will have direct application to
hypersonic vehicles such as NASP, HSCT, Hypersonic Transport
Aircraft, and Advanced Launch Systems.

KEY WORDS

CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

Project Title:

A Novel Pneumatic Vortex Control Technique for Lift and Maneuverability Enhancement of Highly-Swept Configurations.

	  94-1		02.03	1400

	  A Novel Pneumatic Vortex Control Technique for Lift and
	  Maneuverability Enhancement of Highly-Swept Configurations.

Abstract:

A pneumatic technique for vortex augmentation and breakdown
control on highly-swept wings is proposed. The technique
relies on chordwise blowing tangentially from wing upper-
surface slots that are located directly below the vortex
paths. The entrainment effect of the wall jets is utilized to
accelerate the downwash in the symmetry plane thus
strengthening the rotational energy of the vortex cores and
also moving them closer to the upper surface. The resulting
increase of vortex suction on the wing enhances lift, and may
also be applied nonsymmetrically to generate roll control. A
low-speed wind tunnel feasibility study will be performed on
generic delta and arrow wing configurations. Six-component
force/moment and pressure measurements and supporting flow
visualizations will be conducted to evaluate the vortex
control effectiveness as functions of jet flux and momentum,
and its potential benefits to the lift and lateral control
characteristics of the two wing configurations.

The proposed research is aimed towards development of a new
aerodynamic technology of direct relevance to the next-
generation advanced supersonic aircraft. It is anticipated
that its potential for improving the cranked-arrow low-speed
lift capability will of great interest to the industry in the
context of the High Speed Civil Transport program.

Key Words

ViGYAN, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666-1325

Project Title:

BATSCAN System - Acoustic Tomographic Array Monitoring for Wind Tunnels

94-1	02.03	1886

BATSCAN System - Acoustic Tomographic Array Monitoring for Wind
Tunnels

Abstract:

The BATSCAN project has the potential to significantly improve wind
tunnel productivity and reduce test program costs. BATSCAN measures
three dimensional noise fields within any wind tunnel, measuring
both source intensity and directivity. BATSCAN uses tomographic
detector arrays and acoustic passive tomography imaging. BATSCAN is
an innovative extension of three dimensional, acoustic noise
location/measurement systems developed for use in nuclear power
plants and costing many millions of dollars to develop, validate
and demonstrate. Application of a BATSCAN system to NASA's wind
tunnel programs will result in significant savings in operation,
model preparation and data analysis costs. For example; the BATSCAN
system:
* Measures the absolute noise intensity (pressure fluctuation
intensity) at all points on surfaces of models or open jets in a
wind tunnel.
* Reduces number of, or precludes need for dynamic pressure
monitors built into models.
* Extracts the intensity of local internal noise sources from
reverberant noise fields. Acoustic energy absorbing duct linings
are not required to minimize reflected sound.
* Increases technical content of a test.
Phase 1 will provide a practical demonstration of BATSCAN's
capabilities for a wind tunnel environment.

There is a large number of wind tunnels in operation in NASA, and
a very large number in use throughout the world. Successful
demonstration of this technology will lead to adoption of this
monitoring technique on many of the NASA and commercially operated
facilities. BATSCAN's significant increase in monitoring technology
is potentially an enabling technology for significant design
enhancements in fixed wing and rotor aircraft. The BATSCAN system
has a wide potential in process and manufacturing industries. These
include petrochemical and process plant applications such as
monitoring of loose parts in large vessels, boiler monitoring, and
monitoring a furnace's combustion efficiency. Other potential
applications include aircraft engine fault detection, geological
exploration, submarine surveillance, and corona discharge in high
voltage transformers.

Key Words

GREENE R&D International, Inc.
1101 S. Winchester Blvd., Suite A-107
San Jose, CA 95128

Project Title:

Aircraft Drag Reduction using Distributed Suction and Adaptive Control Techniques

  94-1		 02.03  	4151



  Aircraft Drag Reduction using Distributed Suction and Adaptive

  Control Techniques

Abstract:

Implementing laminar flow control (LFC) for airplanes using

suction through slotted or perforated surfaces, promises two

to three times the current achievable range (full chord

laminar flow is achieved over aircraft wings). Because of

variations in surface pressure, several suction compartments

are necessary under the wing surface. The maximum benefit of

LFC is dependent on using minimum suction rates in the various

suction panels and compartments.

The proposed innovation is to design an LFC controller to

optimize the flow in various suction panels to keep the

transition at a predetermined location on the wing. This

innovative monitoring and flow control system will measure the

boundary layer state, i.e. transition location in real time, and

use this to adjust the suction flow rates to continuously vary

and maintain extensive region of laminar flow on LFC airplanes.

A key component of the innovation is the use of a non-intrusive

method to measure the boundary layer state on the wing using

several flush mounted miniature microphones, buried under the

suction surface. Flow control based on the microphones is non-

intrusive, more sensitive, and rugged than the other more

conventional methods.


An adaptive boundary layer control system will provide high pay-

off in terms of requiring minimum required power to run the

suction system, and could be highly beneficial to commercial

subsonic and supersonic transports and military airplanes

designed for extremely long ranges. The proposed innovation will

also be useful in applications such as reducing the high-speed

buffet fatigue loads on high-speed transport airplanes, which

will be possible by supplying boundary layer suction in and

downstream on the shock region. Real-time feedback transition

control system proposed will be necessary for every flying LFC

airplane in the future.


Key Words


Innovative Aerodynamic Technologies

534-C Wythe Creek Road

Poquoson, Virginia  23662

Project Title:

Fast Prediction Method for Transonic Aerodynamics

94-1	02.04	5412

Fast Prediction Method for Transonic Aerodynamics

Abstract:

In the design of modern aircraft it is essential to incorporate as
much information as possible in the conceptual design phase;
decisions made in this phase can "lock in" as much as 90% of the
costs of the project. It is becoming increasingly important to
incorporate unsteady aerodynamic criteria into the design at an
early stage; this is the topic in the Solicitation. There may be
many iterations of the design and this has led to the need for
modeling tools that are accurate and computationally fast. This
proposal is concerned with the fast prediction of the loads in
unsteady transonic flow. Frequently the transonic flow regime is
where the most critical unsteady loads occur. The innovation
proposed in Phase 1 is the development of a method that allows
sufficiently fast estimation of the aerodynamic loads for
conceptual design. This technique will be coupled in Phase 2 with
other techniques developed by the author and others to provide a
comprehensive prediction capability that can be used for conceptual
or preliminary design.

If successful the research will lead to the development of
commercially viable software for the prediction of unsteady
transonic flow. This method will be sufficiently fast for use in an
optimizer; there is a market for this type of product in the
aerospace industry.

Key Words

NWING Inc.
427 Monroe Drive
Palo Alto, Ca. 94306

Project Title:

A Universal Indicial Function for Unsteady Transonic Flow

  94-1	02.04 	5412 	B



  A Universal Indicial Function for Unsteady Transonic Flow

Abstract:

In the design of modern aircraft it is essential to incorporate

as much information as possible about unsteady aerodynamic

criteria into the conceptual design phase. This is the topic in

the Solicitation. This has led to the need for modeling tools

that are both accurate and computationally fast. One such model

is the use of indicial response functions. However, in the

transonic flow regime, where the most critical unsteady loads

occur the indicial response functions are very dependent on the

wing geometry and hence a new indicial function has to be

computed for every geometry change. This removes most of the

benefit when used in a design optimization. The innovation

proposed in Phase 1 is the development of a "universal indicia

l function" for transonic flows which will allow an extremely

fast estimation of the loads for conceptual design. This

technique will be extended in Phase 2 and coupled with other

techniques to provide a comprehensive prediction capability that

can be used for conceptual or preliminary design.


If successful the research will lead to the development of

commercially viable software for the prediction of unsteady

transonic flow. This method will be sufficiently fast for use in

an optimizer; there is a market for this type of product in the

aerospace industry.


Key Words


NWING Inc.

427 Monroe Drive

Palo Alto, CA 94306

Project Title:

UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC AND AEROELASTIC SIMULATION USING PANEL METHODS COUPLED TO A FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURES METHOD AND INCLUDING AEROELASTIC EFFECTS

94-1	02.04	9090

UNSTEADY AERODYNAMIC AND AEROELASTIC SIMULATION USING PANEL METHODS
COUPLED TO A FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURES METHOD AND INCLUDING
AEROELASTIC EFFECTS

Abstract:

The proposed program of work will show that it is possible to
predict the behavior of flight vehicles in response to external
stimuli such as microbursts or wake-vortex encounters, using
tractable high-speed computational methodologies. In the Phase I
work outlined in this proposal, computational tools, based on well
tried configuration modeling methods and
structural analysis techniques, will be applied in the time domain, and their
performance demonstrated modeling typical aircraft in representative
situations. Certain extensions to the numerical flow method would be
investigated with a view to speeding up the calculations when treating the
complex vortex wake/surface interactions. In a subsequent Phase II, the
method would be formalized and implemented, and its performance validated
through comparison between the calculated results and results obtained from
flight and wind-tunnel tests of representative aircraft.

Reduced reliance of wind-tunnel testing of scale models
Reduced prototype development time
Reduced prototype development costs
Reduced technical risk during development
Reduced overall program cost for new aircraft

Key Words

ANALYTICAL METHODS, INC.
2133 -152nd Avenue N.E.
Redmond, WA 98052
(206) 643-9090

Project Title:

Advanced Computational Techniques for Rotorcraft Aerodynamics and Interaction

94-1	02.05	2600

Advanced Computational Techniques for Rotorcraft Aerodynamics and
Interaction

Abstract:

The objective of this proposal is to develop computational
techniques for the analysis of rotorcraft aerodynamics and
interaction that are significantly faster than those currently
available. We propose to use unstructured meshes for discretization
of the complex geometries and sliding and deforming mesh concepts
for accommodating the rotor motion along all its degrees of
freedom, including tiltrotor configurations. We also propose to use
MIMD parallel processing on dedicated architectures as well as
networks of heterogeneous workstations to enable routine use of
these techniques for analysis and design purposes. Phase I of the
proposed work will concentrate on rotor aerodynamics and
demonstrate the feasibility of using sliding unstructured grids to
resolve all the flow features and performance characteristics of
interest. The methodology will be validated against available
experimental/computational data for a rotor in isolation. Phase II
will include the capability of studying interactions between the
rotor, airframe and other rotorcraft components as well as rotor-
ground interaction. Solution adaption techniques and rotor blade
dynamics will be incorporated. Procedures for parallel processing
will also be implemented.

The software developed here will find widespread use not only in
the rotorcraft industry but also in many other industrial
applications. Vertical and horizontal axis wind turbines represent
a growing area of interest. Many internal flow applications also
involve rotating blades and interaction between moving components;
examples include mixing tanks, food and materials processing
equipment and turbomachinery. Potential uses in the automotive
industry are for design of components such as gear pumps, gerotors
and torque converters.

Key Words

Fluent Inc.
10 Cavendish Ct.
Lebanon, NH 03766

Project Title:

Downloads and aeroacoustics of tilt-rotor aircraft

  941     02.05     3880

 Downloads and aeroacoustics of tilt-rotor aircraft

Abstract:

JAI Associates, Inc. proposes to develop an innovative hybrid
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for accurately
calculating aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of V-22 configuration.
In particular, the complex downloads problem will be addressed in
the Phase I research effort. A multi-block Navier- Stokes
numerical method that is capable of resolving the flowfield by
using Chimera overset grids will be used. An accurate turbulence
model will be utilized to capture the massively separated
flowfield associated with the downloads problem. A rotating
Kirchhoff formulation will be coupled to the flow solver. The
Navier-Stokes upwind scheme called TURNS, developed by the
Principal Investigator, will be the heart of the proposed
numerical scheme. This method has been demonstrated to be
accurate, robust, and computationally efficient.
Phase I effort is a 6-month study to obtain a demonstration
calculation of the downloads for a V-22 tilt rotor configuration
in hovering flight. A successful demonstration of this will
provide a solid foundation for realistic calculations on a full
V-22 tilt rotor aircraft in hover and axial flight in Phase II
research. The individual items to be completed for the success of
Phase I research are 1) identification and gridding of a V-22
rotor and wing using several body-conforming overset grids; 2)
implementation of Chimera or Pegasus schemes in to the Navier-
Stokes upwind numerical code; 3) a demonstration calculation of
V-22 tilt rotor downloads; 4) implement rotating Kirchhoff
formulation for calculating farfield noise accurately will begin
in Phase I; and 5) compare results with experiments and prepare a
final report. Phase II and the follow-on efforts will provide
additional man-years to complete the task generated by Phase I
and proposed for Phase II. JAI Associates, Inc. personnel and the
proposed consultant are uniquely qualified to undertake this work
since they are recognized leaders in the field of rotorcraft
research.

Commercial applications include the design of advanced
technology tilt rotors for better aerodynamic and aeroacoustic
performance. The method could also be used for designing
efficient rotor blades for helicopters and tilt rotors. Other
important applications include the interaction of multiple moving
bodies relative to each other such as the main rotor and tail
rotor of helicopter, tandem rotors, turbines and compressors in
engines, and store separation etc.

Key Words

JAI Associates, Inc.
P. O. Box 293
Mountain View, CA 94042-0293

Project Title:

Fast Modeling Technology for General Rotor/Surface Interaction

  94-1	02.05	9282

  Fast Modeling Technology for General Rotor/Surface Interaction

Abstract:

Predicting the behavior of surface-bounded vortical flows is
critical for a variety of aeronautical problems. This proposal
involves the development and application of new, efficient
approaches to modeling such complex flows that will not only
provide a predictive capability including wall or fuselage effects
but also provide a unified model of rotor wake behavior for
arbitrary advance ratios. This will be accomplished by building on
existing work in non-time-domain analyses of vortex wake dynamics
while applying innovative numerical approaches, including reduced-
memory free wake relaxation methods, an O(N) fast vortex method,
and fast boundary element calculations. The coupling of these
methods to an existing comprehensive rotor code will produce a
general analysis of rotor aerodynamics at arbitrary advance ratio
for application to cases both with and without boundary effects.
Applications include the assessment of ground effect, rotor/body
interaction, and the correction of wind tunnel data to free air
conditions, in particular rotors in low-speed. The analysis
technology developed here will be extensible to a wide range of
aeronautical and nonaeronautical applications.

A combined Phase I / Phase II effort would produce software capable
of efficient modeling of a wide range of enclosed and unenclosed
rotor/body combinations, supporting design, analysis, and testing
work in the rotorcraft community. This technology would be
applicable to essentially any design task for incompressible fixed
wing aerodynamics, while also being extensible to compressible
flows. The highly efficient surface panel modeling would also
benefit the whole class of boundary element methods, both within
and outside aeronautical disciplines.

Key words

Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
J.O. Box 3073
Princeton, NJ  08543-3073

Project Title:

Thin Film Sensing Elements for Skin Friction Imaging Arrays (7 124- 570)

  	  94-1	02.08	0003

  	  Thin Film Sensing Elements for Skin Friction Imaging Arrays
  (7 124-
  	  570)

Abstract:

Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) herein proposes to continue
engineering development of a new skin friction imaging
measurement
technique suitable for aerodynamic and hydrodynamic flow
fields. A
previous NASA-sponsored effort has demonstrated the key
component
technologies for a new approach to skin friction and surface

contamination measurement which offers the potential of high

resolution readout and display in real time for wind tunnel
instrumentation and aeronautical applications. The Phase I
program
will demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing integrated

sensing elements. A single prototype skin friction sensor
with
integrated thin film transistor, i.e., a "unit cell" of the
proposed arrays, will be developed, and tested in the Phase I
program. Ultimately, the device would consist of an array of a skin
friction sensors integrated into a thin, flexible sheet or "skin".
High sensitivity, flexible pyroelectric sensors which accumulate
charge in proportion to local temperature changes, can monitor
local surface cooling rates after known heat pulses are delivered
by heating films. This cooling rate has a simple relationship to
the skin friction. In principle, temperature changes, and thus the
skin friction, can be sampled and read out with hard-wired dynamic
and analog shift registers, similar to CCD arrays. As a
prerequisite to actual TFT switch fabrication, the ability to
deposit semiconductor grade amorphous hydrogenated silicon on
polymers such as polyimide has been previously demonstrated. Such
a sheet could be readily attached to any surface and the skin
friction monitored and displayed continuously in, for example, RGB
video format.

A non-intrusive skin friction `camera' has the potential to become
a commercial product usable on commercial aircraft and in fluid
dynamics laboratories around the world including several NASA
facilities. These distributed sensor arrays could be installed on
aircraft wings with outputs coupled to control system which improve
aerodynamic performance. Because they readily detect surface ice
contamination, such sensors could also serve as the basis for
efficient, adaptive anti-icing techniques with significant
commercial potential.

Key Words

Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077

Project Title:

X-Ray Backscatter Measurements for Defining Scramjet Combustor Flowfield Characteristics

94-1	02.06	2458

X-Ray Backscatter Measurements for Defining Scramjet Combustor Flowfield
Characteristics

Abstract:

Understanding of combustor flow fields is of great importance for the design
and performance analysis of static and installed propulsion systems. One of
the major drivers in combustor design is losses due to the fuel-air mixing
and combustion inefficiencies. The combustor loss calculations and flow field
structure (static and dynamic) for simple designs are normally retrieved from
published data but for complex combustor flows, model testing is required.
The major objective of these tests are to determine the flow structure and
mixing efficiency along the entire length of the combustor, especially at the
area of fuel injection. We propose an innovative non- intrusive technique to
measure the internal combustor flow field density distribution and possibly
the time averaged velocity through an unaltered combustor case. The technique
is based on X-ray Compton backscatter and the resultant frequency shift of
the scattered photons. This novel diagnostic approach has many advantages
over similar scattering techniques and holds tremendous potential for
commercialization. The technique requires absolutely no seeding, no special
windows or access ports, uses basic physics and simple instrumentation, and
will provide a portable, field useable tool for planar flowfield diagnosis.

The XRD approach to flow field diagnostics will have unlimited applications
to all systems with exposed or enclosed flowing gases or liquids. These could
include aircraft propulsion systems, fluid transfer systems, hydrodynamic
structures and industrial cooling systems. We believe that this system
approach will be simple, easy to apply to a variety of diagnostic
requirements. Additionally, there is a significant possibility that the
system be commercialized to broader applications.

Key Words

Micro Craft Inc
Applied Science and Engineering Group
3050 Pacific Highway
San Diego, CA 92101-1127

Project Title:

Micron and Submicron Sized High Temperature Polymer Spheres

  94-1		02.06		3200

  Micron and Submicron Sized High Temperature Polymer Spheres

Abstract:

The aerospace community is in the process of designing
vehicles for high supersonic flight regimes for programs such
as High Speed Research, the High Speed Civil Transport and the
National Aerospace Plane. Current particles employed for flow
pattern and velocity determinations do not meet the
requirements of these and similar high speed programs. Foster-
Miller proposes to generate high temperature polymeric
particles by the rapid and complete conversion of a soluble
precursor polymer to an insoluble polymer; resulting in
formation of spherical and monodispersed polymeric particles
whose average size can be selectively varied from 0.2 to 2.0
~m. High temperature particles have been produced from polymer
systems like poly(aryl ketones), poly(aryl sulfides) and
poly(aryl ketone sulfones). Foster-Miller will refine and
expand this concept to produce high temperature polymeric
particles suitable for supersonic flow visualization.
In Phase 1, we will demonstrate the feasibility of generating
high temperature micron and submicron sized particles by
rapidly converting soluble precursor to insoluble polymers. We
are working in conjunction with Dr. J.S. Riftle of VPI&SU,
whose research has demonstrated this concept, Boeing and Bangs
Laboratories, a commercial firm currently producing particles
for special applications. In Phase II, two systems will be
selected for col-version process optimization. One polymer
system will then be scaled-up to produce sufficient quantities
for wind tunnel testing.

The intensifying high supersonic flight research is being
carried out in civilian and military sectors both inside and
outside this country. Substantial quantities of particles will
be required to support this research. Alternative commercial
applications such as powder coated prepreg tows for
composites, molding, painting and coating would benefit
significantly from this research. The use of powders rather
than systems containing solvents or dispersants in these areas
would also limit emmisions of Volatile Organic Compounds and
thus make these processes more environmentally acceptable.

Key Words

Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Project Title:

Optical Limiter for Eye Protection

  94-1    02.06     6890

 Optical Limiter for Eye Protection

Abstract:

This laboratory has demonstrated a passive optical filter that
transmits low-intensity light with little or no attenuation, but
limits the transmission of high-intensity light to an intensity
tolerable to the human eye, thus, protecting the eye from injury
from intense radiation such as from lasers, high--power lamps or
sunlight while still providing good see-ability in normal light
levels. It responds all across the visible spectrum and is
expected to be fast enough to protect against pulsed lasers. The
proposed program is to optimize the performance of the prototype
filter and to incorporate it into practical protective eyewear.

The commercial applications of a successful limiter exceed
government applications by a wide margin. Limiter eyewear will
replace all current laser-protective eyewear since it will handle
all laser wavelengths rather than merely selected wavelengths,
and a single unit will replace an entire set of specific goggles.
The market will include industrial and academic research
laboratories and industrial operations as well as NASA and
military laboratories and military combat equipment. We will
pursue commercialization vigorously in Phase III in strategic
partnership with one or more commercial eyewear manufacturers
such as American Optical or Glendale.

Key Words

JOHN BROWN ASSOCIATES INC
329 Main Avenue
Stirling, NJ 07980

Project Title:

Error Reduction for Pressure-Sensitive Paint Applications

94-1 02.06-9431

Error Reduction for Pressure-Sensitive Paint Applications

Abstract:

Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technology has the promise of developing into a technique that could revolutionize aerodynamic testing. Although PSP is currently being used for measurements and qualitative assessment at transonic and low supersonic Mach numbers, its usefulness is hampered by the many sources of error to which it is subject. Reducing the errors can result in improved accuracy at current testing conditions in conventional and cryogenic wind tunnels, and may even allow testing with PSP at much lower speeds. In either case, the increased usefulness and possible simplification of the technique would result in applications performed by a much larger group than at present.
An innovative approach for improving the accuracy and the applicability of PSP technology is offered. The Phase I proposal objective consists of performing a systematic and comprehensive identification, characterization and estimation of the sources of error associated with the PSP technology. It is anticipated that methods to significantly reduce or circumvent the errors will be found. Since NASA performs many tests in wind tunnels, an improved PSP technology would be of direct benefit in providing more accurate global surface pressure measurements.

The Phase I research that is proposed here has as its goal the reduction of errors in the PSP technique and can lead to significant enhancement of the PSP capabilities, and thus to wider commercial usage. A mature PSP technology will lead to improved global pressure measurements on test articles, and will reduce the costs and time required to complete a design cycle. Error reduction will improve the utility of PSP technology, even when it is applied at current transonic and low supersonic Mach numbers. If error reduction succeeds in a PSP technology that is applicable at low speeds, many more commercial applications become viable, from the design and testing of subsonic and general aviation aircraft, propellers, automobiles and bicycles to certain types of sports equipment. A low speed PSP technology would also greatly widen the group of users as well as the scope of the applications.

Applied Sciences, Inc.
P.O. Box 8134
Hampton, VA 23666

Project Title:

Kirchhoff Code - a Versatile CAA Tool

94-1	02.07	1464

Kirchhoff Code - a Versatile CAA Tool

Abstract:

A very attractive, innovative method that has been used for the
evaluation of aircraft noise is the "Kirchhoff method". This is a
nonlinear CFD solution plus Kirchhoff's integral for the farfield.
A Kirchhoff's integral formulation allows the radiating sound to be
evaluated based on quantities on an outside the control surface S,
when the linear wave equation is assumed valid technique for
coupling CFD and aeroacoustic calculations. The main advantages of
the method are its ability to evaluate the nonlinear acoustic
effects (e.g. shock wave and compressibility effects), and its
efficiency. A background study and historical notes are included.
We propose here the development of a simple set of portable
Kirchhoff subroutines for the calculation the farfield noise from
comprehensive and versatile computer program (i.e. Kirchhoff code)
will be developed and tested under phases I and II of this project.

We expect to develop a versatile, user-friendly comprehensive tool
for the evaluation of acoustic signals at arbitrary positions, when
the input is CFD code. The code has been developed with rotorcraft
noise in mind, but we will not be limited by this. We expect wide
variety of aeroacoustic applications, e. g. airplanes, rotorcraft,
propeller, fans, etc. We estimate that Kirchhoff's code will have
a high commercial application potential, as a cheap postprocessor
device to usual CFD codes. The potential enhancement of FlightLab
and 2GCHAS with this aeroacoustic code will provide them with noise
prediction and analysis capabilities.

Key Words

Advanced Rotorcraft Technology, Inc.
1685 Plymouth St. Suite 250
Mountain View, CA 94043

Project Title:

A Numerical Method to Predict Airframe Noise

	  94-1	02.07	3600



	  A Numerical Method to Predict Airframe Noise

Abstract:

The objective of the work proposed here is to develop software

to be used to predict the unsteady airflow around an airframe at

subsonic speeds and thus the airframe noise . This software will

combine the advantages of inherently stable implicit time

integration methods, the use of unstructured grids and the

ability to solve both incompressible and compressible flows. The

core of the work is the Galerkin/Least-Squares (GLS) method based

on the non-conservative form of the Navier-Stokes equations

written in terms of the "primitive" variables. The GLS

formulation is conservative by itself up to the convective terms

in the momentum and energy equations and can be made to satisfy

conservation through the use of an additional term. The

perturbation used is within the accuracy of the method and does

not degrade the accuracy of the overall scheme. An additional

Least-Squares operator gives the additional stability required

to complete the method. The software will be made available on

parallel computers and systems of work stations so that realistic

"design scale" problems can be solved. Comparison of analysis

results with experimental data will guide development in the

important flow regime from Mach 0.1 to 0.4.


Potential applications of this product are in the design of

aircraft, automobiles, trucks and high speed trains where the

prediction of both interior and exterior noise is important.

Other applications are in the design of ducting systems, the wake

effects of buildings and similar applications.


Key words


Centric Engineering Systems, Inc.

3801 East Bayshore Road

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Project Title:

Reduction of Turbulence-induced Noise in Aircraft Cabins

94-1	02.07	4973

Reduction of Turbulence-induced Noise in Aircraft Cabins

Abstract:

The purpose of the proposed project is to learn to reduce aircraft
cabin noise stemming from turbulence generated at the aircraft's
boundary layer, using a new patented technique of multi-channel
noise cancellation proprietary to Signal Separation Technologies.
NASA has already made substantial progress in applying active noise
cancellation to the reduction of cabin noise stemming from engine
vibration. On the other hand, eliminating the noise coming from the
turbulent boundary layer is somewhat more complicated. Here, the
required multiple noise reference sensors and multiple actuators
necessitate the use of a multi-channel noise cancellation procedure
which will reliably remove the always-present redundancies from the
corresponding correlation matrices. The classical procedure for
performing multichannel noise cancellation contains no provision
for the elimination of these redundancies, but Signal Separation
Technologies' patented method using singular-value decomposition
(SVD) to eliminate them is robust and a prime candidate method for
solving this problem.

The immediate application of the multi-channel active noise
cancellation cancellation system to be developed will be the
suppression of aircraft cabin noise coming from multiple sources
such as the turbulence induced along the aircraft surface. The
market for this innovation will include makers of military and
civilian aircraft. Such manufacturers will be solicited for the
formation of joint ventures to develop and market a noise canceller
for use in aircraft.
Other potential markets for a successful multi-channel active noise
cancellation system such as this will be the automobile industry,
which also has shown considerable interest in noise cancellation
techniques for use in cars. Automobile companies might provide an
additional source of funding, based on the availability of a
working prototype noise canceller for aircraft.

Key Words

Signal Separation Technologies
4020 Iva Lane
Annandale, VA 22003

Project Title:

Design of Optimized Nacelle Acoustic Liners based on Mode Cut-OffRatio Method

94-1	02.07	8533

Design of Optimized Nacelle Acoustic Liners based on Mode Cut-Off
Ratio Method

Abstract:

A research program is proposed to develop the technology to provide
a unique direct acoustic treatment design method for the inlet and
exhaust ducts of the nacelle of advanced high bypass turbofan
engines based on the mode cut-off ratio concept developed by E. J.
Rice. An innovative new wall acoustic impedance model will be
developed and combined with the cut-off ratio liner model to study
the acoustic merit of a proprietary linear liner having superior
structural integrity compared to existing linear liners. The
workplan is divided into four principal tasks consisting of (1)
improving Rice's existing direct liner design method for inlets,
(2) verifying that it can be extended to the fan aft-duct, (3)
developing an advanced liner impedance model and (4) using the
liner design method to evaluate proprietary linear liner designs.
A successful Phase I program offers NASA the opportunity to develop
(1) an optimized impedance direct liner design method for aft-duct
exhaust fan applications, (2) efficient linear liners superior to
current fine mesh screen linear liner designs and (3) hybrid
active/passive nacelle treatments.

A successful Phase I research program will demonstrate the
feasibility of providing the technology to permit engine
manufacturers to design efficient sound absorbing nacelle
treatments for the control of inlet and aft-duct engine noise of
existing and future high bypass commercial and military engines.
The technology will be licensed or sold to manufacturers of (1)
commercial and military aircraft engines, (2) HVAC equipment and
(3) liquid rocket engines, ramjets and industrial furnaces.

Key Words

Hersh Acoustical Engineering, Inc.
780 Lakefield Rd, Unit G
Westlake Village, California 91361

Project Title:

"Aircraft Drag Reduction Using Boundary Layer Heating"

  94-1	02.08	8228	A

  "Aircraft Drag Reduction Using Boundary Layer Heating"

Abstract:

The benefits of reducing the drag of either a new or existing
aircraft configuration are obvious. An aircraft's endurance is
directly proportional to it's lift to drag ratio. Decreased drag
also translates into faster top speed, quicker acceleration,
shorter take-off distances and lower direct operating costs in
the form of fuel savings. In order to project military air power,
or on the commercial side, receive better range and fuel economy,
reducing drag during the cruise portion of a flight is the most
critical. During cruise, the drag of the aircraft primarily comes
from profile drag (skin friction), induced drag (drag due to
lift), compressibility drag, separation drag and interference
drag. Of these, skin friction (from the "wetted" elements of the
aircraft) typically accounts for more than 50% of the total. The
proposed innovation uses active surface heating in the turbulent
regions of the aircraft's boundary layer. When heat is added to
the turbulent boundary layer, the skin friction is reduced as a
function of the ratio of the skin temperature to the ambient
temperature. The result is an effective drag reduction method
that can be retrofitted to existing aircraft.

The proposed innovation has wide reaching significance for
reducing fuel consumption and increasing the range of new and
existing commercial and military aircraft.  A successful
demonstration of this technology could lead to a massive retrofit
campaign of the world's transport type aircraft in order to
captitalize on the greatly reduced operating costs due to fuel
savings.

Key Words

Aircraft, Inc.
3415 Lomita Blvd.
Torrance, CA 90505

Project Title:

Similarity Principles to Enable Heavy Gas Testing of High-Lift Systems at Flight Reynolds Numbers

  94-1	02.08	9457

  Similarity Principles to Enable Heavy Gas Testing of High-Lift
  Systems at Flight Reynolds Numbers

Abstract:

High-lift systems testing at flight Reynolds numbers can only
be achieved in current tunnels by substitution of cryogens or
heavy gases for the tunnel air. Productivity problems
associated with cryogenics make heavy gases an attractive
alternative, but because these gases are not ideal, a reliable
method is needed for transforming viscous, compressible non-
ideal flows to their air equivalents. Nielsen Engineering
proposes to develop the similarity principles that would make
possible reliable transformation of test results between heavy
gas and air. This will be achieved through application of Lie
group methods to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations.
Establishing these similarity laws would enable the
development of this commercially important testing technology,
advance the pace and accuracy of high-lift system design in
the US, and could save both NASA and the US aircraft industry
hundreds of millions of dollars in new facilities money.

The technology developed here would enable the development of a
new, commercially important testing methodology for the US
aircraft industry. Its application would advance the pace and
accuracy of high-lift system design in the US, an area where
European efforts are believed superior. It could also save NASA
and the aircraft industry hundreds of millions of dollars in new
facilities money, by allowing the conversion of existing tunnels,
or the construction of smaller ones, to obtain flight Reynolds
number testing ability.

Key Words

Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
526 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2212

Project Title:

"Improved Vortex Generators for Maximum Lift and Minimum Cruise Drag on G/A Airfoils"

  94-1	02.09	8228

  "Improved Vortex Generators for Maximum Lift and Minimum Cruise
  Drag on G/A Airfoils"

Abstract:

Significant performance gains for single-engine business
airplanes can be realized if the wing loading can he matched with
cruise performance requirements, realizing potential range and
cruise speed improvements as high as 100%. To achieve this
requires a wing with minimum cruise drag hut still having
sufficient maximum lift to meet the FAA-imposed stall speed
regulations. One means of providing higher lift, particularly to
increase CLmax, is to use vortex generators (VG's) on the wing
to delay flow separation with angle of attack. While VG's can he
very effective for increasing maximum lift, typical designs
impose a large cruise drag penalty. The focus of this Phase I
effort is to demonstrate that VG's of non-standard design can
provide either significant increased maximum lift or presently
achievable levels of maximum lift enhancement but with a greatly
reduced drag penalty. This improved VG could provide significant
benefits to enhance the performance and safety characteristics
of existing airfoils as a retrofit on today's G/A airplanes, and,
it might lead to a new airfoil design methodology where the use
of VG's is integrated into the design from the beginning. There
is a potential demand in the GA industry for the benefits of both
approaches.

New VG's that improve the performance levels of GA aircraft by
increasing maximum lift and/or decreasing the cruise drag penalty
will have direct applications to existing GA airfoils to reduce
stall speeds and stall/spin problems. Improved VG's may also lead
to the development of a new methodology for VG/airfoil/flap
designs where VG performance is integrated into the design. The
potential benefits are higher performance at reduced cost, lower
stall speeds, higher cruise efficiency, improved ride quality,
simplified high-lift flap systems and improved flight safety.

Key Words

Eidetics Aircraft, Inc.
3415 Lomita Blvd.
Torrance, CA 90505

Project Title:

Affordable de-ice system which preserves laminar flow on NLI~ airfoils

  94-1		03.01		2233



  Affordable de-ice system which preserves laminar flow on NLI~

  airfoils

Abstract:

Lancair International, Inc. proposes an integrated de-ice/anti-

ice protection system which does not degrade laminar flow on the

natural laminar flow (NLF) wings for general aviation. When the

TKS ice protection is not in use during cruise flight, the air

flow enters through the laser drilled holes of the TKS system in

the stagnation region, where the accelerating flow decreases the

local pressure, destabilizes the boundary layer and so disrupts

the NLF of the airfoil. The effort includes development and

testing of the new TKS ice protection systems to control and

eliminate the boundary layer destabilizing effects. Innovative

manufacturing approaches will be developed to integrate

dissimilar materials involved while maintaining laminar flow.

This will innovatively integrate manufacturing/installation

techniques coupled with new TKS de-ice systems that when

combined will produce a system which maintains laminar flow when

the TKS is not in the active de-ice mode.


Commercial applications are enormous and immediate for both high

performance kit airplanes, which now far outsell high

performance, production general aviation aircraft, as well as

for virtually all newly emerging certified versions of kit

airplanes, all of which utilize highly laminar flow wing

technology. Application would be available to many other

certified. production general aviation aircraft.


Key Words


Lancair International, Inc.

2244 Airport Way

Redmond, OR  97756

Project Title:

A Low Cost Passive Infrared Sensor in the Remote Detection of Ice

94-1	03.01	2820

A Low Cost Passive Infrared Sensor in the Remote Detection of Ice

Abstract:

Visidyne proposes to develop a novel low cost uncooled passive
infrared sensor system to detect remotely ice accretion on
propellers and rotors for all-weather operations. The ability to
measure ice accretion through the latent heat released as
supercooled water freezes on a rotor has been demonstrated using
passive infrared (IR) thermometry. The latent heat release causes
a characteristic temperature profile with increased temperature on
the iced leading edge of the propeller/rotor compared with the
uniced trailing edge. Preliminary tests have been conducted on both
static and dynamic rotor models for a variety of wet (glaze) and
dry (rime) ice conditions. The anticipated surface temperature
profiles were observed and the passive IR system successfully
detected the ice accretion remotely. This approach represents the
first practical technique to obtain direct measurements of ice
accretion without resorting to contact methods which are
unreliable. Visidyne will explore the feasibility of using a low
cost uncooled infrared detector in the development of an
operational system using this passive technique for the remote ice
detection of propellers and rotors.

Potential commercial applications include helicopter rotor ice
detection systems for both military and civil operations, ice
detectors for propellers on general aviation aircraft and
helicopter tail rotors, integrated ice protection system
controller, wind turbine ice detection (e.g. windmills).

Key Words

Visidyne, Inc.
10 Corporate Place
South Bedford Street
Burlington, MA 01803

Project Title:

Highly Sensitive, Low Profile, Microwave Phase Based Icing Detection System

	  94-1	03.01	3161

	  Highly Sensitive, Low Profile, Microwave Phase Based Icing
	  Detection System

Abstract:

Dedicated Electronics proposes to develop a dual-use, innovative
aircraft icing detection system consisting of conformable
microwave sensors. Our technology is based on phase measurements
of a low power microwave signal that passes through a sensor
designed to exhibit large phase shifts as ice begins to form, as
opposed to existing resonance shift-based microwave ice
detectors. Evidence of our technology to unambiguously
distinguish between ice, water, and deicing fluids is presented.
The sensor is a transmission line, whose electrical delay depends
on the medium to which it is exposed. The associated microwave
hardware is very simple, and is contained in a small, rugged
module beneath the sensors. The system is compatible with
aircraft surfaces including wings, fuselage, propellers, and
rotor blades; unlike more fragile icing detectors. Data
transmission from the sensors to the cockpit can be accomplished
through RF techniques. The sensor shows great promise to meet
NASA's need to detect icing and to measure ice thickness and
accretion rate, on the ground and in flight.
In Phase I we will develop the icing sensor, calibration methods,
and processing algorithm. We will also fabricate and test a
complete prototype system. The icing detection system will be
fully developed in Phase II.

This system has commercial potential because it offers a major
improvement in aviation safety. Maintenance costs from deicing
will be reduced without sacrificing safety. Undesirable
environmental effects from unnecessary use of deicing fluids will
be reduced.
This technology is also applicable to detecting ice or other
foreign materials on roadways, electrical distribution wires,
ship masts and structures, and antennas.

Key words

Dedicated Electronics, Inc.
96 Lane Road
Chester, NH 03036-4022

Project Title:

AN INNOVATIVE AIRPORT WEATHER AND WAKE-VORTEX MONITORING SYSTEM.

94-1	03.02	4545

AN INNOVATIVE AIRPORT WEATHER AND WAKE-VORTEX MONITORING SYSTEM.

Abstract:

Flying aircraft generate a pair of trailing vortices which can pose
a hazard to following aircraft. Aircraft separations have been
increased behind large aircraft in order to prevent hazardous wake
vortex encounters. This has resulted in reduced airport capacity.
We will apply an acoustic-radar weather monitoring and aircraft
wake-vortex tracking system, which has been developed under a
previous SBIR, to measure the two-dimensional wind and turbulence
field in a cross-section of the flight path. The innovation is that
it can simultaneously measure meteorological conditions and track
the motion of aircraft trailing vortices, and integrate the data
with air traffic control. We can explore how the meteorological
conditions cause the vortices to decay and then implement a "Vortex
Hazard Monitoring System". This will notify air traffic controllers
if the timing constraints for wake vortex avoidance can be relaxed.

There are three applications of a wake vortex weather radar:
detection and analysis of wake vortex incidents, research data on
stalled wake vortices in the approach corridor, and as prototype
enhanced vortex advisory system. The first clients will be
government agencies studying the problem so as to enhance airport
safety and capacity. The apparatus ultimately will be used at
airports to warn pilots of vortices in the landing corridor.

Key Words

Technology Integration Inc.
54 Middlesex Turnpike
Bedford Ma 01730

Project Title:

An Integrated Weather/Autonomous Landing Radar System

  94-1	03.02	9755

  An Integrated Weather/Autonomous Landing Radar System

Abstract:

Subtopic 03.02 addresses the requirement to develop on-board
sensors to detect environmental hazards along an aircraft flight
path. These sensors may have widely disparate functions and
requirements. The innovation proposed is to integrate two radar
frequency bands (X and K,) performing complementary functions
into a single dual purpose radar in a manner that is low cost,
light weight, and low volume. The system uses the two
frequencies to optimally perform weather/wind shear detection
and mapping of the airport runway area for the purpose of
autonomous landing in near zero visibility conditions. The
solution proposed is to incorporate a Ka-band
antenna/transmitter/receiver into an existing X-band weather
radar, and to employ innovative monopulse processing to improve
map quality.
The key technical issues to be researched include(l) the antenna
scanning technique to be used by the Ka -band mapping radar,
(2)the integrated transmitter/receiver technology to be used,
and (3) the performance to be expected from the Ka-band sensor
for detection of environmental hazards and autonomous landing
including a unique monopulse processing technique to improve
mapping quality. The design approach will be validated in Phase
I. The NASA application is the modification of commercial
weather radars for aircraft systems.

The approach promises to provide enhanced autonomous enroute and
landing ability in next-generation commercial weather radars.
The X-band function of the commercial weather radars will be
retained without degradation. The Ka-Band promises to enhance
detection of some environmental hazards such as vortex and hail
and therefore complements the X-Band functionality.
The concept of radar-supported autonomous landing systems is a
recent development that is undergoing continuous refinement. Our
technique, of a dual frequency, multi-function radar system,
will be less expensive, lighter and will occupy less volume than
alternate multi-frequency radar systems.
In addition to commercial aircraft, helicopters have a similar
requirement for detection of fixed and moving hazards in the
vicinity of a heliport. The Civil Tilt Rotor program has a
specific requirement for this capability. Our proposed
integrated system meets their severe packaging and weight
constraints.

KEY WORDS

Technology Service Corporation
2950 31st Street, Suite 200
Santa Monica, CA 90405

Project Title:

Advanced Flight Control Diagnostics and Reconfiguration

  	  	03.03	0686

  	  Advanced Flight Control Diagnostics and Reconfiguration

Abstract:

The objective this effort is to demonstrate a robust, fault
tolerant, prototype diagnostic and reconfiguration system
for
aircraft flight control using AbTech's abductive modeling
tool. The
resulting system will demonstrate the feasibility of
developing an
evolutionary control and diagnostic capability which can
model
flight control at the system level detect failures and
automatically adapt the control system parameters to
compensate for
failures. AbTech has developed an innovative network
approach,
called abductive networks, based on over a decade of
research in
neural networks and advanced statistics. Abductive networks
are
simply networks of very powerful high-order polynomial
equations.
This proposal first introduces a practical supervised learning tool
for synthesizing abductive networks from databases of examples. It
discusses how networks can be applied to substantially increase the
control and diagnostic capabilities of systems in a practical and
very cost-effective manner. AbTech proposes training abductive
networks to recognize degraded or failed flight control system
characteristics, and to adjust the flight control system parameters
to compensate in real time. AbTech proposes using it's PC-hosted
high-fidelity NASA F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV)
simulation as a basis for this effort.

Phase I technology will apply to a broad range of commercial
systems where robust control is required. Potential commercial
applications include autonomous systems, factory automation,
equipment diagnostics, robotics, aids for the handicapped, weather
prediction, and economic forecasting.

Key Words

AbTech Corporation
508 Dale Avenue
Charlottesville, VA 22903

Project Title:

Real-Time Code Generation for a Passive Range Estimation Algorithm

94-1	03.04	1500



Real-Time Code Generation for a Passive Range Estimation Algorithm

Abstract:

Passive range estimation based on tracking features using images

taken in real-time is a very time consuming task to execute on

typical computer architecture's. Major modifications to the

algorithm are required to efficiently use the target hardware

executing the algorithm.

Previous work to meet real-time processing needs has focused on the

following options:

*  Designing a special hardware architecture to execute the

algorithm in real-time.

* Designing a parallel computing architecture using available

processors.

The first option proves to be very expensive and applies only to

the particular algorithm it is designed for. The second option has

the advantage of being usable for other implementations but is

difficult to code effectively, still requires some special purpose

designs, and is yet to satisfy a need to execute the algorithm in

real-time.

An alternative solution is to have a tool that can automatically

generate executable code that can be executed in real-time on

available computer hardware. This solves the problem of having to

design special hardware architecture's, and makes it easy to

efficiently modify and test.


This technique has commercial applications in the field of robotics

and automation, automatic landing of aircraft, and aid pilots under

minimum visibility conditions using infrared (IR) sensors.


Key Words


Integrated Systems, Inc.

3260 Jay St.

Santa Clara, Ca 95054

Project Title:

Metal-Coated Optical Fiber-Based Temperature and Pressure Sensors for Aerospace and Dual-Use Applications

  94-1	03.05	7556

  Metal-Coated Optical Fiber-Based Temperature and Pressure
  Sensors for Aerospace and Dual-Use Applications

Abstract:

Fiber and Sensor Technologies (F&S) proposes to research,
develop, manufacture and market temperature and pressure sensors
for advanced aerodynamic, propulsion and structural evaluation
at temperatures up to 950 C using specialized metal-coated
optical fibers. This work will be based largely on basic optical
fiber sensor and high temperature optical fiber coating research
funded by NASA Virginia Tech, and on patented and licensed fiber
strain sensor technology already commercialized by F&S. Such F&S
sensors have been used at low temperatures on structural
systems, including an F15 fatigue test frame, as well as in the
High Reynolds Number Facility at Wright Laboratory. Commercial
opportunities for such sensors exist in the flight research and
aerospace systems instrumentation areas, as well as in dual-use
applications including high temperature electric power
generation and processing systems, and in advanced materials
manufacturing. An even broader market exists for the high
temperature and high-strength metal-coated optical fiber which
would be of general use for aerospace instrumentation and dual-
use industrial systems, as well as for high performance
communication systems. Cost sharing and Phase III non-Federal
product commercialization funding, similar to that on existing
F&S R&D programs, are pledged.

Potential commercial applications include 1) flight research
instrumentation, 2) flight vehicle instrumentation, 3) dual-use
sensors for high temperature power generation and materials
manufacturing systems, and, for metal-coated fiber, 4) high
speed fiber communications and networking. Non-federal Phase III
commercialization funding has been committed for products
resulting from this SBIR program.

KEY WORDS

Fiber & Sensor Technologies, Inc.
P. O. Box 11704
Blacksburg, VA   24062- 1704

Project Title:

Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Reaction Force Sensors Simplify theDetermination of Aircraft Weight, Balance and Inertia Properties

94-1		03.06	0001

Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Reaction Force Sensors Simplify the
Determination of Aircraft Weight, Balance and Inertia Properties

Abstract:

Accurate, six degree-of-freedom (DOF) measurement from new reaction
force sensors will allow for precise estimation of a flight
vehicle's rigid body properties (RBP's): mass, center of gravity
and inertial properties. By exciting one setup of an aircraft and
measuring all the forces involved, as well as the resulting rigid
body motions, the RBP's can be estimated from a single measured
data set using Newton's first and second law.
The key to determining the RBP's through this simplified method is
the accurate determination of each force or moment DOF. The
summation of the reaction forces can already be measured by wiring
different cuts of piezoelectric crystals in series to produce a
single output signal. Recent advances in array calibration indicate
that this force sensor can be completely calibrated for it's six
sensitivities by attaching an instrumented mass of known RBP's.
Technical issues relating to selection of crystal cuts, physical
configuration, calibration fixturing and calibration methodology
will be examined. Application of the new sensor for RBP
determination will also be developed. Applications for a six DOF
force sensor include simplification of aircraft, automotive and
component RBP measurement, more accurate force
measurement for modal analysis and machine tool cutting force
dynamics.

The ability to accurately measure force in all six DOF
immediately benefits the scientific community by reducing
measurement error introduced through previously unmeasured
DOF's. More accurate models, and modifications resulting in
better structural performance will result. Specific
applications for rigid body properties are widespread and
extended from aerospace to automotive including component
modeling and dynamic analysis.

Key Words

PCB Piezotronics, Inc.
3425 Walden Avenue
Depew, NY  14043-2495

Project Title:

Simple Low Cost Laser Diode Vibration Sensor

94-1	03.06	0688

Simple Low Cost Laser Diode Vibration Sensor

Abstract:

This proposal describes a photonic device that can act as a
versatile sensor of the vibratory characteristics of flight
vehicles and engines. It is compact, robust and low cost; requiring
only a standard, single mode laser diode, power supply and FM
demodulation electronics. The device is based on the recently
discovered self mixing and current-frequency modulation phenomena
found in laser diodes. Driving a laser diode with a sawtooth
current and reflecting a small portion of the light off a target
back into the laser cavity produces a beat frequency at the monitor
photodetector usually integrated with the diode package. The
vehicle's position is measured as a beat frequency and its
vibration as an FM demodulation of the side-lobes. This type of
coherent detection is extremely sensitive and works with back
reflections lower than -100 dB. Using commercially available
diodes, the device can measure vibration up to MHz. In preparation
of this proposal, MetroLaser conducted preliminary experiments
proving the concept to be highly promising.Phase I will demonstrate
a prototype device and analytically determine capabilities and
limitations. Phase II will produce a complete system including
signal processing electronics which should be of significant value
to the NASA program.

The device, in addition to its application to the measurement of
the vibratory characteristics of flight vehicles and engines in
ground or flight testing has many potential applications,
particularly in the area of early fault detection and failure
prevention in rotating machinery and other structures. Such devices
would compete favorably in a large existing commercial market for
such products because they are inexpensive and interruptable.

Key Words

MetroLaser
18006 Skypark Circle #108
Irvine, CA  92714-6428

Project Title:

A GPS-Based Attitude Determining System to Aid High Dynamic Flight Test Data Analysis

  94-1	03.06	2900

  A GPS-Based Attitude Determining System to Aid High Dynamic Flight
  Test Data Analysis

Abstract:

NASA needs a moderate cost system that can provide accurate
attitude and time information to assist with flight test data
analysis. A GPS based attitude determining system offers
significant advantages over traditional inertial sensors in that it
provides attitude that does not drift over time, accurate time
information for time synchronization of data, as well as position
and ground velocity (speed and track). Time can be determined to
the nanosecond level. Adroit Systems, Inc., (ASI) is proposing to
develop a GPS-based attitude determining system that is capable of
operating reliably on a high dynamic aircraft platform. To achieve
the high-dynamic performance capability required in NASA's flight
test environment, ASI proposes to slightly modify an existing GPS
ADS and integrate the GPS based sensor with an inexpensive inertial
attitude device. This augmentation will improve system integrity,
increase achievable attitude rates, and compensate for occasional
GPS signal shading.
During Phase I, ASI will develop the design for the integrated
system in order to assure a low-risk prototype design and
integration in Phase II. The system requirements and an aircraft
integration plan will be developed in Phase I, and hardware and
software design analysis will be performed. From this, the ADS
specifications will be determined.

Potential applications of a robust, high-performance GPS-based
attitude determining system are: photogrammetry, commercial and
military aircraft navigation, marine navigation, Intelligence
Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS), remotely piloted Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV).

Key Words

Adroit Systems, Inc.
209 Madison Street, Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314

Project Title:

A Practical Real-Time Wavelet Analysis Tool

94-1	03.06	3800

A Practical Real-Time Wavelet Analysis Tool

Abstract:

Our innovation is a practical, real-time wavelet analysis tool specifically
designed for the analysis of engineering test data. Wavelet transform
techniques offer significant advantages over traditional techniques such as
the Fourier transform for certain types of signals. The infinite wavetrain
assumed in Fourier analysis cannot adequately describe non-periodic or
intermittent data. Wavelet transforms provide an alternative analysis tool
with a localized waveform. A wavelet has limited extent both in time and in
frequency and is characterized by three features: its shape, size (duration
or 'frequency') and location. The latter is missing from traditional Fourier
analysis; variants such as windowing offer a measure of localization, but
still rely on local periodicity. In Phase I of this project we will implement
a real-time wavelet analysis algorithm and several useful wavelet post-
processing techniques in IDARS/Scanalyzer, an engineering test data
acquisition and analysis software package marketed by Creare and currently in
use at numerous commercial and government installations. The utility of the
algorithms will be demonstrated through the analysis of selected engineering
data sets. One focus of the Phase I effort will be to prepare a tutorial
which describes the wavelet transform technique and useful processing
techniques for the practicing engineer.

The result of this SBIR project will be a suite of software products which
bring powerful wavelet analysis to practicing engineers in government and
industry. The market for these products encompasses a broad range of
engineering development and test environments including aerospace,
biomedical, mechanical testing and manufacturing. The Creare team is
exceptionally positioned to excel at this commercialization because of our
existing engineering software development and sales infrastructure, client
base, and our existing software products upon which the wavelet analysis tool
will be built.

Key Words

Creare Incorporated
Etna Road, P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755

Project Title:

Tunable Laser Diode Spectrometer for Microgravity Respiratory Oxygen Analysis

  94-1	03.06	5225

  Tunable Laser Diode Spectrometer for Microgravity Respiratory
  Oxygen Analysis

Abstract:

In recent years, the two significant developments in airplane
manufacturing industry have been:
(1) the introduction of digital electronic control of flight
functions (fly-by-wire) and
(2) the use of composite structures for the airframe and
flight surfaces.
The use of composite structures with fly-by-wire aircraft require
heavy shielding from electromagnetic interference (EMI),
electromagnetic pulses (EMP) and High Intensity Radio Frequency
(HIRF). Electromagnetically generated noise is induced on both
sensor power and sensor signal lines. Photonics Research
Incorporated (PRI) proposes to alleviate both problems by
replacing sensor signal lines with optical fibers and eliminating
sensor power lines through the development of entirely passive
flight control sensors.
The innovation proposed here by PRI is to employ the LASE-ARRAYTM
transmitter technology to parallel optical fiber links and
passive fiber-optic sensors to control flight operations. The
LASE-ARRAY, PRI' s tradename for the vertical-cavity surface-
emitting laser (VCSEL), is an enabling technology that can
provide fiber-based, passive sensors having:
ú immunity to EMI and EMP,
ú light weight,
ú compactness,
ú fault-tolerance,
ú low-cost.
Over 1000 pounds of EMI shielding can be elminated from transport
aircraft by using fiber-based sensors.

The proposed program has potential for many private sector
applications. First, the avionics systems, which constitute over
half the cost of an aircraft, will be revolutionized.
Commercialization of a low-cost, reliable, robust fly-by-light
system would help the U.S. maintain its leadership in the
aircraft industry. Furthermore, similar sensors are required for
harsh industrial environment monitoring, automotive, petroleum,
chemical, high radiation, power generation and metals refining
industries and on countless factory floors. The market
projections and manufacturing cost analysis indicates the U.S.
possesses tens of thousands of jobs based on $25 Billion/year and
$500K revenue/employee.

Key Words

Phontonics Research Incorporated
2402 Clover Basin Dr, Suite A
Longmont, CO 80503

Project Title:

On-Line Sensing of Aircraft Vibration

94-1	03.06	8736

On-Line Sensing of Aircraft Vibration

Abstract:

A scanning CW coherent lidar system will be used to make proof-of-
principle measurements of spatially-resolved images of vibration of
aircraft. A recently developed CW 2 mm lidar transceiver system
will be used to evaluate the capability of a coherent lidar to
collect useful vibrational data on operational aircraft. Concepts
for both ground-based measurements and flight measurements will be
evaluated. In Phase I of the proposed program a scanning system
will be developed and integrated with
the transceiver for transport to a suitable observation site. A
demonstration measurement program will be carried out to acquire
spatial maps of the vibrational characteristics of operating
aircraft during ground testing and to compare the results with
those from conventional instrumentation. Concepts for an
operational sensing system will be developed. A plan for
implementation and demonstration of a fieldable prototype in
Phase II and its commercialization in Phase III will be defined.

A scanning coherent laser system can acquire quantitative
vibration spectra from a remote location in a very short time
and at many spatial locations on a scanned target area. Many
Applications exist for such remote measurements at moderate
ranges ( 1 kilometer) that monitor vibration by observation of
the motion of accessible surface elements. On-line remote
monitoring of moving or stationary vehicles, including aircraft
and autos during ground test, railroad wheel bearings on passing
trains or municiple transit systems are some applications. The
ability of the laser to operate in a strobe mode allows remote
scanning and measurement of vibration and flexing of rotating
elements, such as turbine, helicopter, and propeller blades.

KEY WORDS

Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P. O. Box 7844
Boulder, CO  80306

Project Title:

Advanced Microchannel Cooling Designs for Hypersonic Engine Strut/Cowl Intersections

94-1	03.07	0700

Advanced Microchannel Cooling Designs for Hypersonic Engine
Strut/Cowl Intersections

Abstract:

Advanced hypersonic air-breathing vehicles require airframe
components capable of operating at high temperatures for up to
150 missions. The intersections of engine walls and struts are
particularly critical design points; the complicated flowfields
in these areas lead to large design uncertainties and aggravated
aeroheating loads. This represents a challenging design problem,
as well as a challenging analysis problem for computational fluid
dynamicists.
In the Phase I effort, we propose to design and fabricate a
prototype section of a strut/cowl interface. The interface will
use microchannel cooling for the sidewalls and micro-impingement
cooling for the leading edges. Cooling on this scale has never
been used for hypersonic vehicles; microchannel cooling should
offer exceptional performance with very compact packaging. The
fabricated prototypes will: 1) verify the design approach and 2)
be used in future experimentation to validate computational
predictions and provide a better understanding of the flowfield
physics in this area.

The proposed microchannel cooling concept can be applied in a
variety of instances in the aerospace and energy industries.
Engine cooling systems for future commercial hypersonic aircraft
are an obvious application, but high power laser mirrors and
signature control of military aircraft exhaust ducts are examples
of other areas which could benefit from this technology. Another
application is in fusion reactor chambers, where plasma-facing
components experience heat fluxes similar to those for the NASP.

Key Words

Saddleback Aerospace
5318 E. 2nd Street No. 154
Long Beach, CA 90803

Project Title:

Solution-Adaptive Aerodynamics Modeling on Personal Computers

  94-1	03.07	1769

  Solution-Adaptive Aerodynamics Modeling on Personal Computers

Abstract:

ResearchSouth proposes to develop innovative numerical methods and
software for operation on personal computers (PC) which will
provide aerodynamic loads for design of hypersonic vehicles. In
Phase I, we will develop the software for solving the Euler
equations for the inviscid outer flow and an interface from the
Euler solver to a boundary layer solution module. The software
package will be developed specifically for operation on a PC/
Windows - DOS environment with full user-interactive color
graphics. We will begin with our unique solution-adaptive finite
element method which automatically refines the mesh to achieve
stability and accuracy while minimizing computer run time. Then, we
will code the software for computation on personal computers,
provide 3D color graphics, and validate the package. Phase II will
extend the concepts and software to the full production status,
provide a fully operational boundary layer module, port the entire
package to a PowerPC platform, and provide an interface to finite
element stress and thermal codes. We will perform extensive
verification and validation exercise, document the software, and
provide user training to NASA. The immediate benefits to NASA
include more cost-effective preliminary design programs for its
hypersonic vehicles, space station structure, aeroassist orbital
vehicles, and future launch systems.

When our software is made operational on PC computers, it will be
an extremely competitive product which will outperform others in
the market. No similar capability presently exists. The potential
commercial applications for our product include úautomotive
industry - engine cooling, underhood flows, and passenger comfort:
úplastics industry - polymer mixing, casting, and solidification:
úbiomedical industry - design of artificial hearts, and flow in
clogged arteries:
úenvironmental engineering - airflow in buildings, pollutant
transport and climatization: úmetal forming industry - tundish
flows, casting, and worker environments: úfood processing business
- mixing, defrosting, microwaving: úelectronics industry - circuit
board cooling, chip etching, and chemical vapor deposition:
úgeological flows - mantle flows, ground water flows and pollutant
transport. ResearchSouth's business plan is to commercialize our
software, apply it to the above industries, and market it
internationally.

Key Words

ResearchSouth, Inc.
555 Sparkman Dr. Suite 818
Huntsville, AL 35816

Project Title:

An Innovative Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine

94-1	03.07	2900

An Innovative Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine

Abstract:

The opportunity addressed in this proposal is an innovative pulse
detonation rocket engine which could significantly outperform
current state-of-the-art chemical rocket propulsion systems. The
propulsion system described in this proposal would dramatically
reduce propellant requirements, increase payload capacity, and
eliminate multiple engine hardware on single-stage to orbit (SSTO)
vehicles.
The innovation is based on a novel combustion concept developed by
the authors in the area of airbreathing pulse detonation
propulsion. The concept relies on detonative combustion, as opposed
to deflagrative combustion which is used in conventional rocket
engine systems. Detonating a fuel/oxidizer mixture greatly improves
the thermal efficiency of the propulsive cycle as compared to
deflagrative combustion. The pulse detonation rocket engine (PDRE)
described in this proposal represents a substantial improvement in
propulsion technology and efficiency. The PDRE has many highly
desirable features, including a very low unit cost, mechanical
simplicity, compact size, and very favorable performance.

Rocket Launch Vehicle Propulsion Systems, SSTO Propulsion Systems,
Airbreathing Pulse Detonation Engines, Efficient Power Generation
Coal Combustors, Efficient Power Generation Natural Gas Combustors,
Industrial Dryers, Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Advanced Materials
Synthesis Techniques

Key Words

Adroit Systems, Inc
209 Madison St.
Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314

Project Title:

Neurocontrol of a Hypersonic Vehicle

  94-1	03.07	4646

  Neurocontrol of a Hypersonic Vehicle

Abstract:

A neurocontrol system for a hypersonic vehicle will be designed
and simulated, and a preliminary investigation into the
feasibility of testing the neurocontroller in a captured flight
test of the hypersonic drone will be performed. To achieve this
goal we will develop a new distributed neurocontrol
architecture, identify the required sensors and their locations
on the flight test vehicle; implement a flight model for the
test vehicle and simulate the performance of the neurocontrol
system on the test vehicle. In preparation for a captured flight
test in Phase II we will investigate low speed propulsion
integration concepts for the test vehicle, and plan a series of
captured flight test experiments. By designing and implementing
a neurocontroller for a hypersonic drone the proposed project
represents a major step forward towards hypersonic flight.

This program will lay the foundations for a series of Phase III
commercializations. In the aircraft flight control area the
demonstration of a neurocontroller in a hypersonic vehicle will
pave the way for the use of neurocontrols throughout the
aerospace industry. More generally, it will pave the way for the
use of neurocontrols throughout American industry; in chemical
plants, automotive systems, energy management systems, etc.
Finally, the captured flight test of a neurocontrolled
hypersonic drone will lay the foundations for the eventual
development of a generation of hypersonic RPV's, UAV's, cruise
vehicles, and ultimately transport vehicles.

KEY WORDS

Accurate Automation Corporation
7001 Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, TN 37421

Project Title:

Economical Aero-Propulsion Shape Optimization for Hypersonic Design Applications

94-1			03.07		6125

Economical Aero-Propulsion Shape Optimization for Hypersonic
Design Applications

Abstract:

Recent advancements in both computational efficiency and
physical-modeling capabilities have increased the utility of
computational fluid dynamics in the hypersonic, vehicle-design
process. However, beyond knowing the aerodynamic characteristics
of a fixed configuration, the designer is interested in how to
change the design to improve the system's performance. Recent
research into the Sensitivity-Equation approach has addressed the
need to efficiently determine sensitivity derivatives in the
framework of a high-order aerodynamic optimization. The
Sensitivity-Equation procedure numerically solves linear partial
differential equations for the sensitivities themselves instead
of differentiating the discretized fluid-dynamic equations.
Design also requires efficient and flexible geometric
descriptions and grid-generation capabilities - a characteristic
of unstructured mesh topologies. This proposal serves to extend
the sensitivity-equation approach to optimize air-breathing
propulsion systems and hypersonic vehicles using both structured
and unstructured grid methodologies consistent with the NASA-IGES
protocol.
The technical objectives of the proposal include incorporating
the Sensitivity-Equation approach into the GASP flow solver,
working jointly with NASA researchers to display design-oriented
sensitivity information, merging GASP with an optimization
routine for shape optimization of hypersonic vehicle systems, and
utilizing the flexibility and efficiency of unstructured mesh
topologies.

In addition to wide use in HySTP, SSTO, Access-To-Space, and
other NASA and DoD programs, the coupled CFD/optimization
technology developed under this SBIR greatly benefits the
ballistic-missile, commercial-aircraft and general-aviation
industries.

Key Words

AeroSoft, Inc.
1872 Pratt Drive, Suite 1275
Blacksburg, VA 24060-6363

Project Title:

VERY -HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY VERY HIGH ALTITUDE TURBO - CHARGER AND SUPPLEMENTAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM

	  94-1	03.08	7500	A

	  VERY -HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY VERY HIGH ALTITUDE TURBO
	  - CHARGER AND SUPPLEMENTAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM

Abstract:

We believe that exploitation of the advances that have been made
in methods for the design and construction of lightweight turbo-
charged diesels would be the lowest risk path for providing a
fuel efficient high altitude powerplant that minimizes fuel
requirements while being capable of sustained high power output
at altitude. We propose in this SBIR to focus on the best way to
raise the capability of these types of engines to deliver
adequate power at this extreme altitude. Our idea is centered on
providing the necessary oxygen for the engines with an efficient
turbocharger system and, if necessary, an auxiliary oxidizer fuel
supply system. The main thrust of this effort will be a design
study to build an optimal compressor using only 2 or 3 stages in
order to achieve high efficiency (80%). A special high altitude
make-up oxidizer system will also be designed to insure
achievement of the 90,000 ft. mission.

This project would find commercial applications in the form of
fuel efficient powerplants to permit the design of piston engine
powered aircraft that cruise at altitudes of 40,000 Ft. to 70,000
Ft. at airspeeds in the range of 400 to 500 knots. These aircraft
would be useful for atmospheric studies, military reconnaissance
(UAVs) and low cost fast high altitude general aviation aircraft.

Key words

Merlyn Products, Inc.
7500 West Park Drive
Spokane, WA 99204

Project Title:

A Model-Based On-Line Cockpit Error Monitoring System

94-1	03.09	3474

A Model-Based On-Line Cockpit Error Monitoring System

Abstract:

The Phase I effort will evaluate the feasibility of a model-based
online system for monitoring and preventing pilot errors in the
cockpit. The approach will integrate a pilot/vehicle model of the
overall system, a structured error prediction and warning system,
and a prototype design demonstration. The pilot model
representation formalizes a number of component operator
functions, including data fusion, situation assessment, decision
making, and procedure execution. Different sites in the model
will be used to represent qualitatively different types of pilot
errors; a range of model parameter values will be used to
represent error severity. Real-time tracking of pilot behavior
will be used to infer underlying error structure and make short-
term predictions of potential pilot errors. We propose a
prototype software implementation to evaluate overall feasibility
of the approach. It will make use of a hybrid development
environment that combines an artificial neural network (ANN)
representation of pilot situation awareness and a knowledge-based
expert system (ES) model of pilot decision-making.

We see a number of direct potential commercial applications,
especially in environments requiring accurate situation
assessment and error-free decision making, such as in rail
traffic management centers, power plant and chemical process
control centers, and power system dispatch centers. In addition,
we see a potential commercial market for the underlying software
tool used to develop the proposed system, especially in
applications requiring operator/system modeling.

KEY WORDS

Charles River Analytics
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, MA 02138

Project Title:

Ion Implanted Thin Film Phosphors for Head Mounted Field Emission Displays

94-1	03.09	6000	A

Ion Implanted Thin Film Phosphors for Head Mounted Field Emission
Displays

Abstract:

Field emission displays (FEDs) based on cathodoluminescent
phosphors have the potential to provide high quality miniature
display panels for head mounted applications; head mounted displays
are essential to guide astronauts performing maintenance and repair
of space platforms outside the shuttle. Due to their granular
nature and limited lifetime, present powdered phosphors provide
inadequate FED performance. Replacing powdered phosphors with thin
films produced by physical vapor deposition can improve
chromaticity, allow much finer definition, and reduce phosphor
degradation while increasing process automation to control
manufacturing costs. Spire proposes to deposit ZnS as a thin-film
host phosphor and produce full color (red, green, blue) faceplates
by ion implanting it with appropriate co-activators.
Spire has recently deposited adherent thin film ZnS phosphors
implanted with Al exhibiting cathodoluminescence with brightnesses
of 18 fL (10mAJcm2, 1500V) for both blue and green. In a parallel
ARPA-sponsored program, Spire has demonstrated state-of-the-art
yellow thin film electroluminescent phosphors using ion
implantation (50 fL at 60 Hz). Drawing on expertise developed in
both areas, the proposed program will demonstrate all three primary
colors in adjacent lines on a single faceplate with brightness
levels which meet or exceed present standards.

Flat panel displays with increased luminance, greater color gamut,
higher electrical efficiency, and longer operating life can replace
cathode ray tubes in computer terminals, instrument panels, and
many other Government and commercial display applications. There
are numerous applications for low cost, miniaturized flat panel
displays, including HMDs for air traffic control and navigation,
personnel training, equipment maintenance, and virtual reality
environments.

Key Words

Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396

Project Title:

Electronic Workshop

	  94-1	03.10	7948

	  Electronic Workshop

Abstract:

The innovative concept pr~posed herein applies current
electronic data networking technology to the problem of
diminished travel and training budgets. By combining the
concepts of computerized bulletin board systems (BBS) and
workgroup collaboration software, we intend to provide a new
product called Electronic Workshop (EW). EW is client and server
software, coupled with file conversion and management services,
to provide either a replacement for, or an enhancement to, the
traditional in-person workshop or conference. Workshop authors
Fovide electronic copy of presentations to the EW service. These
presentations are converted as required to displayable
electronic multimedia documents, electronically accessible to
all Workshop participants for viewing and for attachment of
comments. Our objective is to provide both central EW server
software and high quality client software access tools,
including graphical user interfaces, for common personal
computers and workstations. EW participants, connecting via
modem or network services to the EW, will be able to read and
comment on Workshop "papers" electronically. Charts, graphs,
photos, and video will display at the maximum resolution
possible for any given PC or workstation. EW authors will have
access to all comments on their own "papers," and be able to
reply easily to commenters via electronic mail.

The Electronic Workshop is intended to be marketed as a
combination of software and services in a manner similar to
traditional workshops and conferences. In fact, traditional
workshop and conference organizers will be the most likely
adopters of EW, as an enhancement to their current services. EW
can provide significant cost savings for companies who send
employees to workshops and conferences. EW can also improve the
quality of papers and presentations by allowing audiences to
view and critique, permitting authors to defend and possibly
even modify their papers in the light of viewers' collective
commentary. Authors and viewers alike will have the luxury of
examining and reflecting upon the comments and presentations
before replying.

Key Words

Perimeter Computer Systems, Inc.
43210 Gingham Avenue, Suite 5
Lancaster, CA 93535

Project Title:

A Software Package for Actuation System andAeroservoelastic Analysis

94-1	03.11	4800

A Software Package for Actuation System and
Aeroservoelastic Analysis

Abstract:

The proposed SBIR project is to design and create a detailed
aircraft actuation system modeling software package which can be
used in stand-alone operation or integrated into existing
aeroservoelastic (ASE) analysis packages, such as STARS from NASA
Dryden. Currently no detailed modeling and analysis tools for the
evaluation of advanced actuation systems are available.
Furthermore, the proposed innovative software package will provide
a unique capability for integrated analysis within an ASE software
framework. It addresses the subtopic 03.11 requirement by providing
an efficient software tool for predicting and understanding the
response of an airframe under the simultaneous influences of
aerodynamics and the control system. Phase I will be completed
within six months and will require eight man-months of effort. This
will produce an electro-hydrostatic actuator model and a software
specification for the Phase II program. The full software
capability produced from Phase II will provide NASA with a level of
actuation system modeling consistent with planned advances in other
ASE technology areas. This will have application to future NASA
aircraft research programs, with benefits in more efficient and
accurate prediction of ASE characteristics for advanced flight
control systems research and flight clearances.

The proposed software package will fill a new niche for the
analysis of advanced actuation systems in future aircraft projects
and the enhancement of aeroservoelastic modeling. There is at
present no similar product on the market providing these
capabilities. The potential commercial market demand for the
software package will be from aerospace companies, government
organizations and equipment suppliers, plus applications in other
industries. The software package will have wide user acceptance
since it will be designed to interface readily with a range of
proprietary and specialized software products.

Key Words

Stirling Dynamics Incorporated
2600 East Coast Highway, Suite E
Corona del Mar, Ca 92625

Project Title:

VolksSimTM - Low-Cost, Modular Simulators for General Aviation

94-1	03.12	5601

VolksSimTM - Low-Cost, Modular Simulators for General Aviation

Abstract:

SYSTRAN proposes to design (in Phase I), prototype (in Phase II),
and market (in Phase III) a new class of flight simulators - called
VolksSimTM - that will provide flexibility and scaling in several
dimensions. These dimensions include the type of aircraft being
simulated (e.g., Piper Comanche, Chief Cherokee, F-16, etc.), the
fidelity of the simulation (e.g.,processing power, frame rates,
visual display content, etc.), and the number of individual
simulator stations which simultaneously interact with one another.
The VolksSIMTM will be modular in both hardware and software, using
'Lego-Block'-like hardware components and 'object-oriented-
software components. Other enabling technologies will be a
combination of shared-memory network (SMN) and Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) networking technologies, a distributed software
simulation architecture, and a modular structural and controls and
displays architecture. This set of features make these simulators
attractive to a variety of clients: General Aviation schools (of
which there are over 100), Government organizations for
participation in DIS (Distributed Interactive Simulation)
activities, and for the general commercial entertainment sector as
well. An open-architecture and compatibility of all electrical and
mechanical hardware permits users to expand capability as needed.
A unique motionbase option is also envisioned.

The VolksSimTM will directly support NASA's Project Pilot by
permitting FBO's (Fixed Base Operator's) and aviation colleges to
stimulate new pilot candidates by simulation in low-cost,
incrementally updatable simulator systems. The VolksSimTM will
augment, not supplant, true flying experiences. An open-systems
architecture will stimulate 3rd-party, Phase III add-ins (both
hardware and software). The full-spectrum of simulators will be
achievable with this design: desk-top trainers, static, and motion-
based simulators. By employing SMN distributed computing resources,
the VolksSimTM will be networkable in numbers from 1 to 256 on the
local high speed network. When interfaced to DIS, hundreds or
thousands can be networked throughout the world. By being modular,
only the specific attributes needed for a specific installation
need be initially procured, with additional fidelity available in
procurable increments later. By eliminating a centralized master
computer, clusters of multiple VolksSimTM simulators on a network
will be cost competitive compared to more conventional simulator
networks. Direct access to the 'Information Superhighway' is
another feature of our concept.

Key Words

SYSTRAN Corporation
4126 Linden Avenue
Dayton, OH 45432-3068

Project Title:

Innovative Integrated Cockpit Display System for Small Aircraft

	  94-1	03.12	7855

	  Innovative Integrated Cockpit Display System for Small Aircraft

Abstract:

After proper flight planning and preparation, safe efficient
operation of any aircraft requires two distinct tasks: (1)
collecting and analyzing information about aircraft performance,
navigation, traffic and weather; and (2) enroute decisions using
that information. In small general aviation aircraft, the pilot
must monitor a disjoint collection of analog gauges, mechanical
switches, digital indicators, circuit breakers and paper charts,
a requirement that limits the time available to make sound
decisions in emergencies and discourages new-pilot training
starts. AVROTEC proposes to create a break-through cockpit
display employing an integrated computer-based monitoring system
to perform task #1, to vastly improve the pilot's ability to
conduct task #2 effectively. In Phase I, AVROTEC will define
hardware and software requirements for pilot interface, display
priorities, graphic presentation, and data sources. In Phase II,
AVROTEC will: implement the design using state-of-the-art
technology; incorporate enhancements including ATC datalink,
traffic conflict information and graphical real-time weather
information; and flight-test a prototype. AVROTEC will coordinate
with NASA's AGATE Program on cockpit information display and
closed-loop control of aircraft systems. Innovations in this
system include: creating an advanced state-of-the-art integrated
cockpit information system using proven off-the-shelf components;
modular single-point display; and greatly improved performance
and dependability at lower cost than existing equipment.

A VROTEC'S approach to an integrated information system based on
existing technology provides the greatest opportunity for near
term commercial applications in small general aviation aircraft.
A VROTEC has already developed and marketed a cockpit moving map
display in response to demonstrated market demand for innovative
information systems. The proposed integrated cockpit information
display system will be designed to be readily certifiable in both
the existing light aircraft fleet and new, innovative airframe
designs. These factors, combined with an installed price below
current, inferior equipment and a proven general aviation
marketing approach will ensure the immediate commercial potential
of the A VROTEC system.

Key Words

A VROTEC Inc.
3301-A N.E. Cornell Rd
Hillsboro OR 97124-6380

Project Title:

Innovative Low Cost Out-Of-Autoclave Composite Manufacturing Processes

  94-1		04.01		3500



  Innovative Low Cost Out-Of-Autoclave Composite Manufacturing

  Processes

Abstract:

Production Products Incorporated (PPI) proposes a systematic

intensive study of both thermoset and thermoplastic composite

materials, out-of-autoclave manufacturing processes, tooling

concepts, and equipment, which we will then develop and

productionize (Phases II & III) to provide NASA and our

military and commercial customers with low cost, high

performance composite structures. We will utilize

thermosetting resins which can be cured at low temperature and

with novel processing methods. We will evaluate use of our 6

axis filament winding machine with resin injection systems to

produce cured advanced composite structures on-the-fly as a

continuous process with no resin pot cleanup. Various

innovative methods of producing rapid continuous cure will be

evaluated including ultraviolet, microwave, radiant. Iaser,

induction, electron beam and thermal. High performance

thermoplastic composite materials including LARC-IA will be

evaluated for low cost out-of-autoclave processing including

advanced filament winding/tow placement and resin infusion

molding. McDonnell Douglas will provide technical support and

guidance.


The low-cost out-of-autoclave composite materials and

processes will have immediate application to NASA,DoD. and

commercial products and systems including subsonic aircraft,

High Speed Civil Transport, hypersonic aircraft. spacecraft.

civil structures, maritime systems, and the ground

transportation industry. PPI has the resources to fully

commercialize the innovative low-cost composite manufacturing

processes developed in Phase I and II of this program. We have

planned the program with clear cost and performance goals. a

NASA/McDonnell Douglas aircraft application focus including

productionization of NASA-LARC materials/processes, broad

materials and process evaluation and down select at key

milestones in the program to reduce risk and insure that

proven low-cost, materials, processes. and new tooling

concepts and equipment (PPI funded) are available at the

conclusion of Phase III.


Key Words


Production Products

1285 Dunn Road

St.Louis, MO 63138

Project Title:

Low Cost Synthesis of PAEBI Polymer for High-Performance Applications

94-1	04.01	9493	B

Low Cost Synthesis of PAEBI Polymer for High-Performance
Applications

Abstract:

Triton Systems Inc. proposes an innovative synthetic program to
significantly reduce the cost of manufacturing the high-performance
NASA polymer Poly arylene ether benzimidazole (PAEBI). This polymer
has a high Tg (> 350@C); high mechanical performance; high
dielectric strength; high arc track resistance; desired low
absorptance to emissivity ratio; and a unique resistance to the
destructive effects of atomic oxygen
(AO) in low earth orbit (LEO). The present cost of making PAEBI
in pound quantities is high compared to commercial materials
because of the need for special monomers and synthetic
procedures. On this program, Triton Systems will significantly
lower the cost of making PAEBI by developing a new route to
Monomer # 1, by introducing new reactant ratios and end caps,
and by simplifying the synthetic procedure to reduce both the
cost of materials and the expense of the manufacturing process.

Inexpensive PAEBI polymer resins and films will be used in high
temperature commercial applications as electrical insulation,
piezoelectric and NLO devices, and AO resistant films and
thermal blankets for civilian satellite applications.

KEY WORDS

Mr. Ross Haghighat
Trition Systems, Inc.
182 Cedar Hill Street
Marlboro, MA 01752

Project Title:

Injection Molded Polymer Composite General Aviation Aircraft Structures with Integral Structural Foam Cores

  94-1	02	2101

  Injection Molded Polymer Composite General Aviation Aircraft
  Structures with Integral Structural Foam Cores

Abstract:

Most general aviation aircraft structures are manufactured by
cutting, stamping, bending and machining aluminum into
components, which are then assembled using fasteners. A few
structures are fabricated by hand layup of wet fiberglass mat.
Both of these manufacturing methods are time consuming and
costly. Automated methods are required that can form entire
aircraft structures, including integral reinforcement members,
to reduce labor costs and manufacturing time. The recent
introduction of high performance resin systems filled with
long glass fibers has allowed for the injection molding of
structural composite components. Rigid foams have been used to
form high strength, light weight structural cores. This
project will combine both of these manufacturing methods which
will enable aircraft structures to be fabricated in a few
inexpensive steps. The entire structure, including skin and
reinforcement members, will be injection molded using long
glass fiber filled composite materials. Structural foam cores
will be added using foam-in-place rigid foams. Using injection
molded composite aircraft structures with structural foam
cores will result in lower manufacturing and life cycle costs,
and better aircraft performance.

The development of injection molded composite aircraft
structures with foam-in-place structural foam cores has
immediate and direct commercial applications in the general
aviation aircraft industry. Many general aviation aircraft
structures and components can by manufactured using this
technology thereby reducing manufacturing and life cycle
costs. This manufacturing technology also has potential
commercial applications in the automotive, marine and,
offshore oil and gas industries where cost, corrosion and
weight are problems.

Key Words

Texas Research Institute Austin, Inc.
9063 Bee Caves Road
Austin, TX 78733-6201

Project Title:

Fabricate Composite Structures Using Resin Transfer Molding with Flexible Molds

94-1	04.02	4208

Fabricate Composite Structures Using Resin Transfer Molding with
Flexible Molds

Abstract:

The conventional tooling for composite fabrication relies heavily
on machining and lacks the ability for rapid design modification.
This results in high cost in conventional composite manufacturing.
The innovative resin injection with flexible molding concept
proposed in this Phase I research requires only one shape-defining
surface and a flexible, reusable tool half. This tool is capable of
carrying out preforming as well as resin injection molding.
Moreover, resin channeling, which often results in expensive rework
or scrap, can be easily accommodated through the deformation
control of the constituent diaphragm. The proposed research will
result in a new molding technique where half of the tooling can be
reused and the setup time as well as the lead time can be saved
tremendously.
The key personnel of this proposed project has involved in various
Net Shape Manufacturing Projects in injection molding, tooling, RTM
technique, inspection and numerical simulation. The RTM-flexible
molding technique developed in this program can greatly shorten the
design and fabrication cycle of composite structures as well as
reduce manufacturing cost significantly because of the configurable
tooling and less scrap or rework.

The low cost RTM with flexible molding technique proposed in this
research can be applied to manufacture many types of airframe and
propeller composite structures. It has great, common applications
for both commercial sector and military agencies. For example,
aircraft and aerospace structures, automobiles, buildings, bridges,
and surface vehicles can all be fabricated using the proposed
technique.

Key Words

Wright Materials Research Co.
3591 Apple Grove Dr.
Beavercreek, OH 45430

Project Title:

LOW COST, LIGHTWEIGHT AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY RECOVERY SYSTEM

94-1	04.02	7491

LOW COST, LIGHTWEIGHT AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY RECOVERY SYSTEM

Abstract:

Ballistic Recovery Systems, Inc. (BRS) proposes the development of
a lightweight, low cost parachute system, utilizing thin film
laminates and thermo-adhesives, to be used to recover General
Aviation (GA) aircraft from potentially fatal emergency situations.
Aircraft parachute recovery systems, which have been available for
ultralight and experimental aircraft since the early 1980s, are
responsible for saving over 150 lives to date. These smaller
"sport" aircraft, which are utilized primarily for recreational
use, can accommodate the added weight of a parachute with minimal
effect on their utility. The parachute recovery system concept is
also feasible for general aviation (GA) aircraft, but with current
parachute technology, it is not very practical considering the
impact the system weight has on the aircraft utility and operating
costs. The development of a lightweight, unobtrusive parachute
recovery system will be a significant step toward improving the
safety of GA travel. While aircraft recovery systems are not
intended to be a substitute for proper maintenance or good operator
skills, they have proven their ability to save lives when all other
emergency procedures have been exhausted. Activation of a parachute
recovery system could be the only emergency procedure for
preventing a serious or fatal accident resulting from catastrophes
such as mid-air collisions, structural failures, icing or engine-
out over unlandable terrain.

If general aviation is to be revitalized in the United States,
safety enhancement must be a primary concern. There is a growing
interest in aircraft recovery systems within the aviation
community, both domestically and internationally. The FAA is
generating a certification basis for recovery systems for GA
aircraft. Several European aviation organizations are pursuing
mandatory installation of recovery systems on all experimental
aircraft for which they are available. One domestic insurance
company offers up to 10% discounts on premiums for aircraft with
recovery systems.
These systems will be made available to all aircraft in the
experimental/amateur built category, as well as FAR Part 23
certified aircraft. Systems can be designed for retrofitting to
existing aircraft as well as installing on new production aircraft.
BRS has been approached by several aircraft manufacturers like
Cirrus Design, Star*Kraft and Zlin Aviation, requesting recovery
systems for new aircraft designs.

Key Words

Ballistic Recovery Systems, Inc.
Fleming Field
1845 Henry Avenue
S. St. Paul, MN. 55075

Project Title:

A Design Tool for Intelligent Structures

  94-1	04.03	1600	A

  A Design Tool for Intelligent Structures

Abstract:

The intelligent structures technology offers extremely attractive
advantages in the design, development and operation of aerospace
structures. However accurate modeling of distributed actuators
and sensors in such structures is still a concern of prime
importance. A mathematically rigorous software package based on
the idea of multilayered kinematics of the intelligent structure,
which can serve as the basis for comparative study of shape
memory alloys and piezoelectric materials is nonexistent. The
specific objective of this proposal is to develop such a software
package and to bridge the technology gap between the highly
theoretical mathematical studies being conducted at various
educational institutions and the purely experimental studies
going on in various industrial settings. The incorporation of the
active material numerical simulation procedure into the design
stages will help optimize the design of new products and reduce
development times and costs dramatically. This optimization
procedure will enable use of shape memory alloys and the
piezoelectric components with specifically tailored properties
that will realize their full potential in each individual
application.

The software package developed herein will have tremendous
commercial applications in the areas of aerospace, mechanical and
civil engineering. In Aeronautics and Astronautics the
application of the software will be for the numerical analysis
of adaptive structures for the purposes of lift control, flutter
and divergence prevention, gust load alleviation, and vibration
damping. The software will also be used for the simulation and
analysis of active vibration isolation via smart structures which
span many disciplines including aerodynamics, propulsion,
aeroelasticity, vibration and acoustics.

Key Words

Berkeley Applied Science and Engineering, Inc.
5 Third Street, Suite 530
San Francisco, CA 94103

Project Title:

Grating-Based Fiber-Optic Sensor Arrays for Smart Aerospace Materials

  94-1	04.03	4107

  Grating-Based Fiber-Optic Sensor Arrays for Smart Aerospace
  Materials

Abstract:

Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems proposes a new approach for
including sensing and processing functions in aerospace
materials. This integrated structure exploits novel combination
of compatible and complementary known techniques: (a) Lattice
Sensor arrays (LSAs), (b) Two-Mode Fibers (TMFs), (c) Two-Mode
Couplers TMCs, (d) Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), (e) Active
(piezo-electric, electro- or magnetostrictive) Materials (AMs).
LSAs provide efficient sensing interconnection networks with an
input bus for distributing optical energy to sensors and output
bus for collecting sensed signals. Using TMFs means these buses
are modally separate but in a single fiber. TMCs allow modal
multiplexing. FBGs perform sensing and modal cross-coupling
functions. In general, measurands disturb FBGs, thereby shifting
their Bragg wavelengths measured by a demodulation subsystem. A
TMF/TMC/FBGbased LSA is itself electromagnetic interference-
immune and adds intelligent health monitoring functions to
passive aerospace structures. Localized transducer sensitivity
(temperature, electromagnetic field, voltage, etc.) and enhanced
intelligence is given by coating or embedding the FBGs in
"active" materials. In Phase I, a single-sensor prototype will
be constructed and evaluated for sensitivity, dynamic range,
linearity, reliability and installation options.

As well as smart aerospace material applications (for space
station, spacecraft and aircraft applications), real-time space,
lunar and planetary environmental monitoring systems, and
intelligent buildings in lunar and other hostile environments,
significant potential for commercial spinoffs exists in
intelligent transport sytems, roads, bridges, automobile and
submarine manufacturing. The proposed sensing networks offer
higher sensitivity and reliability than those of conventional
approaches and can be mass produced. These features make the
proposed smart sensors marketable and can attract follow-on non-
federal and private sector funding.

Key Words

Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems
1778 Fordham Way
Mountain View, CA 94040

Project Title:

Intrinsically Adaptive Thin Film Concentrator for Earth Radiometry

94-1	04.03	7000

Intrinsically Adaptive Thin Film Concentrator for Earth Radiometry

Abstract:

Soil Moisture, surface temperature, forest and ocean conditions may
be surveyed by space-based radiometry. Large collectors with small
focal ratios are required for radiometry. Intrinsically adaptive
deployable membrane concentrators are leading candidates for the
collector designs. SRS Technologies, utilizing NASA/LaRC
polyimides, has developed casting methods to fabricate large
membranes resulting in large accurate collectors. The membranes are
cast on specially surfaced mandrels, cured and released resulting
in double curvature shapes. Fabrication parameters have been
identified through analytical studies which can be varied during
the fabrication process to control the final shape of the
collector. Most notably, the thickness can be varied radially along
the membrane to control the shape of the collector due to pressure
loadings. Phase I activities will exploit these technologies to
demonstrate the feasibility of an adaptive collector for earth
radiometer applications. A demonstration model will be fabricated
and deployed in Phase I. Research results from Phase I will
determine the most appropriate fabrication method for construction
of a large five meter collector in Phase II activities.

This proposed research will lead to an improved collector design
for deployable collector systems. A commercial market exists for
efficiently packaged, accurate, cost effective and deployable
collectors for commercial satellite power, propulsion and
communications. Materials and fabrication methods developed under
this proposed research can be commercially applied to construction
of lightweight composite structures. Improved methods for
radiometry measurements can enhance the commercial sectors
utilizing Earth observations data from space.

Key Words

SRS Technologies
1811 Quail Street
Newport Beach, CA 92660

Project Title:

Optical Fiber Strain Gages Using Polyimides

94-1	04.03	7556	A

Optical Fiber Strain Gages Using Polyimides

Abstract:

The objective of the proposed program is to develop a practical,
reliable, and cost-effective optical fiber strain gage that will
compete with conventional strain gages for an annual market of
over 100 million devices. The optical fiber strain gage will find
applications in the aircraft, spacecraft, automobile and other
transportation industries, as well as energy production and
distribution systems, civil structures and materials testing
laboratories. Fiber and Sensor Technologies, Inc. (F&S) has
licensed the patented optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot
interferometer (EFPI), which can be configured to measure strain,
temperature and other environmental parameters. F&S and their
development partner, the Fiber & Electro-Optics Research Center
(FEORC) at Virginia Tech, have demonstrated the EFPI in many
military and industrial applications with NASA, Northrop, and
others. F&S is currently developing the optical systems and the
signal processing electronics required to commercialize the EFPI
strain gage. The last crucial problem to be solved to create an
optical fiber strain gage capable of having a broad market appeal
is the sensor reliability issues. During this program F&S and
FEORC will utilize NASA polyimides to develop optical fiber
coating techniques, optical fiber strain gage fabrication
techniques, and sensor attachment and embedment procedures.

The current commercial strain gage market enjoys an annual sale
of over 100 million devices. The optical fiber strain gage will
find applications in the aircraft, spacecraft, automobile and
other transportation industries, as well as energy production and
distribution systems, civil structures and materials testing
laboratories.

Key Words

Fiber & Sensor Technologies, Inc.
P. O. Box 11704
Blacksburg, VA 24062-1704

Project Title:

Innovative Thermoplastic Polyimide Foam

  94-1	04.03	8072

  Innovative Thermoplastic Polyimide Foam

Abstract:

The advantages of products made from polyimide resins have been
demonstrated in many applications. A new thermoplastic resin,
invented by NASA scientists and known as LaRC-IA, has shown
outstanding potential as an adhesive, molding resin and as a matrix
resin for composites. Since HTS has significant background in the
technology of polyimide foam, it is proposing to utilize LaRC-IA
resin to develop and produce polyimide foam. This foam will possess
thermal and lowsmoke properties characteristic of polyimides.
Additionally, it will be thermoplastic and therefore, reformable.
The innovative properties of LaRC-IA make it an ideal candidate for
producing a commercializable thermoplastic polyimide foam. HTS
currently produces lightweight polyimide foam and the same
manufacturing systems would be used to produce LaRC-IA foam once it
is developed. The firm's foam technology includes additives and a
sophisticated programmable oven system to produce the required heat
transfer for studying foaming parameters. As seen below,
significant applications and commercial potential exist for LaRC-IA
foam.

LaRC-IA thermoplastic foam is useful as cryogenic tank insulation,
structural and core material replacements for honeycomb, balsa wood
and other traditional materials in military and commercial
aircraft, industrial machinery, automotive and broad transportation
applications.

Key Words

High Technology Systems, Inc.
105 Jordan Road
Troy, New York 12180

Project Title:

A Quantitative NDE Method for Ceramic Matrix Composites Using Broadband AE/AU Waveform Analysis

94-1	05.04	7559

A Quantitative NDE Method for Ceramic Matrix Composites Using
Broadband AE/AU Waveform Analysis

Abstract:

Digital Wave proposes to develop an innovative system for
nondestructive evaluation of ceramic matrix composite (CMC)
materials. The system would combine passive, broadband measurement
of acoustic emission (AE) waveforms with active plate wave, or
acousto-ultrasonic (AU), measurements. The broadband wave based AE
measurements would be used to identify and characterize specific
damage mechanisms. The broadband AU measurements would allow for
material properties (stiffnesses) evaluation as a function of
strain and temperature. This approach would enable a quantitative
NDE technique that could be easily scaled up from laboratory
coupons to full scale structures.

Commercial hardware could be developed for quantitative NDE of CMC
materials. Instruments for NDE during manufacture, for quality
assurance (QA), and while in service would enable CMC materials to
be used for many practical applications.

Key Words

Digital Wave Corporation
14 Inverness Drive East
Building B, Suite 120
Englewood, CO 80112

Project Title:

Intelligent Database for Space Environment Effects on Composite Materials

94-1	04.04	8400

Intelligent Database for Space Environment Effects on Composite
Materials

Abstract:

An intelligent database for composite materials will be expanded to
include the effects of space environments. The core intelligent
database system currently under development covers basic properties
of polymer matrix composite materials and their constituents. The
database provides capabilities for handling sparse data, for
predicting missing properties, and for accessing external
databases. The project objectives are the expansion of this
intelligent database system to extend the material scope to all
classes of composite materials and to add capabilities for
environmental and other time-dependent effects. Results anticipated
from the Phase I program are the establishment of data elements and
appropriate structures for handling the expanded database scope,
consideration of procedures for defining data quality levels and
approaches for predicting missing information, and developing a
model system to evaluate overall feasibility of continued work. The
expanded system will allow accessing external databases and
significantly improve the availability of data to designers,
materials and processing engineers, and anyone involved in the
evaluation and use of composite properties.

The expansion of the full-scale intelligent database system
applicable to all classes of composite materials will be useful for
design, fabrication studies and evaluation of experimental data.
The range of the intelligent database system will include all
applications for composite materials requiring basic static and
dynamic properties, time-dependent or environmental effects, or any
combination of these properties and effects.

Key Words

Materials Sciences Corporation
500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250
Fort Washington, PA 19034

Project Title:

Amorphous Diamond Protective Coatings for Spacecraft Materials

  94-1		04.05	0700

  Amorphous Diamond Protective Coatings for Spacecraft Materials

Abstract:

To protect spacecraft materials in low earth orbit (LEO), ISC
proposes a novel class of coatings, tetrahedrally bonded Amorphous
Diamond and its doped forms, made by an energetic, high-rate, low-
temperature method, Filtered Cathodic Arc Deposition (FCAD). The
FCAD process allows blended coating-substrate interfaces, substrate
biasing for improved surface coverage, and doping of coatings - to
improve their stress, adhesion, flexibility, conductivity, and LEO
survivability. The best diamond coatings have good atomic oxygen
(AO) resistance, and potentially good resistance to UV, charged
particles, and hypervelocity impacts. FCAD diamond films have > 90%
sp3 bonding, and hardness similar to natural diamond. They can be
doped for lower resistivity, and possibly better robustness in LEO.
Undoped coatings should be highly resistant to combined LEO
environment effects; some types of doped coatings may be better. AO
survivability of useful spacecraft materials could be improved two
orders of magnitude, with increased resistance to other LEO hazards
and abrasion. ISC will deposit doped and undoped FCAD diamond on
representative spacecraft materials of interest: polymers,
composites, optical components, and thermal control materials. Test
data (adhesion, stress, conductivity, damage from bending, AO/UV
exposure, hypervelocity impacts, and thermal cycling) will
determine approaches for improved LEO protective coatings.

Transparent, flexible, rugged vapor-barrier coatings for packaging
of foods and other oxygen and moisture-sensitive commodities.
Improved oxidation resistance of diamond coatings, greatly
expanding their range of potential applications. Very durable, non-
stick solid lubricant films for bearings, sliding seals, cookware,
tools, surgical implements, etc. Plasma-resistant electrical and
thermal insulating materials and optical components. Flat-panel
displays, long-life ion thruster grids, and rugged "smart windows".

Key Words

Implant Sciences Corporation
107 Audubon Road, #5 Corporate Place
Wakefield, MA  01880

Project Title:

Rapid Prototyping Materials for Structural and Ceramic Components

	  94-1	0405	3710	$59,911.45



	  Rapid Prototyping Materials for Structural and Ceramic Components

Abstract:

Ceramic Composites, Inc. proposes to develop recent innovations

in the field of photolithographic rapid prototyping into a system

that is capable of fabricating structural ceramic and metal 3-

dimensional components. Rapid fabrication of complex structural

components for rapid prototyping and flexible manufacturing is

a key manufacturing strategy for the aerospace industry, in which

complex shaped structural components are prevalent but quantity

requirements are low, resulting in high unit costs and long lead

times. The project objective will be to demonstrate fabrication

of Si3N4 bodies with room temperature flexural strengths

exceeding 75,000 psi, with a target of 100,000 psi at thicknesses

of the order of 0.200". The Phase I effort will explore

innovative techniques of preparing the photopolymer inks to

achieve high solids loadings and compatibility with subsequent

curing by large area flood UV lamps. Several different techniques

of binder burn out and sintering will also be explored to

identify the overall process which produces Si3N4 bodies with the

highest mechanical integrity.

Suitable applications for Si3N4 materials that are of interest

to NASA include: rocket engine fuel mixing nozzles, high

temperature miniature heat exchangers, transpiration cooled

radomes, high temperature fluidic ball valves and mirror blanks

with cooling channels.


The innovations proposed here are expected to significantly

increase the market for rapid prototyping systems by enabling the

fabrication of structural components via these techniques.

Commercial applications include automotive parts, surgical

instruments and medical equipment components and engine

components for commercial aircraft.


rapid prototyping, fledible manufacturing, photopolymer,

binder burn out, sintering, flexural strength


Ceramic Composites, Inc

1110 Benfield Blvd

Millersville, MD 2110B

Project Title:

Novel Rapid PrototypingApparatus using Liquid Metal Droplets

94-1	04.05	8076

Novel Rapid PrototypingApparatus using Liquid Metal Droplets

Abstract:

rapid prototyping system that employs ink jet printing technology
to dispense 25-75 um diameter droplets of liquid metal, on demand,
is proposed. The system would be data driven and automated so that
structures could be fabricated without molds, dies, or tooling. An
ink jet deposition system would allow the workpiece to be rotated
so that the creation of the structure could proceed from a number
of planes, like branches from a tree trunk Significant undercooling
and rapid solidification of the liquid metal should be possible,
creating improved grain structures. Free-form fabrication in a low
gravity environment would not suffer from the problem, encountered
in lg, of a structure supporting its own weight during fabrication.
Use of metals would avoid the shrinkage problem associated with
photopolymers used in stereolithography systems. Future extensions
(i.e., higher operating temperatures) of the technology could lead
to re-use of salvaged metals from spent flight hardware and/or use
of in-situ lunar resources.

If successful, this technology could lead to commercial rapid
prototyping systems that produce parts without the limitations that
are inherent with current systems, due to the materials that they
are forced to employ. By using liquid metals, deposited as
microdroplets, near net-shapes could be fabricated without the
adjustments for shrinkage that are common with existing rapid
prototyping systems. The hardness and strength of the parts would
allow them to used as working parts in many cases, instead of just
form-fit models. These capabilities would lead to a very viable
commercial product, independent of its ability to fill NASA's
special needs.

Key Words

Micro Fab Technologies,Inc.
1104 Summit Ave., Suite 110
Plano, TX 75074

Project Title:

Anodized Aluminum Thermal Control Coating with Selectable Electrical Conductive Properties

94-1	04.05	9399

Anodized Aluminum Thermal Control Coating with Selectable
Electrical Conductive Properties

Abstract:

The electrical conductivity of anodized aluminum thermal control
coating will be enhanced by pyrolytic deposition of an
electronically conducting metal oxide within the anodic oxide
pores. The electrical charge that might otherwise accumulate on its
surface in the ambient space plasma, e.g., under Space Station
Freedom grounding conditions, will leak off through the coating.
This will prevent erosion of the metal structure by sputtering at
coating breaks, and minimize electrical noise. The amount of pyrolytic oxide
needed to achieve suitable conductivity is likely to be too small to
significantly increase coating absorptivity on structural alloys. The
conductive oxide deposition conditions will be compatible with a conventional
anodizing line, and with thermal limitations of the anodic oxide and
substrate alloy. The project objective is to produce coatings with enhanced
conductivity and acceptable absorptivity by selection of conductive oxide
type and deposition conditions, in combination with possible modifications to
anodizing process steps. In Phase I, the emphasis will be on using one
particular pyrolytic oxide, but conductivity and breakdown voltage will be
measured of coatings prepared with combinations of two anodic oxides and two
pyrolytic oxides.

A conductive coating offers a simple and low cost solution to several
problems that arise from the insulating properties of the conventional anodic
oxide. It provides electrical continuity over an anodized aluminum surface
for electromagnetic interference compatibility. It will prevent the buildup
of static electrical charge on anodized surfaces exposed to the flow of
liquids or gases. An important application may be as the protective coating
on aluminum hardware used in semiconductor wafer fabrication plasma chambers.
A conductive oxide will reduce sputtering at coating defects that generates
microscopic particles that deposit on the silicon wafer and result in
"killer" defects in the microelectronic circuits.

Key Words

Boundary Technologies, Inc.
366 Lexington Drive
Buffalo Grove, IL 60089-6933

Project Title:

A New Atomic Oxygen Resistant Polymeric Film To Endure Space Environmental Effects.

94-1	04.05	9493

A New Atomic Oxygen Resistant Polymeric Film To Endure Space
Environmental Effects.

Abstract:

A new, colorless AORIMIDE being developed by Triton Systems using
NASA invented polymer and under an exclusive license from NASA,
demonstrates significant resistance to attack by atomic oxygen This
film could he an excellent substrate for producing Second Surface
Mirrors (SSM) having selectable thermal radiative properties and
electrically conductive properties while offering significant
weight reduction as compared to FEP Teflon silver
SSM and other thermal control materials The product envisioned
would allow a choice of solar absorptivities from 01 to 0 8,
infrared emissivities from 0.6 to 0.95 and have a transparent
electrically conductive oxide on the surface for dissipating
spacecraft charging Since the product is a SSM, the colorless
AORIMIDE film as well as the transparent conductive oxide would
provide protection from atomic oxygen to the mirror coatings and
the spacecraft structure or blanket materials under it.
The proposed Phase I effort will demonstrate the breakthrough
properties of this unique polymer by (a) synthesizing the
polymer in sufficient quantities to carry out the proposed
effort, (h) processing free standing films with a variety of
thicknesses ranging from 0.0005 in (12.5um) to 0.005 in (12.5
um); (c) Producing thermal coatings, (d) characterizing the
absorptance, emittance and atomic oxygen resistance properties:
and (e) reporting on our collective findings.

AORIMIDE can he used on any-spacecraft whether the orbit is
LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO or interplanetary, but it has the most
value for those systems operating in LEO where constant
bombardment by atomic oxygen is part of the space environment.
The following lists some of the services these spacecraft
systems will provide. Air traffic control, weather,
environmental monitoring, disaster warning, geolocation. TV
broadcast, personal communications (voice, data, paging,
messaging), computer networking, health services, videophones,
teleconferencing. asset monitoring, fleet management, locating
and data collection, tracking downstolen property and
messaging for help in emergencies.

Mr. Ross Haghighat
Triton Systems, Inc.
182 Cedar Hill Street

Project Title:

Material Joining Using Ion Beam Deposition Surface Treatment

94-1	04.06	2050

Material Joining Using Ion Beam Deposition Surface Treatment

Abstract:

New materials such as Al-Li, Ti-Al, advanced superalloys and metal
matrix composites offer exceptional performance, but often at the
expense of incompatibility with conventional joining techniques.
Often good joints are possible for ambient temperature use, but
under conditions which require high thermal conductance through the
joint (i.e., radiator fins or other thermally active components) or
which require thermal cycling, high temperatures and long life, low
temperature brazes are extremely poor, unreliable and
expensive to produce. Ion beam enhanced deposition offers a means for
overcoming these difficulties. By bonding an easyto-join material such as
titanium to the surface of a difficult-to-join material, it is then possible
to easily braze or diffusion bond the materials using standard techniques.

Commercial applications include heat sinking electronics, especially high
power density chips, composite structural components and other technologies.
We see the electronics heat sinking application as the number one commercial
objective due to high power density chips which are expected to hit the
commercial electronics industry within the next two years.

Key Words

Space Exploration Associates
141 W. Xenia Ave.
P . O. Box 579
Cedarville, OH  45314-0579

Project Title:

Joining of Dissimilar Materials with Non-Active Brazes for High Temperature Furnace Fabrication

  94-01	04.06	3200

  Joining of Dissimilar Materials with Non-Active Brazes for High
  Temperature Furnace Fabrication

Abstract:

Foster-Miller will demonstrate use of multiple interlayered,
non-active braze for joining Al2O3, molybdellum (TZM), and
graphite for high temperature furnace components. CTE mismatch
between the dissimilar materials cause high thermal stresses and
create weak braze joint. Our interlayered braze will off-load
these stresses and provide strong joints. Currently used active
brazes limit joint life due to active element reactivity in the
joint. Non-active brazes provide chemical stability and longer
high temperature operation. However non-active brazes do not wet
ceramic surfaces. We will use, ion-implantation to metallize
adherent surface and make it wettable by non-active braze.
The technology developed will be applicable to brazing graphite
to tungsten for X-ray targets, where current braze joints fail
due to continued reactivity of zirconium braze. To pursue this
application, our Phase I partner, Varian, Inc., a manufacturer
of bio-medical X-rays will provide us with design and material
guidance.
The Phase I program will focus on developing low resistance
braze joints between Al2O3 graphite and TZM for extended
operation above 1273K. The joints will be characterized for
mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Phase II program
will involve further joint optimization, and fabrication of
prototype furnace components.

This technology will be applicable for manufacturing of high
temperature furnaces and bio-medical X-ray tube which currently
has a market over $800 million. When developed, this technology
will be applicable to actively cooled structures for NASP and
hypersonic vehicles, jet engines, electronic packages, chemical,
and nuclear power components.

Key Words

Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Project Title:

Novel Process for the Braze Joining of Ceramic, Graphite and Metals

  94-1		04.06	3250

  Novel Process for the Braze Joining of Ceramic, Graphite and Metals

Abstract:

The fabrication of strong, durable, leak tight joints from components made of metals,
ceramics and graphite materials for service on many of NASA's missions is a technological
challenge. A broadly applicable novel process is proposed that is a variation of the transient
liquid phase joining approach with the added innovations of a surface modification coating
technique that allows for reliable wetting of the braze surface and the creation of a
compliant interlayer of extremely ductile metal sandwiched between a high temperature alloy
formed insitu during brazing. This technique will allow the braze joining of several types of
ceramics including silicon
nitride, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide and silicon carbides to metals such as stainless steels,
nickel, titanium, molybdenum, and aluminum and the joining of ceramics to graphite. In Phase
I joints between ceramic and metal, graphite and metal and ceramic and graphite will be
fabricated and their acceptability evaluated. Phase II will explore upscaling of the process,
improvements to enable joints to function at higher service temperatures and a thorough testing
and evaluation protocol to help highlight the unique capabilities of the proposed approach. Plans
for commercialization will follow technical feasibility demonstration in Phase I

Dissimilar materials joining technology has a broad range of commercial applications for
brazing of carbon-based composites, ceramics and ceramic-based composites to metallic
structures. Ceramics and fiber reinforced ceramics are currently limited in application because
of the lack of suitable joining technology that will allow service at high temperatures under
reactive ambients. Surmet's broadly applicable joining technology is expected to find extensive
commercial applications in Aerospace, Automotive, Electronic
and other manufacturing industries.

Key Words

Surmet Corporation
33 B Street
Burlington, MA 01803

Project Title:

Advanced Mathematical Models for Casting

94-1	4.06	3800

Advanced Mathematical Models for Casting

Abstract:

Existing simulation tools for modeling of casting cannot predict
the segregation and cast-in residual stresses or do so only crudely
despite the strong effect of these phenomena on the final quality
of the cast parts. In addition, the existing tools for mold filling
and solidification are numerically inefficient and do not
incorporate other physical effects (e.g., shrinkage and latent heat
release) in an accurate or integral way. We propose to develop an
advanced modeling tool that handles filling, solidification,
segregation, and stress evolution using an advanced, efficient
numerical algorithm. The resulting software will model the full
casting process and yield detailed compositional and stress fields
throughout the cast part. In Phase I, we will demonstrate efficient
calculations for each of these fields. We will develop a full
integrated software package and validate it in Phase II.

The resulting modeling tools will represent a major advance over
those currently available and will have an excellent commercial
market for use in a wide range of industrial casting settings, both
through displacing less capable software and by significantly
broadening the market by the addition of new capabilities and much
greater computational efficiency.

Key Words

Creare Incorporated
Etna Road, P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755

Project Title:

Recrystallized Si3N4 Fiber Coating for Toughened Ceramic-Matrix Composites

	  94-1	04.06	4085

	  Recrystallized Si3N4 Fiber Coating for Toughened Ceramic-Matrix
	  Composites

Abstract:

Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are actively being developed for
a variety of high-temperature military, aerospace and industrial
applications. While possessing high specific strength and
stiffness, high fracture toughness, and potential for exceptional
oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, the utility of
current CMCs are severely limited by their susceptibility to
oxidation embrittlement and strength degradation when stressed
at or beyond the onset of matrix cracking and subsequently
exposed to high-temperature oxidation. CMCs are classified by the
low linear-elastic strain-to-failure of the matrix constituent
relative to the reinforcing fiber. For the current state of
technology, the linear-elastic region represents the "useful"
design stress-strain region due to the deleterious effects of
environmental degradation of the compliant fiber coating (i.e.,
carbon, boron nitride) at elevated temperatures following matrix
cracking.
The objective of this Phase I program is to develop and evaluate
an oxidation-resistant fiber coating technology for toughened
CMCs consisting of an engineered recrystallized Si3N4. Laminated
(0/90kS crossply Hi-Nicalon) SiC fiber-reinforced/SiC matrix
composite plates will be fabricated incorporating a low density
(~2.6 g/cm3) amorphous Si3N4 fiber/matrix interface region
produced by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). Following the
complete consolidation with a CVI-SiC matrix, the densified
composite plates will be subjected to a ~1400@C heat treatment
process to recrystallize the amorphous S4N4 fiber coating.
Recrystallization will increase the fiber coating density to ~3.2
g/cm3, thereby inducing shrinkage and microcracking within the
Si3N4 fiber coating. The subsequent shrinkage and microcracking
of the fiber coating may sufficiently weaken the fiber/matrix
interFacial bond strength and stiffness characteristics necessary
to impart high composite strength and toughness. SiC/SiC
composite plates incorporating three (3) different Si3N4 fiber
coating thicknesses and one (1) baseline pyrolytic carbon fiber
coating will be produced and evaluated to determine the
corresponding tensile stress-strain and fracture toughness
behavioral characteristics at roomtemperature, following high-
temperature isothermal conditioning in air, and in post-stressed
oxidation environments.

Ceramic-matrix composites are an enabling class of materials for
a variety of thermostructural applications in aerospace
propulsion combustors and nozzles, hypersonic airframe thermal
protection systems, spacecraft re-entry heatshields, land-based
turbine and power generation components, radiant burner and heat
exchanger tubes, and other industrial applications.

Key words

Hyper-Therm High-Temperature Composites, Inc.
18411 Gothard Street, Units B & C
Huntington Beach, California 92648

Project Title:

Versatile Space Welding System

94-1	04.06	4411

Versatile Space Welding System

Abstract:

A versatile and viable, space welding system offers the potential
for the implementation of new and more cost effective methods of
assembling, maintaining, and repairing structures in space. Long
term operation in space of costly systems like space station and
large, complex scientific and observation spacecraft, will require
maintenance and repair of micrometeoroid damage, jammed instruments
and articulating mechanisms, leaking gas and fluid systems, etc.
The Electric Propulsion Laboratory, Inc. (EPL) has recently
developed a Safe Potential Arc Channel Enhanced (SPACE) weld head
which has demonstrated efficient arc welding in a high vacuum
environment. This proposal addresses the design, fabrication and
testing of a prototype vacuum arc welding system using the EPL
SPACE weld head. Successful demonstration of a high vacuum arc
welding system will provide the aerospace community, and NASA
technical and program managers, with the confidence that welding is
a feasible means of metals joining on current and future space
programs.

The technology embodied in the proposed space welding system has
immediate commercial application as a cost effective method of
performing high quality vacuum welds which are presently restricted
to the use of costly electron beam welding systems. Moreover, the
weld head has immediate commercial application as a high current
plasma electron source for high power ion sources and magnetron
guns used in the semiconductor and thin film materials processing
industry.

Key Words

Electric Propulsion Laboratory, Inc.
1040 Synthes Avenue
Monument, CO 80132

Project Title:

Nondestructive Characterization of Thermal Spray Coating Porosity and Thickness

  94-1	04.06	5552

  Nondestructive Characterization of Thermal Spray Coating Porosity
  and Thickness

Abstract:

The Meandering Winding Magnetometer (MWM) is a new type of eddy
current sensor designed specifically for estimation of material
properties. The innovation proposed here is to develop and
demonstrate an MWM measurement system for characterization of
thickness and porosity for metallic thermal spray coatings. The
Phase I objectives are to (1) demonstrate the ability of the MWM to
measure thickness for metallic thermal spray coatings with
different levels of porosity, on metallic substrates, (2) determine
the relationship between the "effective electrical properties"
estimated using the MWM and the level of porosity in the thermal
spray coating, (3) investigate the range of properties and
dimensions for metallic, intermetallic and superalloy coatings and
substrates that can be characterized using the MWM approach, and
(4) determine the scale-up potential, path to commercialization,
and anticipated system cost for an MWM inspection system. The
proposed effort will include demonstration of thermal spray coating
characterization on samples fabricated by Oak Ridge National
Laboratories and correlation with destructive measurements made by
University of Tennessee. The anticipated result of this Phase I
effort is the demonstration of a quantitative porosity and
thickness measurement suitable for real time process and quality
control for thermal spray deposition processes.

The extension of the MWM measurement system capability to include
heterogeneous media such as porous coatings will provide wide
ranging commercial applications from aerospace, automotive and
materials processing to electronics. One specific near-term
application is characterization of oxidation protection coatings
for combustion turbine blades. This application in itself could
provide a significant service and product demand.

Key Words

JENTEK Sensors, Inc.
1616 Soldiers Field Road
Boston, MA 02135

Project Title:

Index-Matched Optical Cements

  94-1    04.06     6890

 Index-Matched Optical Cements

Abstract:

This program will develop a series of optical cements whose
index of refraction exactly matches the index of the glass
elements being laminated. Such matching is needed because every
time light passes from a medium of one refractive index into a
medium of a different refractive index, some of the light is
reflected. In multi-element optical assemblies, multiple
reflections from the internal interfaces result in multiple ghost
images and significant loss of transmitted light. Cements that
exactly match the glass elements will eliminate such reflections.
Cements have been made with indexes as low as 1.38 and as high
as 1.6, but not with exact pre- specified indexes. This program
will result in cements that exactly match given optical glasses.

The commercial potential of index-matched optical cements is
even greater than the government potential - anywhere complex
optical trains are used, for example: camera and projector
lenses; binoculars; microscopes and other scientific instruments;
and laminated panels such as safety eyewear and safety automobile
windshields.
We regularly manufacture and market such items as optical
cements, fiber optics cladding, light and moisture barriers for
lens assemblies, and anti-reflection coatings. The new cements
will fit right into our product line and will be commercialized
aggressively by direct-mail flyers, advertisements in the trade
literature, and by personal contact. We expect them to be quite
popular.

Key Words

John Brown Associates, Inc.
329 Main Avenue
Stirling, NJ 07980

Project Title:

Open-Architecture Robot/Process Controller for Advanced Aerospace Joining & Coating Applications

94-1	04.06	8400

Open-Architecture Robot/Process Controller for Advanced Aerospace
Joining & Coating Applications

Abstract:

The goal of the overall program is to develop a low-cost open
architecture robot/process controller implemented on high
performance PCs and advanced operating systems, offering extensive
motion and process control capabilities and graphical programming
options, and adaptable to a wide variety of demanding welding,
thermal spraying, and related processes of interest to NASA and the
aerospace industry. The open architecture of the controller will
reduce costs and ensure availability of 3rd party hardware and software
components. A novel object oriented process control architecture will allow
a very flexible specification and control of a large number of process
parameters which have to be accurately controlled in conjunction to the robot
motion. A portable software implementation will limit obsolescence by
allowing migration to future computer platforms. Independently developed
vision processing capabilities will provide built-in options for advanced
robot guidance and process control capabilities. In Phase I, we will define
detailed specifications focusing particularly on NASA needs; select
appropriate hardware and software platforms for the Phase I prototyping and
Phase II implementation; develop detailed designs for both the core
programming/control software and the graphical environments; and develop
prototypes which demonstrate the proposed concepts; and outline directions
for Phase II.

In addition to the significant potential for NASA uses of the technology in
the fabrication of aerospace components and assemblies, the proposed
controllers can be used in other industries that employ similar processes in
the fabrication of a wide range of products and structures as well as a
generic lowcost high-performance platform for the implementation of vision-
guided robotic systems in an even wider range of applications.

Key Words

Acuity Imaging Inc.
9 Townsend West
Nashua, NH 03063

Project Title:

Ultrasonic Characterization of Aluminum-Lithium Alloy Processing.

	  94-1	04.07	2460

	  Ultrasonic Characterization of Aluminum-Lithium Alloy Processing.

Abstract:

Aluminum-lithium alloys are experiencing an expanding
implementation in aerospace applications due to their light
weight and high strength. However, the alloys must be carefully
processed to obtain the metallurgical configuration yielding
these desirable characteristics. The alloys must be monitored to
assure that their metallurgical configuration does not change.
An indicator of change is depletion of lithium in the near
surface region. A novel technique using ultrasonic surface waves
is proposed to monitor the lithium at the near surface region
both during processing and in service. Several distinct
characteristics of the surface wave makes it possible to measure
the depletion as a function of depth, establishing a profile of
the lithium content in the material. Measurements can be
performed in the field using this technique, allowing
quantification of the interior structure of the alloy to
determine the need of reconditioning. This technique can be also
be used with laser generated and laser detected ultrasound to
monitor the state of lithium depletion during processing of the
material in hostile environments to optimize the desired
mechanical properties. The result will be a rapid and inexpensive
technique to determine the metallurgical state of aluminum-
lithium alloys.

The proposed inspection system has strong potential commercial
applications in the aluminum manufacturing industry to insure a
high quality product, in general, during manufacture and
continued high quality during service. The strong interest of an
aluminum company in the proposed research program indicates a
need for such a quality control mechanism in the processing of
aluminum-lithium alloys.

Key Words

Industrial Quality, Inc.
640 East Diamond Avenue, Suite C
Gaithersburg, MD 20879

Project Title:

Precision Aircraft Surface Inspection Using Airframe Reference Robotics

  94-01	04.07	3910

  Precision Aircraft Surface Inspection Using Airframe Reference
  Robotics

Abstract:

We propose to develop a compelling and cost effective solution
to the complex problem of airframe inspection and records
keeping, using advanced technology from DoD and commercial
sources. Our solution uses prototype semi-autonomous robotics
and precision positioning systems developed by our industrial
partners, state-of-the-art visible and IR imaging technologies
from DoD-supported R&D programs, and eddy current sensor
technologies developed at a National Laboratory. The proposed
integrated system will automate mapping and inspection of
aircraft exterior surfaces by our robot, AutoCrawler, which will
traverse all surfaces of the subject wide-body or narrow-body
aircraft under inspection. Our system will collect precision-
located digitized images of the surface as a position referenced
2-D plane, analyze them and assist operators in identifying
existing or developing defects, and relocate each reported item
upon recall from an eternal archive stored on optical disk. The
archive is indexed by tail number, date and 2-D coordinate on
the aircraft.

This technology will enable development of an integrated
information management system for aircraft that will collect and
maintain surface condition and aging histories of unprecedented
detail, resulting in significant cost reductions for commercial
and military aircraft maintainers, and in greatly increased
aircraft safety. The same technology will be adapted to other
end applications, e.g., detailed inspection of tankage; paint
stripping and painting of aircraft and tankage.

Key Words

Bouillon, Christofferson & Schairer, Inc.
1201 3rd Avenue, Suite 800
Seattle, WA 98101

Project Title:

Optical Magnetometer for Non-Destructive Inspection of Aging Aircraft

94-1	04.07	6600

Optical Magnetometer for Non-Destructive Inspection of Aging
Aircraft

Abstract:

OPTRA will develop an innovative magnetic field sensing technique
that achieves sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution for
improved aircraft NDI applications, but unlike all SQUID
technologies, does not require any cooling. The new magnetometer
uses newly developed optical materials and OPTRA's proprietary
interferometric phase measurement technique. The system consists of
a small sensor head (0.5 inch diameter by 1.5 inch long) containing
only electromagnetically passive materials and an
optical/electronic processing unit connected together via optical
fiber. The sensor can be implemented as a first or second order
gradient sensor and arrays of multiple sensing elements can be
readily configured.
The operating principle is the accurate measurement of the Faraday
rotation of an optical beam in an advanced, high Verdet
coefficient, optical crystal. OPTRA has demonstrated the
measurement concept with a 10 mm long by 1.5 mm diameter transducer
element and achieved 0.3 nT/~Hz minimum detectable field. Further
development during this program will reduce the transducer size and
improve the performance to the 10-l2 to 1O-l4 T/-Hz range,
comparable to SQUID sensors. The sensor bandwidth is from DC to 50
kHz or more.

This new magnetometer technology is projected to have similar
performance as state-of-the-art SQUID magnetometers in a room
temperature, easy to use form. It has the potential for displacing
all SQUID applications including non-destructive testing,
biomagnetic medical applications, and geophysical surveying.

Key Words

OPTRA Inc.
New England Business Park
461 Boston Street Topsfield, MA 01983

Project Title:

Automated Data Reduction for Broadband AE Waveform Analysis

  94-1	04.07	7559

  Automated Data Reduction for Broadband AE Waveform Analysis

Abstract:

Until recently, acoustic emission (AE) instrumentation has all
but ignored fundamental wave propagation and (consequently)
techniques based on resonant sensor measurements have been
mainly used as a qualitative indicator of damage activity in
materials.  New instrumentation developed to digitize and
store the entire broadband AE waveform, combined with analysis
methodologies based on first prinicipals have enabled AE to be
utilized as a quantitative nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
method [1].  There exists, however, a critical need to
research and develop digital signal processing (DSP)
techniques for rapid, automated data reduction to realize the
full potential of this new wave based AE approach.  Digital
Wave Corporation proposes to develop  innovative DSP methods
for broadband AE waveforms to enable automated data reduction
for quantative AE testing.  DSP routines for waveform analysis
have been developed for radar and other applications, however,
plate wave propagation is broadband and dispersive.  This
creates problems that many existing DSP routines do not
address.

Commercial instruments for quantitative NDE with DSP routines
to automate AE waveform data reduction would benefit a wide
range of commercial applications. These include monitoring
critical locations in aging aircraft, evaluating the material
properties of advanced composite materials, detecting,
locating and evaluating micro-meteoroid impacts on space
vehicles, and evaluation of engineering structures.

Key Words

Digital Wave Corporation
14 Inverness Drive East
Building B, Suite 120
Englewood, CO 80112

Project Title:

Economical Processing of C-C Composites for Dual Use Aerospace and Commercial Applications

94-1	04.08	1980

Economical Processing of C-C Composites for Dual Use Aerospace and
Commercial Applications

Abstract:

Because of the many unique and desirable properties of C-C
composites, they are used in several aerospace and defense
applications, and are under consideration for many more. However,
because of their very high cost, their widespread applications are
limited and are prohibited from commercial dual use. Unique and
innovative processing has the potential to produce C-C composites
competitive with other economical engineering materials which
provides the opportunity for dual use commercial applications.
Economical raw materials and innovative processing provides an
opportunity to produce C-C composites similar to particulate type
processing of material components, resulting in reducing the cost
by at least a factor of ten compared to the most economical
conventional C-C composites. Such economics with good mechanical
properties will open up widespread dual use applications.

Economical C-C composites have a variety of applications in
aerospace, defense and commercial sectors. With very low cost
fabrication there are significant dual use applications in
aerospace hypersonic vehicles, structures, engines, electronics,
energy conversion and internal combustion engine components.

Key Words

Materials & Electrochemical Research (MER) Corporation
7960 South Kolb Road
Tucson, Arizona 85706

Project Title:

High Thermal Conductance Brazed Joints for Hypersonic Vehicles and Bio-Medical X-Ray Targets

  94-01	04.08	3200

  High Thermal Conductance Brazed Joints for Hypersonic Vehicles
  and Bio-Medical X-Ray Targets

Abstract:

Foster-Miller will demonstrate use of multiple interlayered,
non-active braze for joining refractory composites (RC) to heat
pipe materials for actively cooled structures in hypersonic
vehicles. CTE mismatch between the RC and the heat exchanger
tube causes high thermal stresses that create a weak braze
joint. Our interlayered braze approach will off-load the thermal
stresses and provide strong joints with enhanced thermal
contact. We will also investigate use ion-implantation to
metallize RC surface and make it wettable by non-active braze.
Non-active brazes due their low chemical reactivity offer longer
high temperature joint life.
The technology developed will be directly applicable to use of
C/C-W/Re X-ray targets instead of currently used graphite-W
targets. To pursue this application, we have teamed up with
Varian Inc., a manufacturer of biomedical machines X-ray
machines.
The Phase I program will focus on developing good thermal
conductance braze joints between heat pipe material and RC for
extended operation above 2460@F. The joints will be
characterized for thermal conductivity, shear strength, and
thermal cycling. Phase II program will involve further joint
optimization, and fabrication of prototype heat pipe cooled
structures and X-ray targets.

Foster-Miller and Varian Inc. plan to pursue application of this
technology to x-ray tube which currently has a market over $ 800
million. When developed, this technology will be applicable to
actively and/or heat pipe cooled structures for NASP and
hypersonic vehicles. Other major applications include joining of
dissimilar components in jet engines, high temperature furnaces
and electronic packages.

Key Words

Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Project Title:

An Integrated "Intelligent" Software for Structural Systems

94-1	04.09	1120

An Integrated "Intelligent" Software for Structural Systems

Abstract:

The Purpose of the proposed research is to investigate the
feasibility of development of an integrated,intelligent and easy to
use software for structural analysis and design optimization of
propulsion and power structural systems. The technology of Expert
Systems, developed at our company, will be integrated with the
Artificial Neural Network technology developed at NASA in an
object-oriented environment.Development of an extensive knowledge
base and training of Neural Nets for structural
analysis and optimization will be investigated. Intelligent
finite element modeling and integration with a CAD package such
as AutoCAD will also be investigated. The feasibility of
providing intelligent interfaces to data bases and DBMS's will
also be explored. The complete software development will be
carried out in Phase II if selected.

The software so developed can be used for efficient and cost-
effective design of propulsion and power structural systems, as
well as other aerospace and defense systems. The use of such
software will significantly reduce time to completion of designs
and practically eliminate human errors in the design process.

KEY WORDS

Structural Analysis Technologies, Inc.
4677 Old Ironsides Drive, Suite 250
Santa Clara, CA 95054

Project Title:

Resilient Mount Pad Type Journal and Thrust Bearings

  94-1    04.09     1555 A

 Resilient Mount Pad Type Journal and Thrust Bearings

Abstract:

This proposal specifically addresses development of an
innovative sliding bearing concept- a resilient mount pad type
bearing- that promises superior performance and less sensitivity
to contaminants at less cost, complexity and weight, than present
state of the art sliding bearings. With the growth and increasing
complexity of space exploration and space travel, there will be
an ever expanding need for high speed rotating machinery to
operate under zero or very low gravity conditions. Present state
of the art pivoted pad bearings have shortcomings which resilient
mount bearings will overcome. In Phase I a complete analysis
coupling a finite element structural treatment with hydrodynamic
lubrication equations will be done; design charts and curves for
both journal and thrust bearings will be prepared. Bearings for
Phase II tests will be designed, and performance characteristics
developed for comparison with pivoted pad bearings. The Phase I
effort will also include a survey of material/cost effective
manufacturing methodologies. The best candidate materials
(plastics, powdered metals, metal alloys) will be chosen both for
their tribological properties and their suitability for use in
cost effective manufacturing (injection molding, metal injection
molding, die casting, EDM, etc.).

High speed spindles, turbomachinery, air cycle machines
Transmissions, engines, machine tools Household appliances, hand
tools Office machines

Key Words

NASTEC, INC.
1111 Ohio Savings Plaza, 1801 East Ninth Street
Cleveland, OH 44114

Project Title:

LANGUAGE EXTENSION FOR FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAMS AND PARALLEL PROCESSORS

  	  94-1	04.09	2720

  	  LANGUAGE EXTENSION FOR FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAMS AND PARALLEL
  	  PROCESSORS

Abstract:

There are expanding requirements for complex finite element
analysis programs and other applications. High performance
computer
platforms offer promise of computational speed required to
perform
the more complex analyses. But the finite element programs
are
increasingly more difficult to write, and the high
performance
architectures place additional burdens on the programmer or
the
optimizing software. Only incremental gains have been made.
The
proposed innovation presents a novel method for expressing
the
finite element algorithms using an advanced mathematical
notation.
Problems cast in the notation are very compact, even for the
most
complex system. A language syntax which interprets the notation
directly has the advantage of producing compressed code which is
more easily visualized and maintained. The notation contains all of
the information necessary to implement high performance hardware
features such as cashes, vectors, concurrent processors or
massively parallel systems. The finite element problem is unique
because it was never an extension of manual techniques. Most
language syntaxes carry over the forms from manual mathematical
problems. Complex finite element solutions require their own unique
approach.

Finite element analysis is becoming the predominant method for
analyzing structures in all manufacturing and design operations.
Other disciplines such as heat transfer and computational fluid
dynamics are also shifting to finite element analysis. The proposed
innovation is intended to make more and more extensive finite
element programs available. The market for these finite element
programs is legion. Once the innovation-the tool-is in place, the
finite element applications will follow quickly.

Key Words

joseph hepp engineering
22323 Lanark
Canoga Park, CA 91304

Project Title:

An Integrated Fluid Structure and Heat Transfer AnalysisMethodology for Brush Seals

94-1		0409		6576

An Integrated Fluid Structure and Heat Transfer Analysis
Methodology for Brush Seals

Abstract:

The objective of the proposed research is to develop a
comprehensive numerical model for brush seal design and
performance predictions. A 3-D, pressure-based, unstructured grid
Navier-Stokes fluid flow solver will be adapted, and interfaced
with a structures module for coupled fluid-structure solutions.
The code will account for 3-D flow distributions, bristle tips
heat generation and heat conduction and convection in the seal.
The structures module will predict tip loads and bristle
deformations, and will have physical models for interbristle
friction for predictions of seal hysteresis and dynamics. Tip
wear rate predictions will be based on tribological pairing, tip
loads and temperatures. The completed code will provide
predictions for key seal parameters: leakage and seal wear rates,
seal dynamics and leakage rate vs. time histograms.
Phase I work will focus on the adaptation of the fluid and heat
transfer solver and the grid generator. The adapted model will be
demonstrated by simulating flow and heat transfer in 3-D linear
bristle packs with non-moving bristles. In the Phase II part of
the work, the interface to the structural module for deformation
analysis will be completed, and the physical models for wear
rates, interbristle friction and seal dynamics will be added.

The numerical model will be a state-of-the-art design and
analysis tool for dynamics, wear and life predictions for brush
seal systems. It will be very useful to brush seal manufacturers
and seal users. The flow solver with the fluid-structure
interaction capability will also prove useful in other areas such
as flows in and around turbine blading, disks, and other
secondary flow systems.

Key Words

CFD Research Corporation
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805

Project Title:

A Combined Micro-Mechanics, Fracture Mechanics, and Statistical Approach for Life Prediction of Ceramic Matrix and Metal Matrix Composites.

94-1	04.09	7093

A Combined Micro-Mechanics, Fracture Mechanics, and Statistical
Approach for Life Prediction of Ceramic Matrix and Metal Matrix
Composites.

Abstract:

A new analytical technique that combines micromechanics, fracture
mechanics and statistical principles to predict fatigue life of
ceramic matrix and metal matrix composites is proposed. This
technique will incorporate a new three phase (fiber, matrix and
composite) micromechanics model that uses Coulomb friction at the
fiber-matrix interface and accounts for thermal and transverse
stresses. This new micromechanics analysis will be integrated with
a continuum fracture mechanics crack growth analysis and a
statistical fiber failure analysis into a consistent incremental
approach. The new analytical approach will be implemented into a
user-friendly and portable computer code, CMLIFE, for the damage
tolerance analysis of ceramic matrix and metal matrix composites.

The successful completion of this project will result in the
development of a new, general purpose analytical tool, CMLIFE, for
the damage tolerance analysis of ceramic matrix and metal matrix
composites and will, thereby, fulfill a critical need in the design
of high temperature components within the aircraft and automotive
industries. It will also have a menu-driven, point-and-click user
interface which will enhance its appeal to engineers and designers
in industry. It could also be incorporated into a finite element
program as a progressive damage constitutive model for the analysis
of components and structures made with ceramic
matrix and metal matrix composites.

Key Words

Analytical Services and Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton, Virginia 23666

Project Title:

Nonlinear Magnetic Bearing Software and Controller Technology

94-1	04.09	9500	B

Nonlinear Magnetic Bearing Software and Controller Technology

Abstract:

An advanced analytical approach will be developed in Phase I to perform a
nonlinear rotordynamic analysis of an active magnetically supported rotor-
bearing system. This enables more accurate rotordynamic assessments of the
inherently nonlinear characteristics of magnetic bearings, as compared to
traditional linearized representations of the bearing and controller. A more
exact model of the magnetic bearing system will enable more reliable
application of this technology, with the potential for reducing weight and
decreasing the time required to "tune" the system for a particular
installation. Setup time can be a significant cost with magnetic bearings, in
terms of both technical support and machine downtime. Better understanding of
the bearing characteristics will also permit the development of more robust
control algorithms and associated electronics that effectively utilize
nonlinear controllers to allow full use of the bearing capability.
Application of this advanced methodology will be demonstrated by analyzing a
proposed magnetic bearing installation on the SSME HPOTP.
Phase II of this effort will encompass component testing of magnetic bearings
to verify the nonlinear models used and enhance the models as needed, design
of a nonlinear controller, and fabrication of a prototype controller.
Magnetic Bearings for all Turbomachines Rotordynamic Analysis Software

Key Words

Rotordynamics-Seal Research
3628 Madison Ave., Suite 20
North Highlands, CA 95660

Project Title:

Thermosetting Plasticizers for Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding of High Temperature PMR Composites

94-1	04.10	3200



Thermosetting Plasticizers for Low-Cost Resin Transfer Molding of

High Temperature PMR Composites

Abstract:

Foster-Miller proposes to develop a new type of RTM-processible,

addition-cured PMR resin matrix composite that exceeds the

requirements for commercial aircraft engine components operating in

air at 600@F. The technology will be designed to provide composite

structures that improve the thrust-to-weight ratio of advanced jet

engines. Our approach combines three enabling technologies to

produce an innovative, low-cost, high temperature structural

composite. These include RTM processing, high temperature,

addition-cured PMR polymer matrix resins and thermosetting

plasticizers (TP's) for enhancing the flow of PMR resins. During

RTM, the TP will lower viscosity and increase resin flow,

facilitating complete fill of the fiber preform with PMR resin

precursor. Upon consolidation and cure of the composite at elevated

temperatures, the TP will co-cure with the resin by an addition

process, forming a high Tg, thermally stable, crosslinked composite

matrix. The multi-use potential of this advanced composite system

and its use of low-cost materials and process will facilitate its

application in automotive and electronic components.

In Phase I, we will develop RTM-processable PMR formulations using

thermosetting plasticizers, produce RTM neat resin and composite

test specimens and analyze test specimens for key processing,

thermal and mechanical properties.


Our proposed thermosetting plasticizers will enable the manufacture

of high temperature PMR polymer matrix composite aircraft engine

components useful at 590@K (600@F) for >20,000 hr via automated

methods such as RTM, filament-winding and pultrusion. These

components will substantially lower the cost and increase the

thrust-to-weight ratio for advanced commercial aircraft jet

engines. Commercial applications include automotive components,

electronic packaging and large robotic structures.


Key Words


Foster-Miller, Inc.

350 Second Avenue

Waltham, MA 02154-1196

Project Title:

A UNIQUE, SPRAYABLE SYNTACTIC-FOAM INSULATION FOR CRYOGENICAPPLICATION

  94-1    04.11     2226

 A UNIQUE, SPRAYABLE SYNTACTIC-FOAM INSULATION FOR CRYOGENIC
APPLICATION

Abstract:

A non-solvent-based "spray-on" syntactic foam insulation that
does not crack from repeated thermal cycling will be developed
for cryogenic applications. The new material will be ideally
suited for applications where vacuum jacketed insulation proves
uneconomical, and where the current foams and foam-glass fail
prematurely due to thermal cracking of the vapor barrier, leading
to moisture attack. This innovation will prove the feasibility of
an alternate sprayable syntactic foam insulation system for
cryogenic applications which can be engineered to each set of
requirements, economically installed and maintained in the stated
environment. We propose to optimize the material's thermal,
adhesive, flammability, and sprayability characteristics to
accommodate a complete range of pipe sizes and pipe materials.
Structural and thermal behavior will be modeled using analytical
methods. The insulator will be designed to closely match the
metal substrate thermal contraction, and have excellent thermal-
shock- resistance. Successful development of an insulating
syntactic foam, capable of being applied by a spraying process
without the use of solvents, would provide NASA with a novel
approach to the insulation of pipes and other cryogenic systems,
which will mitigate the LOX, fire, personnel safety and corrosion
hazards associated with currently used insulations.

Syntactic foams can be tailored to meet the needs of other
insulation applications. Potential uses of a cryogenic insulation
coating include NASA and NASA-Contractor cryogenic facilities,
DC-X and DC-Y liquid-hydrogen plumbing, dewar manufacturers,
cryogenic piping suppliers, AL and SSME component manufacturers,
and cryogenic facilities at National Laboratories and
Universities. Government and private sector installations that
may benefit include storage vessels, pipes, vent lines, and fluid
containment.

Key Words

Composite Technology Development, Inc.
2400 Central Avenue, Suite H
Boulder, CO 80301

Project Title:

Sprayable Syntactic Foam Insulation for Cryogenic Applications

94-1	04.11	4475

Sprayable Syntactic Foam Insulation for Cryogenic Applications

Abstract:

Our proposed innovation is a specially formulated, inexpensive
syntactic foam insulation for cryogenic applications that can be
applied with commercial spray guns. This new organic syntactic foam
will combine the insulating capability and low thermal expansion of
inorganic syntactic foams with the adhesive strength and sealant
properties of organic binders. In addition, agents and fillers will
be added to reduce cure time and maximize durability. The Phase I
objective is to produce a baseline formulation of this new
syntactic cryogenic foam. Under this Phase I effort the spray
application process will be demonstrated and proof-of-concept
screening tests will be conducted to verify that the formulation is
suited for insulating cryogenic equipment subjected to multiple
thermal cycles in an ambient environment. The resulting baseline
formulation will be carried into a Phase II final formulation
qualification test program. This new syntactic foam insulation will
provide NASA, the Air Force, and the commercial aerospace industry
with a low-cost, easy to apply and maintain cryogenic insulation
for engine test stands, launch pads, and ground support equipment
facilities.

This new syntactic foam insulation will provide NASA, the Air
Force, and the entire cryogenics industry with a low-cost, easy to
apply and maintain cryogenic insulation for engine test stands,
launch pads, and ground support equipment facilities. In addition
to applications in aerospace the syntactic foam would be used to
meet the insulation requirements of the liquefied natural gas
industry and commercial manufacturing processes that use
cryogenics.

Key Words

Engineering Solutions Associates
7933 Silverton Ave., Suite 702
San Diego CA 92126

Project Title:

ORBITEC Dexterous End-Effector

  94-1	05.01	1992	A

  ORBITEC Dexterous End-Effector

Abstract:

ORBITEC proposes development of a robotic dexterous end-effector
with twelve degrees of freedom incorporated in a palm, four
fingers and a thumb. The innovation of the ORBITEC Dexterous End
Effector (ODEE) lies in its robust tactile and force sensing
capabilities and in its self-contained mechanical components
which permit relatively simple integration with existing robotic
arm/wrist configurations. The Phase I effort will develop
functional and design requirements, develop and/or test
components and develop and evaluate the ODEE configuration and
design. ODEE design features will provide a capability for
intelligent grasping. Its configuration and kinematics
facilitate mapping to human-operated telerobotic master-
controllers, to minimize training and acclimation time of the
operator to the robotic slave environments. Functional
capabilities will be enhanced through the ODEE's versatility and
increased potential for semi-autonomous or supervisory control
through integrated sensors, which can provide information about
slippage and center of gravity. The increased dexterity and
versatility of the ODEE should significantly increase the types
and complexity of tasks that can be performed robotically, and
thus increase the applications and functionality of robotics in
both planned and unplanned operations.

The ODEE will significantly advance the dexterous manipulation
capabilities of robotic manipulators. Applications include:
facility inspection, maintenance, accident recovery, and repair;
facility cleaning; fuel handling; hazardous waste handling; and
decommissioning. Other immediate applications include assembly,
maintenance, and other operations in space, subsea, and
hazardous chemical environments, and, hazardous military
operations such as those involving the handling of munitions and
ordinance.

KEY WORDS

Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC)
402 Gammon Place, Suite 200
Madison, WI 53719

Project Title:

Miniature Rotary Actuator with Position Sensing

94-1	05.01	1992	B

Miniature Rotary Actuator with Position Sensing

Abstract:

ORBITEC proposes to develop an innovative miniature rotary actuator
with integrated position sensing. The actuator will occupy a small
volume (< 1 in3) and yet develop torques typical of larger dc
motors. The compact size of this actuator makes it ideally suited
for application as joint actuators for dexterous end-effectors or
as rotary joints in miniature robotic manipulators and commercial
applications. Unlike other methods of joint actuation, this device
requires no external motors, tendons or bulky mechanical
interfaces. Rotary actuation rates are predicted as high as 110 rpm
under no load conditions with corresponding static torques as high
as 9 in-lb. More conservative estimates still yield an actuator
comparable in output to existing methods at a fraction of the size
and weight. Position sensing is provided by a fiber-optic rotation
sensor under development that can currently resolve 1/10th of a
degree with a sensor diameter of 1/8 in. The combination of the two
technologies allows for an extremely small profile rotary actuator
suitable for application where small size and high performance are
required. The objective of the Phase I work is to prove feasibility
of the actuator through component and subsystem testing. Phase II
will involve full prototype development and delivery to NASA.

A small high output sensored rotary actuator is pertinent for small
and micro-manipulators. The compact size allows for development of
anthropomorphic robotics hands and miniature robotic manipulators
for telerobotic servicing of orbital experiments. The rotary
actuator can also be integrated into any hardware package where
high output over a wide range of motion is required in a small size
and low mass design.

Key Words

Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC)
402 Gammon Place, Suite 200
Madison, WI 53719

Project Title:

All Electric 6-DOF Motion Platform

94-1	05.01 	5700

All Electric 6-DOF Motion Platform

Abstract:

The proposed innovation is a 6-DOF motion platform, using only
electric motors and cable transmissions, with a +/- 90 degrees
range of motion on all three rotational axes, a +/- 1 meter range
of motion on all three translational axes, and a 5000 Newton /3250
Newton-meter load rating. The proposed innovation addresses two
aspects of the subtopic requirement. First: "...improvements to
robotic joints..."; the proposed electric linear cable drive
actuator is an innovation by itself. Second: "...improvements to ...
mechanisms."; the proposed platform is an innovative motion platform
mechanism providing faster response, smoother motion, and lower operating
costs compared to conventional platforms. The Phase I project objectives are
1) develop a proof-of-concept dynamic simulation of the proposed platform 2)
use the simulation to determine the optimum physical characteristics, and 3)
determine mechanism requirements and candidate components. The proposed Phase
I effort is 8.5 man-months across a 6 month project duration and will produce
complete hardware / software requirements and a specifications list for Phase
II platform design and fabrication. NASA will gain direct benefit from the
proposed platform for virtual reality applications involving motion and force
feedback for Astronaut and robotic device training.

Large and small scale motion simulators
Virtual Reality training for humans and robotic devices
Virtual Reality entertainment

Key Words

LinCom Corporation - Houston Division
1020 Bay Area Blvd., Suite 200
Houston, TX 77058

Project Title:

High Performance Electro-Mechanical Linear Actuator

  94-0105.01	9020

  High Performance Electro-Mechanical Linear Actuator

Abstract:

Exlar intends to determine the feasibility of an innovative
concept for converting the rotary motion produced by electric
motors to a more readily usable linear motion where the
mechanism for doing so lies within the confines of the motor
itself. This concept will use a unique Exlar designed planetary
roller screw mechanism which will be fully integrated into a
high performance servo motor. This design would be a greatly
improved, self-contained, entirely sealed, electronically
positionable linear actuator that can bear more load and last
longer than current electro-mechanical actuators, and also
replace many hydraulic or pneumatic actuators where precise
control and/or where an all electric device is desired. The
primary objective of the Phase I development is to determine if
Exlar's concept can, in fact, be successfully incorporated
within a position controlled motor. The effort will consist of
design and analysis of the concept followed by fabrication and
testing of working prototypes. The anticipated result will be a
working actuator design, confirmed by testing, that can perform
appropriately in commercial applications. NASA can expect to
benefit from this high performance actuator by having available
an electronically controlled actuator with greater reliability,
significantly higher load carrying capacity and much longer life
than current technology.

The Exlar actuator would have a wide variety of applications in
aerospace, defense, medical, commercial and industrial settings.
The high performance integral design offers higher load capacity
and longer life than existing electro-mechanical actuators and
an all electric solution to replace hydraulic actuators.
Applications include liquid dispensing & filling machinery,
automated assembly equipment, conveyor positioning, robotics,
machine tools, valve positioning, platform lifting and
positioning and numerous pick-and-place automated assembly
applications.

Key Words

Exlar Corporation
1450 Park Court
Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317

Project Title:

Sensing and Perception

  94-1	 	05.02 	0778



  Sensing and Perception

Abstract:

Presently man/machine interfaces. from virtual reality

simulators to robotics applications, rely primarily on position

information with a very limited number of strain sensors.

Measurement of both the position and magnitude of an applied

force over large areas is useful but beyond the capability. Or

existing, low cost sensor systems.

The proposed sensor array represents such a system. Sensors and

leads are fabricated on a large flexible sheet with the leads

arranged in columns and rows. A novel type of strain sensor,

located at each intersection, consists of a piezoelectric film

bonded to a magnetrostrictive film. The strain at any location

is measured by addressing, a row of elements with a current

pulse. This produces a voltage pulse from the piezoelectric film

that is the output on the column lines and whose amplitude is

modulated by the local strain.

The total cost should be low and the system can easily be

applied to various surfaces, making the entire approach

compatible with low cost fabrication/assembly. The phase I

program will fabricate and measure such an array.


An integral system able to sense pressure as a function of

position over a large area has applications in robotics for

controlling the applied force. in virtual simulation for

accurately applying a resisting force and in advanced

manufacturing to provide detailed measurements of the local

strain.


Key Words


Sensortex Inc.

P.O.Box 644

Unionville, Pa. 19375

Project Title:

"Intelligent Collision Detection and Avoidance System"

94-1	05.02	1446

"Intelligent Collision Detection and Avoidance System"

Abstract:

An acoustic phased array radar system capable of spatial scanning
and sensing with multiple beams is proposed for a research and
development. The proposed innovation is primarily a collision
detection and avoidance system, designed to provide real-time
intelligent assessment of visual scene through depth and motion
perception. The objectives of the research are to test and evaluate
the technical merit of the design concept, and to develop design
specifications for the proposed system. The effort proposed
involves: (a) develop an acoustic phased array antenna system for
spatial scanning and mapping of visual scene with multiple beams of
acoustic waves, and (b) develop signal processing algorithms to
convert the return signals into information relevant to range,
Doppler motion, and acoustic reflection images.

It is anticipated that a new design concept and technique for
mapping visual scene with multiple beams of acoustic waves will be
successfully developed in this research project. The innovation
will be immensely beneficial to NASA's on-going research efforts in
real-time scene recognition processing. The technique used for the
proposed innovation is also directly applicable to implement sensor
systems for robotic navigation and self-driving vehicles.

(1) Robotic navigation systems capable of real-time intelligent
assessment of visual scene, (2) Collision detection and avoidance
systems for smart vehicle applications, (3) Perception systems for
self-driving vehicles, and (4) Intelligent sensor systems for
surveillance applications.

Key Words

Sensor Technology Ranch
2804 Claude Dove, #4
Las Cruces, NM 88011

Project Title:

Application of a 3D Wavelet Transform to Recognition of Occluded Objects from Multiframe Sensor Imagery

94-1	05.02	6255

Application of a 3D Wavelet Transform to Recognition of Occluded
Objects from Multiframe Sensor Imagery

Abstract:

The Current Real Time (RTV) Systems are known to have many
Limitations. They are not robust in many real life scenarios which
include target occlusion, non ideal environmental conditions and
counter measures. Due to the difficulties that we have in deaLing
with the uncertainties originating in the processors, sensors, and
atmospheric turbulence, the occlusion problem has been ignored by
the researches and developers of the RTVs to a large extent.
However, for the case of relatively small number of objects such as
those encountered in tactical military environment the problem
seems to have a conceptually simpler solution than the general
object recognition problem.
To enable robust real time extraction of object information from
image sequence we propose a technique similar to those used for
video and image compression purposes - a wavelet transform similar,
which allow for the removal of redundancy and noise with
simultaneously extraction of meaningful components in multiframe
sensor data. Most of these algorithms use a 2D transform of an
image to reduce redundant spatial information and different methods
of motion compensated difference coding in the time dimension.
NETROLOGIC's main innovation is to apply wavelet transform in all
three dimensions to reduce the computational complexity while
achieving precise and accurate object data extraction in real time.
We propose to develop a wavelet based 3D video processing method
which combines simultaneous spatial and temporal domain predictions
in an attempt to achieve stable occluded target recognition in
diverse environment.

There are many potential Commercial and Military applications of
this technology. The ability to develop compact non-redundant
presentation of image data with further model-based classification
can result in both a space saving, a reduction in required RAM,
increased accuracy in object recognition systems, computer
tomography, feature extraction from medical and satellite imagery.

Key Words

NETROLOGIC, Inc.
5080 Shoreham Place, Suite 201
San Diego, CA 92122

Project Title:

Autonomous and Adaptive Task Planning Using Neural Networks

94-1	05.03	0330

Autonomous and Adaptive Task Planning Using Neural Networks

Abstract:

Automating tasks in and around space vehicles, such as accessing or
transporting payloads, will increase the efficiency and reduce the
cost of working in space. A key component of automated task
planning will be learning to go from anywhere to anywhere avoiding
obstacles along the way though adaptive task decomposition. The
objective of the proposed effort will be to implement a proof-of-
concept task planner using neural networks. Our innovation is using
neural networks that create command sequences to get to goals from
a series of plans and expectations. The neural networks are self-
guided by drives for exploration and achievement and are self-
generated from sensory cues and action outcomes. Pilot data
suggests that our neural network method may have a good chance of
success. Future development will lead to commercialization.

Automated task planning can be applied to accessing and
transporting payloads in space vehicles and buildings. In
information processing, automated task planning can be used to
implement intelligent agents on computer networks to assist people
in accessing data.

Key Words

Miros, Inc.
572 Washington St. #18
Wellesley, MA 02181

Project Title:

Graphics, Sensors, and Planning for Robotics

  94-1	05.03	2567

  Graphics, Sensors, and Planning for Robotics

Abstract:

We propose the development of a intelligent space robotic/sensor
planning system which combines mature vision-based guidance
technology, standardized robotic machine platform interfaces, and
an interactive planning system integrated into a graphical
robotic visualization system. The proposed technology will be
necessary to accommodate rapid turn around for advanced robotic
systems operated from remotely located centers. We also expect
that an improved sensor/robot programming environment will
significantly extend the current planned next generation
controller activities. The proposed approach begins with
incorporating CAD-based computer vision into a standardized
robotic command and control structure. Then standardized
simulation modules with equivalent functions to the standardized
robots and sensor processing subsystems can be implemented and
used (in Phase II) by an AI planning environment (and connect to
a conventional graphics system). we would expect the proposed
effort to integrate gracefully with other intelligent machine
development activities already underway.

The development of such an environment is important because it
facilitates more dynamic utilization of robots and machine
controllers in materials handling, hazardous materials, and
manufacturing applications. Currently available machine planning
systems have limited support for visualization facilities to
support sensor-based operations, and do not provide significant
levels of task planning automation.

Key Words

Cybernet Systems Corporation
Suite B-101
1919 Green Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48105

Project Title:

Kinematic Path Planning for Redundant Manipulators using a Path Space Approach

  94-1    05.03     5355



 Kinematic Path Planning for Redundant Manipulators using a Path

Space Approach

Abstract:

Intelligent robotic systems for future space exploration will

rely heavily on. autonomous and semi- autonomous motion planning

for task completion. Communication time delays render

teleoperation of manipulators infeasible over the large distances

expected between operators and remote sites. We propose a general

and versatile kinematic path planner using a novel path space

approach. The planning problem, posed as a finite-time nonlinear

control problem, is transformed into a static root- finding

problem and iteratively solved. Optimality can be incorporated as

a secondary criterion. Compared to existing approaches, this

method is less prone to problems such as arm singularities and

local minima of potential fields. Unlike many search-based

methods, it does not rely on the construction of a collision-free

search space, which can become prohibitively large for many

degrees-of- freedom. In contrast with existing autonomous

techniques, our approach is designed to be compatible with a

supervisory layer, either human or artificial intelligence based.

Phase I will develop this technique to solve current and future

robotic path planning scenarios for space missions, such as ORU

changeout tasks, orbiter tile inspection, and space structure

assembly and maintenance.


The anticipated result of this effort is a general and versatile

path planner, applicable to a wide range of robotic tasks, such

as welding/assembly of automobile structures, automated

manufacturing systems, material handling in hazardous

environments such as nuclear site cleanup, undersea operations,

etc. Our approach also addresses the motion planning problem for

non-holonomic systems. Potential applications include articulated

wheeled vehicles (eg. tractors with multiple trailers). This

technology will be invaluable to the development of intelligent

vehicle systems for the emerging IVHS market.


Key Words


Scientific Systems Company, Inc.

500 West Cummings Park, Suite 3950

Woburn, MA 01801-6336

Project Title:

Intrinsically Safe Telerobot

  94-1 0503  7730

  Intrinsically Safe Telerobot

Abstract:

The proposed project is to alter the low-level algorithmic
behaviors and kinemetic structure of conventional robot design to
create an intrinsically safe telerobotic slave for use in
unstructured environments shared with humans, fragile equipment, or
other robots. The Phase I work will analyze robot kinematics,
impact energy, and electric servosystems to determine the optimal
low-level algorithmic (electronically implemented) and mechanical
structure on which to base the design of an intrinsically safe
robot. This technology will provide the basis for a robot arm that
improves safety intrinsically without loss of utility.
Additionally, the low inertial characteristics from restructuring
the kinematics of the proposed arm for low-energy will make it
suitable for use on disturbance sensitive space-platforms.
The proposed Phase I work includes: establishing the safe limits of
dynamic and static behavior of an intrinsically safe robot;
reducing a task based description of arm functionality to a
quantitative description; developing an analytical model which
measures safety and utility as a function of design parameters; and
using the model to derive optimal design specifications for the
intrinsically safe robot to be designed and built in Phase II.

The SBIR outcome will have direct telerobotic and robotic
commercial application where: 1. As robots are being attached to
mobile platforms in factories and other areas, and so the robot can
no longer be reliably quarantined from humans and delicate
equipment. 2. As robots become more sophisticated they more
frequently are required to work intimately with humans and delicate
equipment in their immediate workspace.

Key Words

Barrett Technology, Inc.
545 Concord Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138-1100

Project Title:

Extending ControlShell for Intelligent Reactive Systems

94-1	05.03	8312

Extending ControlShell for Intelligent Reactive Systems

Abstract:

Robotic control systems must coordinate complex real-time sensors,
actuators and feedback loops. They must also monitor and process
many real-time discrete events. The ControlShell framework directly
addresses these issues.
However, these systems also require high-level task planning.
Unfortunately, reacting to real-time events may be impossible for
a task planner due to computational complexity or remote operation.

This project makes fundamental extensions to the ControlShell real-
time CASE framework that make it ideal for the development of
intelligent, reactive robotic systems---systems that must combine
high-level planning with real-time control. The extended system
will support dynamic building and reformation of real-time
behaviors (state machines and control loops) during execution. It
will permit sharing and reuse of graphically-generated subsystems.
It will also incorporate an interpreted language interface, making
ControlShell's power much easier to use from high-level code. Phase
I will also investigate the implementation of CMU's Task Control
Architecture (TCA) task decomposition planner within the real-time
framework. Integrating ControlShell with TCA will create an
unmatched environment for developing both real-time and task-level
control functions.
The expanded ControlShell will be an ideal platform for the
development of advanced autonomous reactive systems. It will
revolutionize the development of autonomous systems of many types
both within and external to NASA.

ControlShell will raise real-time programming productivity to a new
level. Its graphical, component-based approach will make
sophisticated real-time software modules and subsystems easy to
generate, share and reuse. Its interpreted language interface will
provide a much-needed rapid-prototyping environment. It will find
application in many environments, including robotics, autonomous
vehicles, factory automation, and real-time distributed systems. As
a crucial enabling technology, ControlShell is not only
commercially viable itself, but will also open the door to
commercial application of many advanced planning and control
techniques. ControlShell will be a catalyst for an explosion in the
development of real-time and autonomous systems.

Key Words

Real-Time Innovations, Inc.
954 Aster
Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Project Title:

Natural Tracking Control for Telerobotic Servicing Robots

94-1	05.05	0042

Natural Tracking Control for Telerobotic Servicing Robots

Abstract:

A low cost, high-performance servo technology is proposed using
natural tracking control algorithms to enhance the precision and
robustness of telerobotic servicing robot systems. It is
anticipated that natural tracking control will improve the
performance of these robot systems by forcing the elementwise,
exponential following of desired outputs to be controlled without
the knowledge of the internal dynamics of the plant or of the
external disturbances on the plant. The destabilizing effect of
time delay inherent in telerobotic control will be minimized by the
elimination of tracking errors. Path planning can be done with the
assurance that the robots will faithfully follow the desired
outputs. Phase I research will identify a MIMO nonlinear system to
analyze, determine the baseline tracking performance, design
(mathematically) a natural tracking controller for compensation of
friction, backlash, and other nonlinear effects and sensor noise.
Phase I will also develop guidelines for the implementation of
natural tracking control in a generic controller module for Phase
II implementation and testing. It is anticipated that the benefits
from the development of this control algorithm and controller
include their wide application to the control of commercial
systems, including robotics, process controls, machine tools,
rockets, and aircraft.

The potential commercial applications include a natural tracking
controller for robotics, process controls, machine tools, rockets
and aircraft. The natural tracking control algorithms offer the
potential for modular, programmable, and robust controllers to be
implemented with current controller technology.

Key Words

M & M Technologies, Inc.,
P.O. Box 211544
Columbia SC 29221-6544

Project Title:

System for Architecture Reuseability Analysis (SARA)

94-1	06.01	3370

System for Architecture Reuseability Analysis (SARA)

Abstract:

The central role of architecture in achieving high levels of reuse
is a basic tenet of domain analysis methods and megaprogramming
concepts. However, most notations for representing architectures
only capture the functional decomposition of the system. The
architectural elements that most influence reuse- constraints and
interfaces- are not captured. To address this problem, Software
Productivity Solutions propose to build the System for Architecture
Reuseability Analysis (SARA) that will assess the reuseability of
existing and proposed software architectures.
SARA's approach employs an innovative application of an existing
constraint-based modeling tool to represent the full architecture
of systems. SARA can then analyze these representations to assess
the reuseability of the architectures, both in terms of specific
reuse attributes and quantitative measures of reuseability (e.g.,
the number of constraints per architecture object).
SARA's feedback will enable architectures under development to be
optimized with respect to reuseability. SARA will also assess the
reuseability of existing architectures to assist in planning reuse-
based development efforts. A potential application of SARA is the
NASA Renaissance initiative which is attempting to define an
overall mission architecture and development approach to field
future systems at a much lower costs.

The need for an automated method of analyzing architectures for
reuseability applies whenever large scale reuse or megaprogramming
are attempted. SARA is not limited to any specific application
domain. Commercialization of SARA can follow two paths. Our intent
is to evolve the SARA prototype into a commercial product during
Phase III. SPS has substantial experience in commercializing SBIR
development initiatives. As an alternative to a separate, new
product, the underlying architecture reuse concepts of SARA may be
incorporated into other design or reuse tools. For example, the
design complexity model developed by David Card, the Principal
Investigator, has been incorporated into the Visible Analyst
Workbench and CADRE Teamwork, existing products of third party
vendors.

Key Words

Software Productivity Solutions
122 4th Avenue
Indialantic, FL 32903

Project Title:

Domain Oriented Software Analysis and Engineering Environment (DOSAEE)

  94-1	06.01	3370

  Domain Oriented Software Analysis and Engineering Environment
  (DOSAEE)

Abstract:

To provide a comprehensive domain modeling and architecture
design environment, SPS proposes the development of the Domain
Oriented Software Analysis and Engineering Environment (DOSAEE).
DOSAEE integrates multi-representation and multi-view modeling
and analysis. A particular emphasis of DOSAEE is the ability to
instantiate specific system instances through the specialization
and adaptation of domain models and architectures. Our approach
is an innovative application of object-oriented modeling
techniques for capturing critical system functional properties
and constraints. The toolset supports a continuous refinement of
models, architectures leading to the identification of key
architectural elements. These elements define the architectural
framework around which one can engineer reusable assets. Our
approach enforces architectural constraints throughout the
design phases ensuring that refinements do not violate higher
level system constraints. The rigor imposed by our toolset has
significant benefits for the development of large scale computer
systems, complex aerospace applications, and mission and safety
critical systems.
DOSAEE is a user-customizable, multi-paradigm domain modeling
and architecture representation environment that can be used to
engineer domain models and architectures for a family of systems
and to apply them successfully in the engineering of specific
system instances.

The ability to engineer new systems through the reuse of
existing proven software assets has direct application to NASA
systems, as well as advancing the competitiveness of U.S.
industry. Products based on this work would target systems
engineers in a large cross section of the Government and
commercial market sectors. Users of the technology include NASA,
DOD, FAA, Dept. of Commerce, and commercial systems houses.

Key Words

Software Productivity Solutions
122 4th Avenue
Indialantic, FL  32903

Project Title:

Integrated Rapid Applications Porting (IRAP) System

94-1	06.01	4454

Integrated Rapid Applications Porting (IRAP) System

Abstract:

An overwhelming need exists for an economical methodology to
convert existing mainframe hosted scientific software to a
personal computer (PC) graphical user interface (GUI)
environment. Over the years, millions of lines of code has been
developed to support NASA programs. Many of these legacy codes
reside on mainframes. Unlike hardware, legacy codes can age
gracefully and provide years of continued support. However these
legacy codes are in jeopardy. Mainframe systems are becoming
costly to maintain, and recently, many vendors are dropping
support for mainframes. Tools are needed to efficiently port
these codes to more economical and useable platforms or they will
be discarded, resulting in a significant loss to NASA in
engineering and software development investments.
Spectra * Research (S*R) proposes to develop the Integrated Rapid
Application Porting (IRAP) system that automatically ports legacy
applications to personal computers (PCs). IRAP semantically
analyzes legacy code and automatically generates modifications to
source code, graphical user interface tools to manage input and
output files, and configuration tools. IRAP will protect NASA's
large investment in software development and testing, increase
productivity, lower development costs, and provide automated
support for software reuse and application rehosting. S*R will
develop a prototype demonstration during Phase I.

The Integrated Rapid Application Porting (IRAP) system for
Windows will save both Government and commercial organizations
thousands of person-hours in labor currently required to downsize
programs, protecting large investments in both software and
engineering. S*R market research indicates that there is a
substantial need for IRAP; a product with features not currently
available. A number of similar commercial markets exist for
legacy software.

Key Words

Spectra Research Inc.
7071 Corporate Way, Suite 108
Dayton OH 45459

Project Title:

A Dynamic Software Safety Tool for Catastrophic Event Prediction of Ada Systems

94-1	06.01	8873	A

A Dynamic Software Safety Tool for Catastrophic Event Prediction of Ada
Systems

Abstract:

This project will investigate practical techniques for dynamic software
safety predictions. Given that one goal of this SBIR subtopic is software
safety assessment, our innovation will allow NASA to study the impact on the
outputs of a critical software system when the software is forcefully put
into various program states during execution. Static fault-tree analysis has
been shown to be an excellent design technique for developing critical
software systems, but either empirical or formal evidence is still needed to
demonstrate empirically that potentially dangerous events that are mitigated
(dismissed) are truly harmless, i.e., they are not capable of causing
catastrophic damage. Our innovation provides NASA with an automated
capability to mitigate potential hazards after they are first identified by
static fault-tree analysis. Currently, this is done manually, increasing the
possibility of error. The project objectives are (1) to show that such a tool
is feasible for Ada software, and (2) to determine what classes of hardware
failures and programmer faults the tool should simulate. The anticipated
results of this effort is a proof of feasibility.

Aerospace, General Aviation, Defense, Nuclear, Telecommunication, Medical,
Pharmaceutical, Software/Computer Security.

Key Words

Reliable Software Technologies Corp
11150 Sunset Hills Rd, Suite 250
Reston, VA 22090

Project Title:

AIM Telemetry Expert Analyst & Monitor (AIM TEAM)

  	06.02	0686	A

  AIM Telemetry Expert Analyst & Monitor (AIM TEAM)

Abstract:

AbTech Corporation proposes to apply its unique abductive
information modeling (AIMTM) technology to develop an exceptionally
automated tool that 1) analyzes historical telemetry data, 2)
learns the expected signal characteristics for specific monitors,
and 3) applies these models to identify unexpected values and
concerning trends in current telemetry data. This tool called the
AIM Telemetry Expert Analyst & Monitor (AIM TEAM), will reduce
mission operations data analysis costs, enhance the ability of
operators to handle the large volume of incoming data, and reduce
the likelihood of soft failures being undetected until they cause
significant damage to valuable components. When in the operational
mode, AIM TEAM outputs will include graphs of the expected versus
actual values of specified monitors, and indications of the
significance of the differences (i.e., probability of anomaly). It
will be the first telemetry analysis tool to automatically learn
how to detect anomalies based on historical data.
AIM TEAM will be easy to port to different mission profiles and
systems, and it will be extremely easy to use. A major goal is to
enable AIM TEAM to be implemented so inexpensively for the value
offered that it will quickly become popular on many different
spacecraft.

AIM TEAM will have direct applicability to many system monitoring
tasks in the military, manufacturing sector, and medicine. There is
a wide range of commercial applications where improved abductive
modeling signal processing and trend analysis tools can offer
tremendous value. The innovations mandated by the challenge of
automatically modeling complex spacecraft parameters will be
directly transferable to AbTech's commercially-available AIM
technology and tools.

Key Words

AbTech Corporation
508 Dale Avenue
Charlottesville, VA 22903

Project Title:

Multi-signal Flowgraphs for Systems Fault Diagnosis

94-1	06.02	1891

Multi-signal Flowgraphs for Systems Fault Diagnosis

Abstract:

Fault diagnosis in large-scale systems that are products of modern
technology present formidable challenges to manufacturers and users
due to the large number of failure sources in these systems, and
because of the need to quickly isolate and rectify such failures
with minimal down time. The efficient diagnosis of failure sources
in such complex systems requires advanced modeling techniques, test
sequencing algorithms, and their inclusion in user-oriented
computer-aided design software packages. QUALTECH Systems, Inc.
proposes to develop novel multi-signal flow graph techniques for
greater modeling accuracy and diagnostic resolution in
hierarchically-described modular systems, and the concomitant
reachability and test sequencing algorithms for fault isolation in
the presence of multiple faults and asymmetric tests with setup
costs. Our approach is to employ concepts from information theory,
heuristic search and graph theory to solve various facets of the
modeling and test sequencing problems. The resulting modeling
techniques and algorithms, along with user-friendly interfaces,
will be integrated into a software package for system testability
analysis, hybrid on-line/off-line fault diagnosis, and for
embedding in portable maintenance aids and training tools. As a by-
product, the multi-signal modeling approach has direct applications
in the quality monitoring of manufacturing processes, and medical
diagnosis. The development of multi-signal modeling techniques
would address the issue of model-based reasoning for monitoring and
diagnosis of problems, raised in subtopic 6.02.

The project would serve to introduce a practical diagnostic tool to
the electronics, computer and aerospace industries. Other
applications include the monitoring of manufacturing processes and
medical diagnostic

Signal Flowgraphs, Multiple Fault Reachability Analysis, Test
Sequencing, Multiple Fault Isolation, AND/OR Graph Search,
Information Theory, Interactive Graphics

QUALTECH Systems, Inc.
66 Davis Road
Storrs, CT 06268

Project Title:

FLIDS: Fuzzy Logic Intelligent Diagnostic System

  94-1	06.02	2561

  FLIDS: Fuzzy Logic Intelligent Diagnostic System

Abstract:

Due to the complexity and the large amount of data involved in
future space missions, greater autonomy is becoming necessary
for mission operations, training, and vehicle health
management. GeoControl Systems, Inc. (GCS) proposes to develop
a fuzzy logic intelligent diagnostic system (FLIDS) to perform
data reduction, data analysis, and fault diagnosis to achieve
greater autonomy for various mission operation applications.
The FLIDS system contains a data filter and an inference
engine. The data filter is designed to intelligently select
only the necessary data for analysis, while the inference
engine is designed for failure detection, warning, and
decision on corrective actions, based on fuzzy logic synthesis
and statistical analysis. Due to its adaptive nature and on-
line learning ability, the FLIDS system is capable of dealing
with environmental noise, uncertainties, conflict information,
and sensor faults. It can be easily incorporated in or
interfaced with existing mission operation control software.
Phase I effort will be system design, software development and
verification on existing testbeds.

The FLIDS system can be used for mission operations, astronaut
training systems, integrated vehicle health management, and
similar systems. It has the potential to become a standard
subsystem of future spacecraft.

Key Words

GeoControl Systems, Inc.
1720 NASA Road One, Suite 100
Houston, Texas 77058

Project Title:

A Recurrent Neural Network/Expert System Approach to Automated Task Planning and Resource Allocation

94-1	06.02	3474

A Recurrent Neural Network/Expert System Approach to Automated Task
Planning and Resource Allocation

Abstract:

In the proposed Phase I study we will develop and demonstrate the
validity of a recurrent neural-network-based general task
scheduling and resource allocation software. A hybrid methodology
that combines expert system techniques with a recurrent neural
network combinatorial optimization module is proposed. The
recurrent neural network is used for solving the task scheduling
and resource allocation problem. Expert systems automate the
generation of the neural network architecture from user
specifications, analyze the neural network states after convergence
and provide expert advice to the user on how to improve the
resulting solution. The proposed study consists of five tasks: 1)
the design of the recurrent-neural-network-based constrained
optimizer; 2) the specification and implementation of an automated
neural network designer; 3) the development of a network state
interpreter and a diagnostic module; 4) validation of a working
limited-scope prototype; and 5) specification of design
requirements for a full-scale prototype.

There exists a number of commercial applications for an efficient
task scheduling and resource optimization system. These include
flexible manufacturing systems, general project management systems,
real-time distributed processing systems and large network
management

Key Words

Charles River Analytics
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, MA 02138

Project Title:

Knowledge-Based Automatic Re-engineering

94-1	06.02	4318	A

Knowledge-Based Automatic Re-engineering

Abstract:

Software technology applications that reduce mission operations
costs and hasten implementation of emerging object-oriented
technology are urgently needed.
Automatic re-engineering will reduce the NASA's burgeoning cost of
developing, maintaining and reusing software. We present an
innovative approach for doing so based on automatic program
understanding (APU).
Despite its potential for enabling enormous cost savings, the
practical value of automatic program understanding is not known.
APU's have not been tested with real-world programs, or in
realistic applications. We address this uncertainty by coupling
UNPROG, an innovative, practical, efficient automatic program
understander, to a commercial-type re-engineering tool. When
abstract programming concepts are recognized an extended code
generator will use them to generate improved code. Phase I will
yield a prototype APU-enhanced, automatic re-engineering tool,
methodology, and empirical results of enhanced-tool testing with
Space Shuttle flight analysis and design software, allowing this
innovative, enabling, high-leverage technology to be evaluated,
advanced and applied. Results and techniques will highlight
development needs, identify opportunities for technology insertion,
and support and guide Phase II development of a knowledge-based
software assistant.
This proposal is part of a comprehensive plan for advancing UNPROG
from research tool to working technology. We believe that UNPROG
will emerge as a crucial enabler of vastly improved, next-
generation commercial software tools based on automatic program
understanding.

Products which automate software maintenance and reuse will yield
enormous economic benefits because the cost of these activities is
huge. Automatically recognized concepts will improve re-engineering
aids and reverse engineering tools such as analyzers, browsers,
inspectors and documentation generators. Reformatters,
redocumenters, restructurers, converters and translators can use
our technology to generate more insightful and valuable new
programs. Other applications include CASE entry, design and
business rule recovery, logical annotation and software
environments. Automatic program understanding promotes national
technical and economic competitiveness by leveraging the usefulness
and value of existing software assets, reducing maintenance
expenditures, freeing human and other resources for new
development, and preserving U.S. technological leadership in
software tools and services.

Key Words

THE ANALYTIX GROUP
7600 W. Tidwell, Suite 709
Houston, TX 77040-5719

Project Title:

Incremental Mixed-Initiative Planning and Scheduling Using Constraint Hierarchies

	  94-1	06.02	7828

	  Incremental Mixed-Initiative Planning and Scheduling Using
	  Constraint Hierarchies

Abstract:

NASA is challenged by large, complex planning and scheduling
problems. These problems require powerful problem solving
techniques and sophisticated knowledge representation schemes.
This research proposes to further advance the technology
available for effectively solving large, complex planning and
scheduling problems. Specifically, this research will focus on
using constraint hierarchy technology, developed at the
University of Washington, to support automated planning and
scheduling of NASA missions, development efforts, and
organizational tasks. This technology has been formalized through
the development of a constraint hierarchy theory. This theory
defines an architecture in which constraints are represented in
a priority hierarchy. Computational mechanisms have been
developed that perform incremental constraint satisfaction and
automated constraint relaxation. This will be the first
application of this promising new technology to the planning and
scheduling domain. This technology will provide the capability
to perform incremental, mixed initiative planning and scheduling.
Constraint hierarchy theory concepts allow preferential
constraints, which often influence planning and scheduling
decisions, to be used in the automated solution of complex
planning and scheduling problems. During Phase I of this project,
the feasibility of applying constraint hierarchy technology to
planning and scheduling will be verified and demonstrated.

The primary product would be a constraint-based reasoning system
based on constraint hierarchy technology and marketed as a C++
class library that could be integrated into a wide range of
applications. Another product would be an automated planning and
scheduling engine that would be integrated into existing
scheduling products.

Key words

Merritt Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 542103
Merritt Island, FL 32954-2103

Project Title:

Comparison Capability

94-1			06.02		8900

Comparison Capability

Abstract:

A computer-based system employing artificial intelligence is
needed for training in both the public and private sectors. In
particular, a system capable of teaching languages which is
equally adept at also providing training for a variety of
industry and government applications is particularly applicable.
The TALKSHOP system is computer-based with interactive video and
voice comparison capability. A prototype of the system has been
completed and demonstrated. The system consists of a PC will a
voice recognition coprocessor board, a color VGA monitor, an
interactive video disc player, a graphics overlay board, and
appropriate software and planned courseware. It is planned during
Phase I to complete Alpha Test and make technical adjustments to
the voice comparison algorithm to incorporate results of the
research performed during Alpha Test. The system is totally voice
driven and is similar in spirit to current NASA research in this
area. The TALKSHOP System is unique in that it is capable of
comparing a spoken word with a stored replica and providing a
response with both whole word and sub-word (syllable) scoring,
along with a computer graphics display. A system with these
capabilities is not being marketed today.


-  Speech Therapy - Public Schools
-  Teach Languages - Public Schools
-  Reading Programs - Public Schools
-  Industrial Training
-  Entertainment - Video Games

Key Words

Interactive Educational Technology, Inc.
11 Greenway Plaza, Suite 302
Houston, Texas 77046

Project Title:

An Intelligent Electronic Notebook

  94-1		06.02	9723

  An Intelligent Electronic Notebook

Abstract:

Recent advances in voice recognition, speech synthesis, natural
language processing, intelligent agents, user modeling, object-
oriented databases and the availability of high-performance, low-
cost computers and workstations now make it possible to build an
Intelligent Electronic Notebook (IEN). Reticular Systems, Inc.
proposes to implement a research program which will result in the
specification and preliminary design of such a notebook. The major
innovation in the EN is the use of intelligent systems technology
to enable user-independent, continuous speech recognition. This
proposed system will provide multimodal data input that will allow
the user to easily capture events in real time and use voice
commands to enter new data, modify and query the contents of the
notebook without requiring extensive data entry or computer
operating skills. Further, the IEN will include a complete suite of
tools for planning, scheduling, outlining, sketching and
communicating with other notebooks or computer systems.

The intelligent systems technology proposed for development under
this effort has a large commercial sales potential. Computer
systems and applications employing speech recognition technology
are enjoying moderate success because the technology used is only
94% - 96% accurate. They lack the necessary intelligent systems
technology built in to provide robust, error-free speech
recognition. We plan to commercialize the key components of the
innovation (user model, intelligent agent and natural language
processor) with a toolkit for customizing these components for a
particular application domain.We have given these components the
internal project name HARVEY.

Key Words

Reticular Systems, Inc.
4715 Viewridge Avenue, Suite 200
San Diego, CA 92123-1680

Project Title:

A Network/Bus Transceiver with Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Interconnects

94-1		0603		0200

A Network/Bus Transceiver with Multi-Channel Fiber Optic
Interconnects

Abstract:

This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project proposes
the development of multi-chip modules (MCMs) that incorporate
ultra-fast optical fiber interfaces. This technology is critical
for the next step toward high speed network/bus interconnects.
Space-borne systems in particular require small, light-weight
modules, where the capability to interface multiple channels
efficiently at low cost is critical. Currently, packaging of
optical transmitter and receiver components is very expensive
relative to typical electronic IC packaging costs. Our approach
targets chip-level designs that are amenable to large volume low
cost production, while focusing on both conventional and advanced
MCM state-of-the-art practices. For this effort, we propose the
development of an MCM transceiver module for speeds near OC-48
(2.5 Gbps). The chief attributes of the module are: (1) Use of
advanced MCM substrate materials, silicon and diamond. (2) Use of
silicon planar optical waveguides for simultaneous alignment of
laser transmitter and detector receiver arrays, and for targeting
low cost production. (3) Use of similar MCM and optical waveguide
substrate materials for integration compatibility. (4) Designs
based on modularized optical and electrical components.

A wide range of opportunities exist for our ultra-wide bandwidth
transceiver MCMs. Supercomputer manufacturers are continuously
searching for new and faster technologies. Additionally, local
and metropolitan area networks will need new and faster interface
devices. Therefore, we intend to take advantage of this growing
market by introducing cost-effective higher bandwidth systems.

Key Words

Optivision, Inc.
4009 Miranda Ave.
Palo Alto, CA 94304

Project Title:

Manufacturable Reprogrammable Fiber Optic Crossbar Switch for Space-borne Reconfigurable Networks.

94-1	06.03	3600

Manufacturable Reprogrammable Fiber Optic Crossbar Switch for
Space-borne Reconfigurable Networks.

Abstract:

CoreTek, Inc. proposes to develop and commercialize the first
multipurpose, integrated, field reprogrammable fiber optic cross
bar switch (FPCS ). This unique compact device will find
applications ranging from NASA's space-borne and DOD's on-board
computer networking to upcoming commercial Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) telecommunication systems. Our innovative approach
combines the state-of-the-art silicon VLSI and LiNbO3 fiber
optic switching technologies to produce a manufacturable device
with tremendous switching flexibility and bandwidth capability
(>l00 Mbits/s/channel). The integrated nature of our proposed
device offers significant improvement in reliability, cost,
physical size and power consumption than board level switching
systems presently used. Furthermore, the reprogrammability of
the device allows the switching protocols between multiple fiber
optic paths to be updated in real time (order of a few
milliseconds), enabling networks to be reconfigured to changing
traffic conditions, as needed to provide fault tolerance data
flow between closely coupled space borne computers, sensor/
control systems as well as in reconfigurable cross-bar switching
for cable TV and ATM links.
In Phase I, CoreTek will evaluate the feasibility of the
approach using commercial Si-VLSI in conjunction with LiNbO3
optical modulator technologies. In Phase II, a prototype
device will be fabricated and its capabilities in NASA related
systems will be demonstrated.

CoreTek's field programmable fiber optic switch (FPCS ) is a
miniature, multipurpose device applicable to almost any remote
fiber link application. Because of its versatility, remote
programmability, small physical size and low power
consumption, these devices have the potential of becoming
building blocks for systems such as NASA's air-borne to Navy's
on-board network systems as well as commercial applications
with very large market t sizes such as such as CATV, local and
wide area data networks.

KEY WORDS

Parviz Tayebati, Ph.D.
CoreTek, Inc.
738 Main Street #247
Waltham, MA-02154.

Project Title:

Improved Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) with Genetically Engineered BR

94-1	06.03	4100

Improved Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) with Genetically Engineered
BR

Abstract:

This proposal is aimed at development of optically reconfigurable
spatial light modulators (SLMs) based on genetically engineered
bacteriorhodopsin (BR). BR is a photochromic protein found in the
cell walls of the bacterium Halobacterium halobium. The protein
contains retinal, which acts as a photoactivated proton pump--
during the pumping cycle the retinal absorbs light and goes through
at least eight metastable intermediate states, all with different
absorption maxima, spanning virtually the entire visible spectrum.
Bend Research has developed methods for incorporating BR into high-
optical-quality films that show striking photochromic behavior.
These films can be used as SLMs in real-time optical processing.
The new BR variants that are the subject of this proposal will
greatly expand the utility of these SLMs, permitting their use in
optical-processing applications such as edge and image enhancement,
image deblurring, motion correction and detection, and pattern
recognition.

Key Words

If the proposed research is successful in Phase I and Phase II, a
new generation of photochromic material will be developed. It will
function as a material for real-time SLMs. Potential early
commercial applications include optical processing (such as various
types of image correction), motion detection, pattern recognition,
and Schlieren detection of phase aberrations. Such real-time SLMs
will ultimately be useful in optical switching and computing, as
well.

Bend Research, Inc.
64550 Research Road
Bend, OR 97701-8599

Project Title:

Compliant Plug and Socket Interconnector

94-1	06.03	8211

Compliant Plug and Socket Interconnector

Abstract:

The innovation described in this proposal is a Compliant Plug and
Socket Interconnect (CPSI). The CPSI is an electronic component
connecting technology innovation which will provide contact points
between integrated chips (ICs), multi-chip modules (MCMs) and/or a
motherboard with consistent fit, electrical conductivity, heat
removal, management of differential thermal expansion and allow
several thousand pin and socket insertions. With this innovation,
polymeric sockets are formed around metal bond pads on the MCM
topside or motherboard topside. Conductive compliant epoxy bumps
are formed on the IC or MCM underside. Alignment of the connection
points is accomplished by guiding bumps into sockets. The
components can be locked into position by curing the epoxy, by
mechanically clamping, or by vacuum bagging. Because of the
compliancy of the bumps and the freedom to move laterally within
the socket, the connection can absorb thermal expansion
differences. CPSI provides extremely high interconnect density at
the chip and MCM level.

Commercial application would be in the electronic field. An
inexpensive, high interconnect density would imply that virtually
all electronic systems (high end and low end) could benefit. The
connection process itself lends to high quality, high volume
production without expensive or sophisticated flip chip bonding
equipment

Key Words

Irvine Sensors Corporation
3001 Redhill Avenue, Building #3
Costa Mesa, CA 92626

Project Title:

High-Speed Liquid CrYstal in Fiber Switch

	  94-1	06.03	8958

	  High-Speed Liquid CrYstal in Fiber Switch

Abstract:

Recently, we successfully filled and aligned the ferroelectric
liquid crystal (FLC) materials inside the hollow core fibers. By
applying electrical fields across these fibers, molecular
reorientation within the small core area (< 10um) was observed.
This molecular reorientation can result in an index of refraction
modulation. Therefore, phase modulation or amplitude modulation
can be obtained with this compact, simple geometry. The
significance of this proposed research effort is by combining the
merits of FLC organic switching devices and fiber technologies,
new electro-optic (EO) devices, such as in fiber switches, FLC-
fiber sensors, fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters, second harmonic
generators, and high speed EO modulators, can be realized without
having to pigtail fiber to bulk devices, as required by current
EO modulators

Commercial applications include optical second harmonic
generation in the blue-green region, in-fiber switches, filters,
and high-speed electro-optic modulators.

Key words

Boulder Nonlinear Systems, Inc
1898 South Flatiron Court
Boulder, CO 80301

Project Title:

Compact Blue Laser Array for Data Storage

94-1	06.03	9411



Compact Blue Laser Array for Data Storage

Abstract:

SDL, Inc. proposes to develop individually addressable multi-

element blue source arrays for optical data storage based on

nonlinear conversion of radiation from semiconductor laser diodes

in nonlinear waveguides. Using SDL's high power laser diodes as cw

single-mode sources for second harmonic generation (SHG) in

nonlinear waveguides will result in a compact, robust, stable, and

efficient addressable blue laser array. The emission wavelength of

the SHG waveguides will be near 480 nm at an output power of 10 mW

per channel in a diffraction limited beam. SDL will study the

feasibility of the critical components in phase I and in phase II

integrate the components into a multi-channel individually

addressed compact blue laser array. The compact and efficient

individually addressable laser source will allow for increased data

storage by virtue of the four times smaller read/write spot on the

optical disk.


The development of a compact blue laser source is also important

for other critical technologies in the near future such as

commercial optical recording, displays, and color printing. The

development of a blue laser source is therefore also critical in US

competitiveness in these markets.


Key Words


SDL, Inc.

80 Rose Orchard Way

San Jose, CA 95134

Project Title:

"Four Dimensional GIS for Earth Science Studies"

  94-1		07.01 	 0094

  "Four Dimensional GIS for Earth Science Studies"

Abstract:

The objective of this proposal is to develop a true four-
dimensional (4-D) geographic information system (GIS). The
proposed 4-D GIS software development would produce the first
system that can store and access data in an attributed 3-D
spatial coordinate system with a fourth dimension for time.
This system would provide the capability for the EOS
scientists to organize their data in a format that closely
represents the structure needed for their data analyses. The
goal is to build a system that directly incorporates
atmospheric profile data with surface and sub-surface
measurements into a 4D structure that supports time series
data sets. The system would contain 4 major elements: i) The
4D-GIS data archive which includes a relational database that
supports content based searching; ii) An image and metadata
import/export subsystem that supports EOSDIS standard
Hierarchical Data Files (HDF) as well as CEOS formatted data
and selected ancillary data sets such as USGS digital
elevation models DEMs); iii) An application software subsystem
that includes a mapping package with stereo DEM
reconstruction, orthorectification, multi-sensor image
registration and map product generation as well as the
software architecture for the user to incorporate his
application code; and iv) A visualization subsystem based on
the data cube concept using 3 of the available 4 dimensions to
construct the cube with additional capability for 2D slices
and multi-layer overlays using the vector database. The
software would be written in C and C++ and operate on any UNIX
workstation or larger UNIX based computer system.

The GIS system that would result from a successful research
project has direct commercial potential in mapping
applications. Current GIS systems cannot handle the time
dependency, requiring map makers to store an entire new map
whenever an update is required. Thus to maintain the history
entire new layers are required this is a very large data
volume, expensive to store and slow to access. This system
would address that niche in the GIS market. This system would
also open GIS to documentation of city landscapes in 3D, where
subsurface information (sewers, conduits), surface information
(roads) and above surface information (buildings) can be
stored in a full 3D continuum as exists in nature rather than
the layered structure of current GIS's.

Key Words

Vexcel Corporation
2477 55th Street, Suite 201
Boulder, CO 80301

Project Title:

An Efficient Enhancement/Compression System

	  94-1	07.01	2499

	  An Efficient Enhancement/Compression System

Abstract:

KT-Tech's innovation is a fuzzy logic-based image algebra
approach to compression and enhancement of complex
multidimensional data sets that will optimally handle the storage
and transmission of data for digital libraries. KT-Tech's
proposed data compression system fills a critical need of digital
library development to manage and access the massive volumes of
data, and provides a fundamental tool to locate, browse, access
and acquire complex data sets from large, diverse and distributed
archives. The project objective in Phase I is to produce an
adaptive, generic compression scheme which produces overall
Signal-to Noise (SNR) gain, is computationally efficient and
highly compatible with massively parallel processing platforms.
The effort proposed is to construct an optimal
enhancement/compression scheme using a systems approach to
characterization of complex data sets. This approach will result
in an efficient tool for the transmittal and management of the
large volumes of multispectral data expected from NASA's data
gathering missions such as Mission to Planet Earth.

Direct applications include image enhancement/compression for:
storage and transmission of text (OCR document processing), law
enforcement identification databases, medical libraries,and
remote sensing digital libraries for environmental monitoring and
geophysical mapping. Indirect applications include: Intelligent
Vehicle Highway Systems (linking traffic surveillance video
images to central data control centers); remote-site medical
diagnosis and data compression for transmission of medical data
and imagery over information network; and manufacturing process
control.

Key Words

KT-Tech, Incorporated
7500 Greenway Center Drive, Suite 100
Greenbelt, MD 20770

Project Title:

World Wide Web 3D Browser (W3D) for "Surfing the Internet"

94-1	07.01	4932

World Wide Web 3D Browser (W3D) for "Surfing the Internet"

Abstract:

This effort will develop a software prototype of a 3D interactive
information visualization system (W3D) that integrates human
memory extension (ME) technology for doing information ranking
with a 3D windows-based interactive graphic user interface for
doing information visualization. The starting point for
implementing the prototype is NCSA's mosaic World Wide Web client
interface to information available on the Internet. The starting
point for the design of the 3D interface is the results of
research on three dimensional graphic representation of semantic
networks undertaken by the SemNet project at the Human Interface
Laboratory of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology
Corporation (MCC), Austin, Texas. The human memory extension (ME)
technology to be used is currently under development under NASA
contract NAS 9-19046. This effort addresses the problem of how to
overcome the reduced space contention exhibited even by 2D
windows-based graphical user interfaces that often leave users
frustrated, feeling like they are looking through a "small
keyhole" at a very large amount of unstructured information.

NCSA's Mosaic is quickly becoming the defacto standard windows
based user interface to the World Wide Web of information
available on the Internet "Information Highway" Many existing
workstations as well as current high end and many future PCs have
the capability needed to provide local support for a 3D enhanced
Mosaic based client. Accordingly, we expect the commercial market
for this application to be a significant part of the current and
future market for Mosaic based products.

WWW, W3, W3D, Browser, Information Retrieval, Memory Extension,
SemNet

Analysis and Simulation, Inc.
172 Holtz Road
Buffalo, New York 14225

Project Title:

A Spatial Surrogate System for Scientific Data Bases

94-1	07.01	9696

A Spatial Surrogate System for Scientific Data Bases

Abstract:

Existing systems for spatial data management in large-scale,
geographically distributed, cooperative, digital libraries omit
metadata for observing models. The proposed innovation will remedy
the omission with new data structures and organization, user
interface styles for showing the metadata, and interfaces to
support automated data characterization and labeling. Specifically,
we will design and implement spatial surrogates that simultaneously
represent observations from several points of view using compact
software objects. Surrogates mediate transformations of data for
analysis displays, intelligent agents and planning software. The
Phase I project will design the surrogates, suggest an overall
system architecture, and implement proofs-of-concept to show the
feasibility of integrating the spatial surrogates with existing
system components. One goal is a capability for scientists to
understand and control the end-to-end transfer function between
sensor and final result. Moreover, the system will enable
intelligent agents to work productively and automatically to gather
derived metadata and find answers to questions posed by scientists.
The greatest benefit of the enhancements may be the improved
ability to locate and correlate observations from diverse data
archives in order to suggest or prove scientific hypotheses
relating to the Earth and its environment.

There are two commercial applications. First, the spatial
surrogates represent a major enhancement to current Geographic
Information Systems (GIS). In this application new components would
be licensed for use with an existing GIS. The research goes beyond
the flat map data handled by GIS, and could greatly improve AM/FM -
Automatic Mapping/ Facilities Management - so that it handles
multiple views of physical assets such as buildings, manufacturing
facilities, etc. An improved AM/FM product might enable robotic
systems to plan and achieve goals within an organization's
facilities while updating the spatial data management system during
the robot's travels. This completely new product might open a new
commercial market beyond the current GIS and AM/FM markets.

Key Words

Global Science & Technology
6411 Ivy Lane, Suite 610
Greenbelt, MD 20770
Phone number: (301) 474-9696

Project Title:

Reinventing: A Secure Networked Review System in the Internet Environment

94-1			07.02		8000

Reinventing: A Secure Networked Review System in the Internet
Environment

Abstract:

We propose to develop a Reinventing system which provides a
secure, networked, transparent environment to facilitate
information exchange and review processes by geographically
distributed workgroups. The approach is based on the Object-
Oriented book paradigm and the World Wide Web (WWW) client/server
technologies, implementing HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP/1.0), to provide an interactive framework for effective,
easy, and secure electronic collaboration across the Internet.
Documents of evaluations, which may contain plain text, formatted
text, inline graphics, audio clips, video sequences, and other
multimedia data, will be represented in a familiar book form that
can be easily and comprehensively retrieved, viewed, and managed.
Encryption, authentication, multi-layered access control, and
integrity checking schemes will be provided to secure the system,
so that evaluation can be restricted to predefined groups as
needed. In addition, work flow management will be included to
notify the reviewer about the status of reviews. We will apply
our research results to many areas that require a secure and
collaborative environment, such as evaluations of security
incidents in the NASA NASIRC program and reviews of proposals in
the NASA SBIR and STTR programs. As the client applications and
servers are installed over the networks, the workgroup
collaborative review process will be established. The resulting
Reinventing system will solve the complexity of heterogeneous
distributed collaborative management problems and help NASA as
well as other government agencies improve their document review
processes efficiently, securely and privately.
In Phase I, a prototype Reinventing will be demonstrated on a
UNIX platform connected over the Internet network accessing NASA
applicable programs. Phase II will refine and develop the
Reinventing system into a fully developed system with client
implementations for PC's and Macs as well as other workstations.

The proposed methodology will facilitate the information exchange
and review process across heterogeneous networked environments
among many private, commercial, and academic as well as
government organizations. It is applicable to any application in
which the review of proposals, budgets, journal publications,
contracts, request for comments (RFC's), and any other critical
documents where a secure, distributed, and collaborative
environment is essential.

Key Words


Arkansas Systems
1600 Pennsylvania Ave
Washington, DC 20500

Project Title:

Device Life Cycle Engineering Environment

94-1	07.03	0360	A

Device Life Cycle Engineering Environment

Abstract:

The primary objective of this project is to develop a prototype of
a unique approach to Device Life Cycle Engineering (DLCE), based
upon Ramsearch Company's existing systems engineering product,
Team/Design(R). The Device Life Cycle Engineering Environment is an
intelligent shell structure for preserving a practical memory of a
multi-team approach to the design of complex devices. The implicit
decision support system can be adapted by each using organization
to its own particular design
needs. DLCE will employ a graphical user interface (GUI) for
modeling, capturing and maintaining the diverse knowledge
required to define and design complex devices. This will include
a mechanism for creating, updating, and using a design rule
database which can be adapted to device specific requirements.
DLCE will be useful to designers in any discipline who wish to
adopt the Life Cycle view of design. DLCE is aimed at increasing
the interaction between various design disciplines and providing
the ability to optimize among competing design objectives so
that a diverse set of "-ility" considerations can be an
effective element of the design process. The DLCE will be hosted
in a Microsoft Windows environment and have a dynamic
interaction with other MS-Windows-based design tools.

The Device Life Cycle Engineering software system being proposed
has immediate applicability in the commercial and Govemment
sectors of systems engineering. Currently, the total market for
software tools which support a life cycle approach to device
engineering is estimated at $600 million with over 150,000
engineers worldwide involved in device/systems engineering
projects. Our current product, Team/Design(R), is in use in the
same market place and we believe the the MS-Windows DLCE
Environment would gamer signiflcant market share.

KEY WORDS

Ramsearch Company
2128 Espey Court, Suite 8
Crofton, MD 21114

Project Title:

INTERFACES FOR DATA SHARING BETWEEN STRUCTURES, DYNAMICS AND CONTROLS DESIGN

  94-1		07.03	3124

  INTERFACES FOR DATA SHARING BETWEEN STRUCTURES, DYNAMICS
  AND CONTROLS DESIGN

Abstract:

Since the first recognition of satellite structural flexibility
effects on control dynamics and system-level performance, software
models incorporating structures, dynamics and control have become
necessary. Community-wide interfaces between major software codes
in these areas have not, however, resulted and each new project
creates its own. Enduring interfaces are needed to provide a
technically consistent process to truncate or restore the models;
to rapidly provide a visualization or animation of the behavior
decisions; and to move between mainframes and PCs as the scope of
the analysis changes.
The objective here will be to provide such a class of software
interfaces, to some degree graphically driven, and with hooks to
accept future inputs from experimentally derived data,
estimation/system identification packages and with outputs to
payload performance characterization models. Phase I will build a
prototype, initially linking MSC, NASTRAN, NDISCOS, and a
visualization package (NASVIEW), demonstrating the potential of
such a tool, which then will be completed in Phase II. For the
spacecraft community this will provide a range of capabilities
deriving from a single consistent database to perform: preliminary
design and tradeoffs, detailed engineering development, subsystems
performance assessment, flight software verification, deployment
and on-orbit anomaly assessment.


Controls-dynamics-structures interactions are now more frequently
encountered in civil engineering buildings or bridges, machine
components and industrial robots, particularly where performance
goals exceed the capacity of structures and materials to perform
passively. Control systems are then needed to regulate the behavior
either through conventional sensors and actuators or as
smart/adaptive structures. The need for consistent and enduring
interfaces between the three key technology software capabilities
is as acute here as in the satellite design community.

Key Words

Moldyn, Inc.
1033 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138-5319
(617) 354-3124

Project Title:

A Low-Cost Computer Program for Integrating Thermal Modeling with Other Engineering Disciplines

94-1	07.03	4942

A Low-Cost Computer Program for Integrating Thermal Modeling with
Other Engineering Disciplines

Abstract:

We propose to develop a suite of PC and workstation computer
programs (TCON) that tightly integrate thermal design and analysis
procedures into the CAD/CAE/FEM fields, integrating the interfaces
for thermal conduction and radiation analyses with each other and
with these complementary disciplines. These procedures are
significantly more accurate, user friendly and thorough than those
currently available. Several innovations give TCON its advantages:
(1) user-written input/output format files so the engineer can use
his choice of graphical input system and of thermal analyzer; (2)
thermal-model factors using the advanced technologies we developed
for NASA for accurate thermal modeling; and (3) thermal-model
simplification without loss of connectivity with other CAD/CAE
models. TCON addresses directly NASA's 07.03 topic: accommodating
data formats, including STEP, from different CAE software/hardware
systems to produce an interface with thermal radiation, conduction
and convection programs. NASA and US industry will benefit by the
more accurate, more thorough models that will result with TCON,
which can easily accommodate the latest input/output technologies.

TCON will be sold to engineers, such as electronics-packaging and
spacecraft engineers, who simulate the performance of temperature-
control systems. Our anticipated price is less than 10% of that of
our competitors because of our innovative approach. The low price
gives small companies and consultants an heretofore unaffordable
engineering capability.

Key Words

Frederick A. Costello, Inc.
12864 Tewksbury Drive
Herndon, VA 22071

Project Title:

Automatic Video Abstraction

  94-1	07.05	1072

  Automatic Video Abstraction

Abstract:

This proposal presents an innovative approach to improving
existing video abstraction techniques in order to
automatically obtain a short abstract of a lengthy color video
motion picture. The abstract is obtained by examining each
frame of the motion picture to detect changes between features
of consecutive frames. This improvement is proposed as the
first step of video abstraction: feature extraction. The
features of each frame are extracted using four techniques:
intensity differentiation, edge detection, line detection, and
fuzzy medial axial representation. The changes are detected
with each of the methods and the results are resolved into a
single decision parameter using fuzzy logic for compromising
opinions. The advantage of our proposed improvement is that
changes are better detected with minimal additional processing
cost. The resulting video abstraction will be implemented on a
personal computer with a video board to interface with the
video source.

The video abstraction technique can be used to summarize home
videos to help viewers sort the contents of several tapes in a
limited time; to organize security video for monitored buildings
to better detect unusual activity; to help movie producers get
a quick summary of video footages while putting together a movie;
and to prepare abstracts of video archives that can be quickly
downloaded for browsing over the Internet and the forthcoming
National Information Infrastructure.

Key Words

The Tenagra Corporation
2200 Space Park Drive, Suite 200
Houston, Texas  77058

Project Title:

Integrated Data Visualization and Virtual Reality Tool

  94-1 	07.05

  Integrated Data Visualization and Virtual Reality Tool

Abstract:

Topic 07.05 calls for advanced research of
tools, models, and procedures for visualization of complex
multimedia and multivariate data using virtual reality. DUAL
proposes to investigate the development of a common toolkit
for visualization support. This toolkit is called the Data
Visualization Environment Tool (DVET). This innovation
integrates, into a common architecture, advanced simulation
based design and multidimensional data visualization tools.
Phase I objectives examine NASA's current use of visualization
techniques in the form of a needs assessment, define
requirements for multivariate data visualization, and identify
a common visualization architecture for carrying out complex
visualization tasks. Phase I also identifies NASA applications
for DVET that are similar to industry applications. The
proposed innovation could have significant impact on NASA
programs such as Mission to Planet Earth which requires real
time simulation and complex data reduction.  Phase II involves
the design implementation of a DVET within a planned
visualization laboratory, to be located within DUAL's facility
in Orlando, FL. During Phase III, DUAL converts a segment of
its Orlando facility into an education complex to
commercialize DVET and other dual-use visualization tools.

Almost every industrial or government entity is a potential
user of this capability. The DVET provides the following
advantages: reduced training costs due to on-line availability
of electronic training software, improved efficiency of
training due to its capability to be provided on demand, and
increased efficiency of the training process. DUAL is
developing strategic alliances with companies such as DENEB
Roboties and Silicon Graphics as well as Universities and
supereomputer laboratories to commercialize products such as
DVET in scientific and education communities. Our plans are to
enter in to licensing agreements with DENEB, Boeing, DEC, and
Silicon Graphics to market DVET as an integrated package
running on workstations. DUAL will become a Valued-Added
Reseller (VAR) for the required hardware and work with DENEB
in building visualization integration tools required for DVET.
With these strategic alliances, DVET could be sold in non-
federal markets in response to requirements to analyze the
results of experiments in fields as far-flung as pollution
studies semieonduetor physics and drug design.

Key Words

DUAL Incorporated
2101 Wilson Blvd, Suite 600
Arlington, VA 22201

Project Title:

Real-Time Visualization Tool For Windows (RT*Viz)

94-1	07.05	4454

Real-Time Visualization Tool For Windows (RT*Viz)

Abstract:

There is an urgent need for a low-cost, real-time 3D
visualization tool that can support animation and virtual reality
requirements on Personal Computers (PCs) running Microsoft
Windows. The objective of this effort is to develop a high
fidelity visualization tool for PC applications that can achieve
the performance of software running on current Unix workstations.
This effort will apply unique polygon preprocessing algorithms to
improve the processing efficiency on the PC by adjusting the
fidelity used to generate 3D images. The algorithm coupled with
the advent of higher performance PC processors and commercial
imaging software makes it possible to generate high fidelity
animation on the PC.
The product of this effort, Real-Time Visualization Tool for
Windows (RT*Viz), will address NASA needs for software that can
support interactive three dimensional animation of
multidimensional data sets and virtual reality applications. The
Phase I effort will design the software and produce a
demonstration of RT*VIZ polygon preprocessing techniques and
commercial imaging software on a latest generation PC to be
provided by S*R. The Phase II program will complete the
functionality of RT*VIZ and improve the image processing
performance through optimization of the preprocessing algorithms.

RT*Viz will provide a much needed, PC-based visualization tool
that can satisfy a wide range of scientific domains in both the
government and private sector. RT*Viz will expand the application
of animation for applications that currently cannot afford high
end workstations. S*R market research indicates that a product
with the features of RT*Viz is currently not available. Rapid
transition into Phase II and Phase III could address a market
potential of millions of copies.

Key Words

Spectra Research Inc.
7071 Corporate Way, Suite 108
Dayton, OH 45459

Project Title:

Body Tracking Device Using Ultrasonic Analogue to GPS

94-1	07.05	5502

Body Tracking Device Using Ultrasonic Analogue to GPS

Abstract:

Similar to the way GPS provides for accurate positioning in a
global sense, the proposed Phase I SBIR will provide a means of
local positioning to millimeter accuracy. The approach will utilize
several ultrasonic transmitters in fixed positions within a room or
other confined area. Tiny receivers will be attached to the object
to be tracked which may be for a instance a human arm. Signal
processing of the signals received from each receiver will provide
a 3D position relative to a reference. Measurement of the positions
of each sensor along the arm in time will provide a dynamic
characterization of body movement. Such device will have
significant utility in NASA's virtual reality research and in
particular to human motion characterization in robotic
telepresence. During Phase I, a local positioning testbed will be
developed using commercially available ultrasonic sensors. These
will be interfaced to a DSP for waveform generation, phase
comparison and x, y, z location solution and the feasibility of the
concept evaluated. If successful, a Phase II effort would develop
a portable device which would be evaluated under various
environments and multiple applications. Commercialization would be
initiated during Phase II and continue during Phase III.

There would be significant demand for such a device in industrial
manufacturing and home applications. Examples of commercial
applications include an aid for the handicapped for navigating
through buildings or a personnel tracking device for use in secure
or dangerous workplaces.

Key Words

GENISYS Research & Development, Inc.
314 South Jay St.
Rome. NY 13440

Project Title:

Internet Knowledge Robot

94-1	07.05	5700

Internet Knowledge Robot

Abstract:

The proposed innovation is an automated and skilled knowledge robot
to assist NASA scientists and engineers doing subject and product
research in locating, sorting, filtering, and transferring resource
materials from the Internet. The proposed project is an innovative
concept providing well-guided search and low operational costs. It
addresses NASA needs described in two aspects of "...robotic
telepresence..." in the subtopic; specifically "...data
navigation..." and "...interrogation...".
The Phase I project objectives include 1) constructing an automatic
query capability and a filtering mechanism for retrieved objects
based on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) classes, 2)
developing a model-based recognition system that converts combined
signature patterns from many areas of knowledge into a set of
measurements for suitable morphology analysis, and 3) creating a
useful pattern matching and decision module to eliminate objects
not relevant to the user's query. Phase I efforts will last 6
months and will produce an operational knowledge robot prototype
and a list of requirements and specifications for Phase II design
and implementation.
The development of this innovation represents a breakthrough in
distributed heterogeneous information retrieval and recognition
systems. NASA will gain direct benefit for efficient and
intelligent access to its databases distributed throughout the
nation.

Potential commercial applications of the project include
businesses, universities and scientific communities requiring
market or product information and research from Internet resources.
Extended applications within this scope include industrial
automation, image and map analysis, medical imagery and diagnosis,
aerial and satellite photo interpretation, and machine parts
retrieval and recognition analysis.

Key Words

LinCom Corporation - Houston Division
1020 Bay Area Blvd., Suite 200
Houston, TX 77058

Project Title:

Integrated Digitizing and Display Surface Utilizing Touch Entry, GIS, and Flat Panel Displays

94-1	07.05	6325

Integrated Digitizing and Display Surface Utilizing Touch Entry,
GIS, and Flat Panel Displays

Abstract:

The integration of GIS with large format AC Gas Plasma flat panel
display and Infrared touch entry technologies as an integrated
approach to combining digitizing and display surfaces is unique and
meritorious. Through modifying and enhancing the graphical user
interface (GUI) to utilize the benefits of each of these
technologies, Photonics Systems proposes to develop such an
integrated surface. Tremendous progress has been made over the past
few years in each of the three fields, with Photonics the leader in
AC Gas plasma displays and IR touch entry technology. The primary
objective of the Phase I program is to demonstrate the feasibility
of such a union of technologies and to compare the performance of
this technological blending with already proven methods of input
and display. NASA objectives are met by the development of models
and procedures for the manipulation and visualization of
multidimensional and multivariate data using novel concepts and
technologies utilizing low cost, large format display technologies.
Both in Phase II and Phase III the large display panels, up to 1.5-
meters diagonal, will be developed into interactive display and
digitizing surfaces as well as developing the software technology
needed to port the interface to many other GIS systems.

The proposed integrated digitizing touch entry system and display
surface has numerous applications, including: interactive surfaces
for planning and modeling, portable GISs for use in field
situations, interactive analysis tools for use in hostile
environments (factories, extreme temperatures, or at high
altitudes), and advancements in knowledge related to human-factor
interfaces. The size of the AC plasma panels lends itself to
automotive applications, emergency response vehicles, naval
applications, aeronautical applications, or anywhere space is at a
premium. It is conceivable that all of the cars, boats, and
airplanes in the future will be equipped with a personal GIS
onboard system for navigation.

Key Words

Photonics Systems, Inc.
6975 Wales Road
Northwood, Ohio 43619

Project Title:

A Network Solution for A Virtual Reality Application

  94-1	07.05	7991

  A Network Solution for A Virtual Reality Application

Abstract:

Distributed virtual reality (VR) is a powerful technology that
could accelerate aeronautical and space research. VR software
that is accessible remotely by NASA researchers would allow them
to interactively build and manipulate complex scientific models
and merge these models with data. However, several technical
problems must be resolved. Current communications protocols and
VR platforms do not adequately synchronize multiple data streams,
originated from multiple distributed sources. The synchronization
problem occurs at three points: l) cell jitter at layer two in
the OSI protocol stack, 2) network delay of communication links,
and 3) establishment of temporal relationships for presentation
of information. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) has been
identified as the preferred protocol for the real-time, high
bandwidth, mixed-traffic type transmissions inherent in
distributed VR applications. But ATM network specifications are
insufficient for synchronization of aggregated, mixed streams of
data. A middleware system for a distributed VR application will
be designed to provide this synchronization function. Research
effort will focus the network delay associated with
communications protocols. Overlays to these protocols will be the
core of the middleware system. This system will synchronize data
streams among multiple locations to support remote access to VR
software and collaborative conferences.

NASA researchers will be able to interactively conduct design and
simulations activities remotely. Large databases such as those
containing complex scientific modeling data will more accessible
and can be use effectively for simulations of atmospheric
conditions. The middleware synchronization system will support
a wide variety of distributed VR, telerobotic, and multimedia
applications for research, training, business, and entertainment.
The middleware will also decrease the costs associated with the
transmission of real time, high bandwidth, interactive
applications like VR. Experts estimate the number of potential
VR users at 140 million plus.

Key Words

Network Technologies & Applications
6243 E. Charing Cross Lane
Middleton, WI 53562

Project Title:

Immersive Control of Human Interaction with Multi-Variate Data

94-1		07.05	8093

Immersive Control of Human Interaction with Multi-Variate Data

Abstract:

The goal of this proposal is to investigate the feasibility of
extending a pre-existing analysis system with immersive input and
output devices to facilitate visualization, manipulation, and human
interaction with virtual environments. Whereas the goal of any
Virtual Reality system is to present a system in which a human
operator is immersed in an environment, most fail to address the
central issue of this goal: controlling an accurate synthetic
agent. This project will address this concern by performing a
feasibility study on the merging of leading-edge VR hardware
technologies with a true human simulation system, Jack. While the
novelty of this development will be the incorporation of human
immersion technologies with a true human-simulation package, the
proposed system will also offer a comprehensive package for
performing non-human tasks in a user-intuitive manner through the
use of these VR technologies. With a wide range of translation and
data manipulation tools available, plus a full inverse-kinematics
constraint system for general purpose tele-operations. Jack
provides a solid foundation from which to build a general VR system
for both data and human manipulation.

Virtual Reality systems are one of the fasted growing areas of
computer graphics development. Currently the market is still
open and no one system is yet dominant. Based on inquires into
the availability of a low cost solution and the lack of
competing technologies, this product stands poised to
immediately capture significant market share.

Key Words

DRaW Computing Associates, Inc.
120 Rockwood Drive
Havertown, PA 19083

Project Title:

Human-Machine Interface providing live human representation and interactivity in a Virtual Reality Environment

94-1		07.05	9797

Human-Machine Interface providing live human representation and
interactivity in a Virtual Reality Environment

Abstract:

It is desirable for Virtual reality input devices to be minimally
invasive to the user while being cost effective both in hardware
and computational overhead. Additionally it is desirable to
precisely know the position input information while faithfully
representing a users own hands or body in the visual space. A
traditional fiber optic glove system encumbers the user while
providing relatively low position resolution. Other exoskeleton
systems are more accurate at the expense of complexity and
encumbrance. Rendering an accurate image for all such systems
requires significant computational resources. The approach proposed
here, using a combined laser ranging and stereoscopic imaging
system, promises to optimize hardware cost, image quality,
computational resource requirements and position input accuracy in
a nonencumbering system of modest cost.

Anticipated direct application includes virtual reality input and
gesture recognition device for broad virtual reality utilization.
Specific early direct applications include local and remote
interactive design, interactive training simulations and video
conferencing. Indirect applications
include computerized gesture recognition applied to widely
ranging problems such as recognizing the American sign
language for the deaf and "keyboard free" data input at
Automated Teller Machines.

Key Words

CyberSim Systems, Inc.
3334 Richmond
Suite 205
Houston, Texas  77098

Project Title:

High Sensitivity, Uncooled, Wide Band Focal Plane Array

  94-1	08.01	0314

  High Sensitivity, Uncooled, Wide Band Focal Plane Array

Abstract:

This proposal addresses the fabrication of novel uncooled
pyroelectric IR detector arrays having significant sensitivity,
wavelength coverage, pixel density, and cost advantages over the
current ones The innovation is based on utilization of high
pyroelectric figure of merit single-crystalline complex-oxide thin
films and efficient integrated device structures. The novel
epitaxial material and lift-off membrane device technologies allow
the design of optimum IR focal plane arrays with a maximum
sensitivity obtainable in a pyroelectric detector. A substantial
reduction in fabrication cost is anticipated from the elimination
of both wafer thinning and solder bump connecting associated with
the current state-of-art. This technology is particularly suitable
for NASA's space-bom IR-sensor systems that require smaller size,
lower power consumption, higher reliability, and wider spectral
coverage, especially into the far-IR region. In this Phase I
program, NZ Applied Technologies will demonstrate the feasibility
of epitaxial growth of device-quality PST thin films via an
innovative plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). PE-
CVD may become the best choice to produce large FPAs in sufficient
qualities and at low enough cost to facilitate widespread use of
infrared sensing systems. In Phase II prototype
devices will be produced.

Success in the Phase I effort will identify a viable
manufacturing route for advanced uncooled FPA fabrication. These
devices have a wide range of "dual use" applications, from
various government applications to commercial applications of
fire fighting, law enforcement, industrial control, and medicine.

Key Words

NZ Applied Technologies Corporation
12 Whitney Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139

Project Title:

A High Dynamic Range, Solar-Blind UV Sensitive Photon-Counting Detector

  94-1		08.01	0613

  A High Dynamic Range, Solar-Blind UV Sensitive Photon-Counting Detector

Abstract:

Photon counting imaging detectors offer many advantages for a wide range of scientific
applications. Such detectors have as their output the x-y postion and time-of-arrival of each
detected photoevent. The PAPA (Precision Analog Photon Address) detector is a novel
photon-counting imaging detector that has been developed and used extensively for high-
angular-resolution ground-based astronomical imaging. The PAPA is radically different from
other photon-counting detectors because it separates the photodetection and gain functions
from the photon position measurement. It offers significant performance and cost advantages
over other
photon counters and can have spatial resolution of 6 m, a 15 cm diameter field, a count rate of
107 s-l. Its simple, reliable architecture provides a stable system with very long lifetime and
minimal maintenance requirements. The PAPA uses a microchannel plate image converter with
a phosphor output screen as its front-end and determines event positions using multi-channel
optics combined with simple electronics. We propose to develop a fast, compact, lightweight,
low-power version of the PAPA using solarblind W, EUV, and X-ray sensitive microchannel plate
image converters. In Phase I, we will breadboard and test key elements of an improved version
of the detector that will enable Phase II construction of a working prototype detector.

The PAPA detector proposed for development should have a wide range of potential commercial
applications ranging from medical imaging to space science. It should fulfill the growing
requirement for higher resolution, higher sensitivity, and larger array sizes for UV through X-ray
imaging. Its construction from mostly conventional components make it relatively inexpensive and
easy to manufacture so it would be
highly competitive on the commercial market.

Key Words

Lexitek
10 Tower Office Park, Suite 304
Woburn, MA     01801

Project Title:

FAST UV SLITLESS SPECTROMETER FOR METEOR RESEARCH

	  94-1	08.01	0774	A



	  FAST UV SLITLESS SPECTROMETER FOR METEOR RESEARCH

Abstract:

Meteoric material of cometary and asteroidal origin enters the

Earth's atmosphere continuously, yet the chemical composition of

meteors is uncertain. The chemical composition is important in

several scientific fields. Water content is a possible source of

the earth's water. Meteoric metal atoms may be important

catalysts for chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere. Of

particular importance is the relative abundances of H, C, O, N,

Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, and Fe. And the composition and abundance

of cometary and asteroidal debris is important in understanding

our solar system. Ultraviolet spectra of meteor radiation is

needed because of the many lines of interest in the ultraviolet

and the large number of Fe lines dominate the visible spectra

making it impossible to accurately measure the spectra of the

other elements of interest. In summary, such uv spectra of

meteors is of great scientific interest, does not currently

exist, and can only be obtained from orbit.In Phase I the a

conceptual design study will be carried out for a low cost "gas

can" class Shuttle payload. In Phase II the Slitless UV Meteor

Imaging Spectrometer would be built and tested in the laboratory.


Solid state cameras with broad ultraviolet sensitivity and fast

framing capability have broad application in industrial, academic

and DOD research as well as in space applications. PSI is in the

business of building and selling CCD camera based instrumentation

to these customers.


Key words


PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, INC.

7 DEER PARK DRIVE

MONMOUTH JCT. NJ 08852

Project Title:

Monolithic, Square, Bolometer Arrays for Airborne Astronomy and Other Applications

94-1	08.01	1190

Monolithic, Square, Bolometer Arrays for Airborne Astronomy and
Other Applications

Abstract:

Novel bolometer arrays, with a unique combination of properties,
are proposed. The array construction is integrated on a single
substrate, so that all bolometers in the array can be fabricated at
the same time, from the same thin-film layers. This greatly reduces
the cost and time of production and makes large bolometer arrays
feasible. The proposed arrays can be made in a close-packed,
square-array configuration in which the spacing between
adjacent bolometers is minimized. The structure is based on a film of silicon
nitride, a remarkably strong material, which is micromachined into square
panels supported by legs. The proposed micromachined configuration allows
square (2-dimensional arrays), a significant advance over the linear,
monolithic, bolometer arrays made at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. In
addition, the proposed arrays will have higher sensitivities and shorter time
constants than existent bolometers. In the Phase I project, a 3 x 3 array
operating at 0.3 K will be fabricated and tested. The proposed arrays will be
applicable to a variety of present and planned NASA missions for long
wavelength astronomy, including the KAO, SOFIA, IRTF and rocket-borne
observatories.

The arrays of micromachined structures developed for this project will enable
inexpensive, low power, room-temperature infrared imaging systems. Commercial
applications include night vision systems, inexpensive instruments for
medical thermography, and remote temperature imagers for industrial process
control.

Key Words

HYPRES, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, New York 10523

Project Title:

Room-temperature Thermal Detector Arrays for Remote Temperature Imaging and Other Applications.

94-1	08.01	1190	A

Room-temperature Thermal Detector Arrays for Remote Temperature
Imaging and Other Applications.

Abstract:

Room-temperature thermal detector arrays are proposed which are
based on recently developed micromachined structures. Unlike
other micromachined sensors, each detector measures temperature
with a thin-film thermopile, a feature that results in unique
advantages. These include extremely linear behavior, and the
absence of a need for biasing power, biasing lines and chopping
of the incoming light. Sensitivity to broadband infrared
radiation, or to a particular band, is specified by the choice of
a thin-film absorber that is deposited on the detector. The
arrays will find application in remote temperature imaging of
clouds and surfaces, and their low power requirements make
unattended operation for long periods especially feasible. HYPRES
has fabricated and tested a prototype of the detector. In the
Phase I program a linear array of detectors will be fabricated
and tested. In Phase II, a two-dimensional array will be
produced.

The room-temperature thermal detector arrays developed for this
project will enable inexpensive, low power, room-temperature
infrared imaging systems. Commercial applications include night
vision systems, inexpensive instruments for medical thermography,
and remote temperature imagers for industrial process control.

Key Words

HYPRES, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, New York 10523

Project Title:

Simplified Packaging Technique for Backside-Illuminated CCDs

94-1	08.01	1265	A

Simplified Packaging Technique for Backside-Illuminated CCDs

Abstract:

One of the main difficulties in the preparation of backside-illuminated CCDs
is making electrical connection to the front of the device. A simple and
reliable solution to this problem could increase the yield and lower the cost
of thinned CCDs. A new packaging technique, referred to as Double Inverted
Bonding (DIB), appears to be a promising solution. The DIB technique will be
optimized by evaluation of materials for the adhesive layer and substrate and
tested for reliability by electrical continuity measurements during thermal
cycling. The optimized procedure will be applied to a functioning, thinned
CCD at the end of Phase I. The DIB technique could greatly simplify the
packaging of commercial, backside illuminated CCDs.

The DIB technique would find use in the packaging of thinned CCDs and
photodiode arrays.

Key Words

Photometrics Ltd.
Advanced Technologies Division
3440 East Britannia Drive Suite 110
Tucson, Arizona 85706

Project Title:

Multiwavelength Infrared Detector Array for Spectral Discrimination

  	  94-1	08.01	1898

  	  Multiwavelength Infrared Detector Array for Spectral
  Discrimination

Abstract:

A novel multiwavelength detector concept to provide infrared

spectral discrimination is proposed. Instead of using
on-chip
optical elements the detector structure consists of
vertically
integrated, discrete detector layers each of which is
sensitive to
a different region of the infrared spectrum. The focal plane
can be
used to detect the sum total of the infrared radiation or a
spectral region of interest. InAs/GaInSb superlattices have
recently been demonstrated to have very desirable detector
characteristics, especially for long wavelength
applications, and
these materials have gained significant interest. Their
wavelength
of response extends from 2 to 30 @m by just changing the
layer
thickness in the superlattice. A multiwavelength focal plane can
therefore be realized by stacking a multiple of these lattice-
matched superlattices. The deployment of a single imaging array for
multi-spectral detection could simplify the overall system
requirement and realize enhanced performance at considerable cost
saving. Their compatibility with III-V compound electronics may
also lead to promising monolithic focal planes. A protoytpe array
will be produced at the completion of this program for feasibility
demonstration.

These superlattices covers a wide range of infrared wavelengths
from near IR to 3011m. The commercial markets for infrared imaging
equipment are expanding rapidly, including navigation,
nondestructive testing, medical diagnostics, process control,
spectroscopy, astronomy and pollution monitoring.

Key Words

SVT Associates
7620 Executive Drive
Eden Prairie, MN 55344

Project Title:

MICROMACHINED SUBSTRATES FOR HIGH Tc BOLOMETERS

94-1		08.01	2033			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

MICROMACHINED SUBSTRATES FOR HIGH Tc BOLOMETERS

Abstract:

Recent work at Goddard Space Flight Center has demonstrated that
high Tc superconductor films on thin sapphire substrates can result
in broadband infrared detectors of record high detectivity for
bolometers operating above liquid nitrogen temperatures. The
proposed project will advance this development by applying
micromachining techniques to the sapphire and to mating silicon
substrates. Bolometers fabricated on these improved substrates will
show increased detectivity through reduced heat capacity and
improved thermal isolation. The technique also offers improved ease
of fabrication for single-element detectors, as well as a
capability for producing small arrays of detectors on a single
substrate. The concept is compatible with on-substrate readout
electronics.

Primary application is to radiation detection at infrared and far-
infrared wavelengths. Various spaceborne and ground-based
instruments, particularly spectrometers, will utilize these
detectors.

KEY WORDS

D-Star Laboratories
6888A Nancy Ridge Dr.
San Diego, CA 92121

Project Title:

A High Resolution Room Temperature Xenon Gamma Radiation Detector Incorporating both Scintillation and Electron Pulse Analysis.

94-1	08.01	2458

A High Resolution Room Temperature Xenon Gamma Radiation Detector
Incorporating both Scintillation and Electron Pulse Analysis.

Abstract:

The novel approach described in this proposal has the potential to
dramatically reduce the cost of high resolution, transportable room
temperature radiation detectors. Recent experiments, performed by
the principal investigator, have shown that xenon gas near the
critical point (298.4K, 57.5atm.) provides an ideal medium for
radiation detection. The results have shown that the energy
resolution of a room temperature xenon
ionization chamber is superior to both sodium iodide (NaI) scintillation
detectors and liquid xenon ionization chambers and approaches that of
cryogenically cooled Germanium (Ge) detectors. In addition, xenon possess
excellent scintillation properties with an efficiency near that of NaI.
Recent work in liquid xenon (185K, 3atm.) has investigated using the
scintillation pulse for event triggering and background discrimination. A
room temperature xenon detector incorporating both scintillation and electron
pulse analysis has the potential to provide the academic, research,
environmental and industrial institutions with a low cost, high resolution
radiation detector for medium energy photons (50keV-2.0MeV). We are proposing
to generate experimental data on the scintillation characteristics of high
pressure xenon gas used in an ionization chamber. We will modify a newly
developed xenon gas ionization chamber with the capability to measure the
scintillation pulse during operation and characterize the pulse to
operational parameters of the chamber.

The development of a low cost, high resolution, portable, room temperature,
gamma radiation detector will have unlimited applications for mapping and
identifying hazardous spaces and radioactive material in the environment, for
use in astrophysics to measure and identify stellar radiation sources, and
will provide an invaluable research tool for studies in radioactive materials
and devices. There are essentially two current radiation detectors available
for commercial application. The scintillation type (NaI) are low cost but
have a distinct disadvantage of having low resolution, while the solid state
types (Ge) are capable of high energy resolution but are very costly and
require cryogenic cooling. Our detector will provide a system which is not
only low cost but possesses high energy resolution.

Key Words

Micro Craft Inc
Applied Science and Engineering Group
3050 Pacific Highway
San Diego, CA 92101-1127

Project Title:

Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer for Meteors

  94-1	08.01	442 	B

  Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer for Meteors

Abstract:

The scientific investigations of small solid particles from
interplanetary space provides important information regarding
comets, asteroids, and even the formation of the solar system.
Applied Research Corporation (ARC) proposes to design and develop
a fast ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer with a wide spectral response
and large field of view to study meteoroid phenomena. The high
sensitivity and superior resolution realized by the advanced
technology components ensure the development of an optical system
to obtain exceptional quality data for the first time in UV
wavelength region (1000-3200 A). The absence of high near-infrared
background in the low earth orbit is particularly suitable for the
observation of weak features of atomic species, both neutral and
ionized, present in the meteoric debris, including silicon (as SiO)
and carbon (as C I and C II) in the iron free window available
between 1000-2000A. The possibility of observing Lyman alpha
meteors and rare anomalous composition meteors is very exciting.
This observation can lead to the proper association of meteor
showers to specific comets. ARC will investigate the feasibility of
integrating state-of-the-art dispersive elements, detector systems
and optical components in the UV spectrometer.

Application envisioned in monitoring transient phenomena in fusion
plasmas, mineralogical surveys for detecting volcanic activities,
time-resolved fluorescence study of biosamples, ion microscopy,
speckle imaging and surface analysis.


Key Words


Applied Research Corporation
8201 Corporate Drive
Suite 1120
Landover, MD 20785

Project Title:

Intersubband Submillimeter Laser

  94-01	08.02	5500

  Intersubband Submillimeter Laser

Abstract:

The goal of this proposal is to establish the feasibility of
generating coherent FIR radiation in multiple quantum well (MQW)
structures based on achieving population inversion between the
subbands. The population inversion can be created by designing
and optimizing the MQW structures to favor specific intersubband
transitions. Khurgin and Sun have made a number suggestions, the
most important of which involves using a four-level scheme with
the weak laser transition and phonon-assisted pumping and
thermalization process. This is in contrast to previous schemes
where the intended lasing transition is very strong and pumping
and thermalization were achieved by resonant tunneling.
SAI will extend Khurgin and Sun's analysis to the FIR range and
demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining coherent radiation at
118 microns by constructing a laser pumped MQW waveguide
mixer.This radiation can be used by Earth observing scientists
and astrophysicists as a submillimeter local oscillator in a
laser heterodyne spectroscopy system for study of depletion of
Earth's ozone layer or planetary formation.

There are three primary motivations for the development of
coherent sources in the submillimeter regime. First, it is
essential for high capacity, lightweight personal communications
systems that are desired by civilian as well as military
communities. Second, astrophysics and earth observing
communities will use these coherent sources as local oscillators
in laser heterodyne systems to study formation of planets and
the depletion of the ozone layer. Third, medical research
communities have become interested in the nonthermal interaction
of submillimeter radiation with cells and cellular components.

Key Words

Swales & Associates, Inc.
5050 Powder Mill Road
Beltsville, MD 20705

Project Title:

High Power, Wide Band MM-Wave Doublers Using Planar Varactor Arrays

  94-1	08.02	8551

  High Power, Wide Band MM-Wave Doublers Using Planar Varactor Arrays

Abstract:

Wide band, electrically tuned sources are needed for future space
missions, with coverage to at least 1000 GHz. It is likely that
these will use chains of varactor multipliers, since this is the
most developed, and most reliable technology for generation of
submillimeter-wave power. With a high power, wide band driver under
development with another SBIR, the multiplier stage following this
driver is the next area on which to concentrate our efforts. The
results obtained recently from a high power doubler using a planar
diode array are very encouraging, making this the prime choice of
technology for a high power millimeter-wave doubler. There were
several problems reported with the prototype doubler, however,
which need to be addressed by a thorough diode and multiplier block
characterization. Based on the results from this prototype, though,
this characterization, followed by a dedicated development effort,
should produce a doubler capable of producing sufficient
millimeter-wave power to pump a multiplier chain to frequencies
well into the submillimeter range for such a future space mission.
Size and weight will be small and reliability should be excellent.
The diode and multiplier block characterization will be carried out
in Phase I of this project.

The commercialization of a wide band planar varactor diode array
doubler will yield a tremendous reward in the production of
reliable millimeter-wave power. The prototype unit constructed and
tested by Dr. Erickson produced over twice the output power than
the best previous doubler at a nearby frequency. A commercialized
version of such a doubler can be a tremendous help from both a
power and a reliability standpoint in many fields such as radar
cross-section modeling, materials measurement, or any other
millimeter or submillimeter-wave system requiring a frequency agile
transmitter.

Key Words

Milltech Corporation
South Deerfield Research Park, P.O. Box 109
South Deerfield, MA 01373-9990

Project Title:

GPS Enabled Spread Spectrum Altimeter (GESSA)

94-1	08.02	8798

GPS Enabled Spread Spectrum Altimeter (GESSA)

Abstract:

An innovative approach to satellite ocean altimetry is proposed
that combines modern advances in navigation and communications. By
combining the Global Positioning System (GPS), for real time orbit
determination, spread spectrum precision ranging and solid state
microwave phased array antenna methods. a system is formed called
the GPS Enabled Spread Spectrum Altimeter (GESSA). Using the
precision orbit information on-board the satellite, the spread
spectrum ranging system can be optimally controlled. The
electronically steered phased array antenna allows for variable
altimeter swath widths. In addition to providing 2 cm accuracy
altimetry. the spread spectrum ranging enables a single frequency
approach to ionospheric calibration that eliminates the need for a
second frequency radar on board the satellite which traditional
incurred significant cost penalties. The GESSA approach is well
suited to small spacecraft missions while matching or exceeding the
state-of-the-art in spaceborne ocean altimetry and at a
considerable savings.

On a world-wide basis, there are now many maturing satellite
companies that are specializing in very small satellite missions
which will be customized to specific client needs. GESSA will have
application for the maritime industry. by exploiting ocean
altimetry capability in open ocean topographic measurement from
which circulation anomalies of fronts and eddies can be located.
Such oceanic topographic information is very useful in the fishing
industry and to offshore platform operations. In addition, the
altimetry sensitivity to sea state and sea ice offers an important
space business opportunity for the real time measurement of sea
roughness and navigation hazards information development with a fee
based dissemination service to maritime users. The attractiveness
of such space business opportunities depends critically upon
demonstrated GESSA accuracy and affordability of the relevant space
instrument system. Once the GESSA system is actually demonstrated,
there will be a great demand for such instruments, and their
oceanographic data products will enjoy a global market demand.

Key Words

International Series Research, Inc.
4225 26th St., Suite A.
Boulder, CO 80304
(303) 447-8798

Project Title:

Novel Tunable Diode Laser Emitting Beyond 2.2um

  94-1	08.03	0314

  Novel Tunable Diode Laser Emitting Beyond 2.2um

Abstract:

This proposal addresses the fabrication of a novei ambient-
temperature tunable dioae laser which promises to extend the
wavelength to a presently inaccessible region of 2.6um and have a
4um wide tuning range. Currently. further extending the long
wavelength diode laser beyond 2.2um has met extreme difficulties.
Innovations which could reduce the quantum-well!s bandgap, thus
increase the emitting wavelength, are aeslred to advance the state-
of-the-art. The proposed innovation is based on the efficient
incorporation of piezoelectric thin film transducers into GaSb
based diode lasers for slmple stress induced wavelength shifting by
an electrical signal. This novel approach offers the advantages of
compatibility with conventional laser diode structures,
compactness, low voltage and power consumption, and potentially
low-cost. The development of this novel laser is highly beneficial
to various NASA's applications including laser radar exploiting
atmospheric transmission windows, atmospheric remote gas sensing,
eye-safe lidar sources, and molecular spectroscopy. Phase I
objectives include device analysis and initial growth of
piezoelectric films on GaSb substrate by a low temperature plasma-
enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. These are key steps in
the fabrication of the proposed device. In Phase 11, prototype
devices will be demonstrated.

This novel long wavelength tunable diode laser technology will have
a substantial market payoff. The direct applications including
environmental trace-gas detectors, optic communication employing
fluoride-based fibers, atmospheric remote gas sensing, molecular
spectroscopy, eye-safe lidar sources, and medical instruments.

Key Words

NZ Applied Technologies Corporation
12 Whitney Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139

Project Title:

Rayleigh Filter Techniques for Separation of Aerosol and Molecular Backscatter

94-1		08.03	0600 	B

Rayleigh Filter Techniques for Separation of             Aerosol
and Molecular Backscatter

Abstract:

We propose to develop new instrumentation for lidar measurements
that substantially improves the separation of aerosol and molecular
backscatter components. Our approach, the filtered Rayleigh
technique, uses strong atomic or molecular absorption features as
sharp cutoff filters and a tunable, solid-state laser having a
spectral bandwidth much narrower than the filter's absorption edge
as the lidar transmitter. Practical systems exploit Doppler
broadened molecular backscattered radiation and require broadly
tunable laser sources having bandwidths below 100 MHz, frequency
stability of about + 10 MHz, and millijoule pulse energies.
Operation at eyesafe wavelengths near 1.5 m is highly desireable,
as is efficiency and compactness. To achieve this we propose to
develop a narrowband, pumpbeam-tuned OPO laser source operating in
the 1.5 m spectral region. In Phase I we propose to demonstrate
feasibility of the basic filtered Rayleigh approach by selecting a
suitable absorption feature in the 1.5 m region, developing a KTA
OPO pumped by a diode injection seeded flashlamp-pumped alexandrite
ring laser, and using it to characterize filter performance. In
Phase ll a more robust system will be developed characterized and
field
tested using a diode-pumped pump laser source for the OPO.

This effort will develop technology that addresses a broad
spectrum of NASA needs and important related commercial
applications for lidar instrumentation, commercial air data
systems, airborne volcanic ash warning systems, and laser
sources for pollutant detection and monitoring and trace gas
analysis.

Key Words

Light Age, Inc.
Two Riverview Drive
Somerset, NJ 08873

Project Title:

Single Mode Semiconductor Laser Utilizing Field Interference Effects for 2-5 Micron

	  94-1	08.03	1533	C

	  Single Mode Semiconductor Laser Utilizing Field Interference
	  Effects for 2-5 Micron

Abstract:

We propose to develop single mode tunable semiconductor lasers
that are based on a novel field interference principle. This
technique utilizes electromagnetic field interference effects
within the laser cavity to cause a frequency dependent
intracavity loss mechanism. As a result, the spectral properties
of the emitted light can be controlled. The technique can be used
for any type of material system. In particular, we shall
concentrate on fabricating 2 - 5 um Sb compound semiconductor
lasers using MBE growth technique. It is the first use of the MBE
technique to grow InAsSbP as the active layer. The device
structure can be lattice matched to either GaSb or InAs. Theses
devices have a clear advantage over other structures of single
mode lasers, such as DFB and DBRs. They are simpler to fabricate,
cost effective, yet demonstrate a wide range of desired features,
such as spectral purity, tunability, and high output power.

The uniqueness of the proposed approach, and the superior
properties will make these type of lasers the prime candidates
for numerous applications, ranging from Lidar remote sensing, to
optical communication, high resolution laser spectroscopy, gas
detection for pollution monitoring and medical applications, as
well as nonlinear optics and optical memory.

Key words

Epitaxial Laboratory, Inc.
504 Summit Ave.
Fort Lee, NJ 07024

Project Title:

Lidar Receiver and High Speed Data Acquisition Electronics

94-1	08.03	1661

Lidar Receiver and High Speed Data Acquisition Electronics

Abstract:

This proposal is for the phase I design (and anticipated phase II
development) of receiver electronics, analog signal processing and
digital waveform quantization circuitry needed for the next
generation of active laser sensors. Our program will innovatively
combine novel circuit topology with advanced, recently de-
classified active elements to achieve a quantum leap in
functionality and performance. These new circuits will become
critical enabling elements for an entire new class of light-weight,
low-power lidar remote sensing instruments. Their performance is
central to the primary functions of signal detection, low-noise
amplification and high-speed digitization that are common to all
lidar systems.
Highlights of the circuit design activities planned for phase I
include the preparation of schematic diagrams and parts lists,
comprehensive circuit performance analyses, preparation of timing
diagrams, preliminary packaging surveys presenting board sizes and
mass estimates, and a generalized example lidar subsystem block
diagram illustrating the application of the new receiver elements
and their recommended integration with a laser transmitter, command
and control and data interfaces, power management and subsystem
timing and control circuits.

OCA is currently organizing a consortium of private industries, the
US Environmental Protection Agency, Cal EPA, NIST and other
interested parties in a concerted effort to commercialize lidars
for remote environmental monitoring of multi-stack industrial
emissions. Remote sensing is also entering the commercial sector
through our support to private companies like World View who are
producing commercial satellite systems for terrestrial observation
and recording. OCA anticipates that our lidar research and
development programs may eventually result in business
opportunities that exceed tens of millions of dollars in annual
sales. Both private industries and private "watchdog" agencies will
have interest in such remote sensing applications.

Key Words

OCA Applied Optics
7421 Orangewood Ave.,
Garden Grove, CA 92641

Project Title:

Multiple Wavelength Large Holographic Mirror

94-1	08.03	1774

Multiple Wavelength Large Holographic Mirror

Abstract:

Large size, multiple wavelength response, holographic mirrors
have definitive advantages for use as the primary scanning mirror
in a Lidar system. The difficulty in producing these holographic
mirrors can be alleviated by two novel techniques. With one
technique, multiplexed HOEs will be produced without the inherent
low efficiency characteristic of holograms multiply recorded in
the same film. This technique is based on the recording of a
single grating in individual films and on "transferring" these
layers successively to form a stack of holograms which are
physically fused to adjacent layers without the aid of coupling
fluids or adhesives. Additionally, this approach will facilitate
the individual tuning of each hologram independently and prior to
the assembly of the pseudomultiplexed holographic mirror.
Another innovation addresses the need of achieving spectral
hologram response in regions where laser light sources and
holographic film sensitivity is not yet available. The approach
uses vapor deposition for the diffusion of bulk material into the
polymer matrix of commercially available holographic
photopolymers to modify the polymeric chains. Post-image
processing has produced visible and NIR holograms and the
technique can be adapted as a pre-exposure process for producing
UV responsive holograms.

Both large spherical holographic mirrors and high efficiency
multiplexed holographic mirrors will enhance holographic
applications and holographic products.
A partial list of products includes lidar systems and laser based
optical systems, color responsive HOEs for Head-Up and helmet
mounted displays, color holographic displays, filters for
multiple laser frequency detector and eye protection and products
requiring high efficiency multiplexing and/or large size HOEs.

Key Words

Holographic Optics, Inc.
358 Saw Mill River Road
Millwood, NY 10546

Project Title:

A Diode-Pumped Tunable Micro Pulse Laser for Water Vapor Lidar

  94-1	 08.03 	1896

  A Diode-Pumped Tunable Micro Pulse Laser for Water Vapor Lidar

Abstract:

Measurement of atmospheric water vapor mixing ratio profiles in
the troposphere is an important goal of NASA and the 920 nm
differential absorption lidar (DIAL) is ideally suited for this
task. We propose to develop and fabricate a compact, diode-
pumped, tunable, micro-joule Cr:LiSAF laser source for an eye-
safe water vapor DIAL lidar. The LiSAF laser pumped by 670 nm
laser diodes will provide 50 J/pulse Q-switched pulses at 2 kHz
tunable over 780 to 1000 nm. To conform to DIAL lidar
requirements, the laser output frequency will be narrow band
<0.001 cm-l, stable to 0.0005 cm-l, and have a spectral purity
exceeding 99%. Several novel features are incorporated to
achieve these characteristics, such as, a three mirror ring
travelling wave cavity, and injection seeding with a stabilized
tunable diode laser. In addition, an innovative active control
of the ring cavity length that utilizes the seed laser for
length monitoring, will be implemented for single longitudinal
mode (SLM) operation. In Phase I a laboratory Q-switched ring
laser will be fabricated, and active control of cavity will be
demonstrated. In Phase II, the injection seeded SLM tunable
LiSAF laser will be fabricated and tested.

Some of the many anticipated commercial applications are:
portable eye safe micro pulse lidars and DIAL systems for
meteorological and environmental applications, high resolution
spectroscopy, medical applications, hydrocarbon detection and
petroleum exploration. The proposed laser will serve as the
basis for other systems that will be built after modifications
and improvements and include: modelocked ultra short pulse
lasers, high stability tunable seed lasers, extended tuning
range by frequency conversion.

Tunable Solid-state Laser, Diode Pumped laser, Cr:LiSAF, Tunable
near-IR, Micro Pulse Laser

Science and Engineering Services, Inc
4040 Blackburn Lane, Suite 105
Burtonsville, MD 20886

Project Title:

All-solid-state laser transmitter for an airborne ozone lidar

94-1	08.03	2299	B

All-solid-state laser transmitter for an airborne ozone lidar

Abstract:

Our proposed source is an innovative, all solid-state laser system
that, via a creative combination of enabling component
technologies, provides a new laser source useful for ozone
differential absorption lidar (DIAL) systems. The proposed laser
design is expected to produce > 100 mJ pulses in the 285- to 315-nm
region that is typically used for ozone DIAL studies. The
combination of component/subsystem technologies that have been
incorporated in the design will provide on-line/off-line pulse
pairs with a temporal separation of < 0.5 ms. In addition, the
output pulses will be near-diffraction-limited in spatial quality
and near-transform-limited in spectral linewidth. This is
accomplished in a compact, rugged package by employing unique
designs for the flashlamp driver, the injection seeding sources,
the second and third harmonic generation modules and the overall
opto-mechanical packaging.
We have demonstrated each of the enabling technologies individually
with the exception of the passive harmonic generation schemes. On
the Phase I project we would attempt to demonstrate the feasibility
of this concept. On the Phase II effort, if pursued, we would
construct and test a complete transmitter with all of the critical
subsystems in an integrated package.

The proposed laser system would have direct commercial application
for pollution monitoring. A number of criteria pollutants (e.g.
SO2, NO2) could he monitored in the visible and ultraviolet with
appropriate selection of operating wavelength.

Key Words

Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
45 Winthrop St
Concord, MA 01742
(508) 371-2299

Project Title:

High transmission, narrow bandwidth filters for LIDAR Receivers

94-1	08.03	5540	A

High transmission, narrow bandwidth filters for LIDAR Receivers

Abstract:

This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project will
investigate LIDAR applications of volume holographic gratings,
both as bandpass and band-reject filters. Other applications
include remote sensing, astronomy, instrumentation, and
environmental monitoring. Accuwave will develop methods to
increase diffraction efficiencies of volume holographic gratings
in LiNbO3, particularly for blocking (i.e. band-reject) filter
applications. Potential architectures for filter implementations
will also be considered during this program.

Volume holographic grating filters have potential applications in
commercial remote sensing systems such as environmental and
pollution monitoring, spectroscopy, solar and stellar astronomy
research, and telecommunications systems. LIDAR systems,
spectroscopy, and free-space laser communications are some
additional applications which have a need for narrow bandwidth
filters to increase receiver SNR.

Key Words

Accuwave Corporation
1651 19th St.
Santa Monica, CA 90404

Project Title:

Solid State Ultraviolet Tunable Laser

94-1	08.03	5862 	B

Solid State Ultraviolet Tunable Laser

Abstract:

Continuous tunability in the ultraviolet (UV) range has typically
been obtained with dye lasers. The size, complexity, and toxicity
of dye lasers has made them undesirable for many applications.
Cerium-doped colquiriite solid state lasers have recently been
shown to operate in the near UV spectral region. A solid state
laser directly tunable in the UV region of the spectrum would be
a very useful tool. Cygnus Laser proposes to develop tunable,
ultraviolet solid state lasers using Ce:LiSAF and Ce:LiCAF, with
scalable output energies. Remote sensing applications such as ozone
detection would benefit from this laser source. The Ce:LiSAF laser is
tunable from 280 nm to about 320 nm. This covers most of the useful range
for remote sensing of ozone.
The models run by Cygnus Laser before this proposal was written show a clear
path to making a feasible device which is scalable and very efficient in
converting optical energy into tunable UV laser light.
Cygnus Laser is teaming with Lightning Optical Corporation, the only
commercial supplier of Ce:LiSAF and Ce:LiCAF laser materials. This teaminq
relationship is intended to expedite the commercial utilization of new
laser materials by developing products sooner and more efficiently.

As we see the market for a tunable solid state UV laser there are three
main segments. The scientific research laser market is the easiest to enter
but offers the lowest volume sales. The industrial materials processing
market has a need for more agile sources in the UV to deliver energy to
wavelength specific processes. Finally, the remote sensing
market, which is primarily government customers needing various system
configurations. Cygnus intends to enter all three by various channels either
by itself or with partners.

Key Words

Cygnus Laser Corporation
PO Box 1730
Duvall, WA 98019

Project Title:

Self-Q-switched, Independently-addressable, Miniature Laser Arrays

94-1	08.03	6000	B

Self-Q-switched, Independently-addressable, Miniature Laser Arrays

Abstract:

Spire proposes an innovative research program which will result in
compact, rugged, independently addressable, infrared laser arrays
needed for various NASA applications. By combining the well-
developed technology of high-power diode laser arrays with the
recent discovery of self-Q-switching via saturable absorption in
co-doped solid-state laser crystals, multi-element laser arrays
emitting at 1.06 m with <5 nsec pulse widths and >100 J output
energies will ultimately result. In Phase I, proof-of-concept will
be demonstrated by the design, construction, and characterization
of a low energy (~10 uJ per element) prototype consisting of an
individually addressable, three-element GaAs diode laser array end-
pumping a Cr,Nd:YAG solid-state crystal. Phase II will address the
issues of element scaling, increased energy, and alternative
wavelengths. At the conclusion of the program, the technology to
produce high peak power, single spatial mode, individually
addressable, linear arrays of at least ten pulsed laser transmitter
elements optimized for space-based and airborne lidar remote
sensing systems will be available.

The proposed development will make possible high peak power,
compact, robust, stable, and efficient single-spatial-mode,
individually-addressable, linear arrays emitting in the near
infrared range (  ~1  m). Such devices would find application in
numerous NASA, military, and commercial settings including lidar
remote sensing, environmental pollution monitoring, wind shear
sensing, manufacturing process control, communications, military
countermeasures, laser spectroscopy, trace-gas detection,
wavelength calibration, non-linear optical processes (such as
frequency doubling), materials processing, and injection seeding
for high-power laser amplifiers.

Key Words

Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396

Project Title:

Eye-safe Measurement of the Wind Field/Shear in the Lower Atmosphere Using the Edge Detection Technique

94-1	08.03	7671	B

Eye-safe Measurement of the Wind Field/Shear in the Lower
Atmosphere Using the Edge Detection Technique

Abstract:

This proposal addresses an investigation of the feasibility to
measure the wind field and wind shear in the lower atmosphere
using an eye-safe laser transmitter and the edge detection
technique.
The primary objectives of the proposal are 1) to select an
appropriate molecular absorption line as the edge filter and
demonstrate its feasibility to meet NASA's requirements and 2) to
demonstrate, through the proof-of-principle in the laboratory
breadboard, the feasibility to generate a narrow linewidth eye-
safe laser transmitter with wavelength near 1.54 ,um, and with
output energy of 10 mJ at 30 Hz repetition rate. The eye-safe
laser source will be realized using the mature technologies of
diode-pumped solid-state lasers with injection seeding, and
optical parametric oscillators with KTP nonlinear crystals.
Fibertek will analyze and design the eye-safe laser transmitter
to be developed in the Phase II program with output energy of 30
mJ at 30 Hz repetition rate, or with higher energy and
repetition. Preliminary design of the lidar system, which will
supply the system specifications for the complete system to be
developed in the Phase II program, will be conducted as well.
The expected applications and benefits for NASA will include eye-
safe lidar measurements of wind field, wind shear, aerosols,
clouds, ice sheets and land surfaces, water vapor, ozone, etc.

Potential commercial applications for the proposed Phase I & II
program include eyesafe lidar for aircraft's landing and takeoff,
eye-safe laser range finders, target designators, terrain
profilers; remote sensing of gas leaks, monitoring of pollution.

Key Words

Fibertek, Inc.

Project Title:

Mid-IR Laser Using Intractivity ZGP OPO

  94-1	08.03	8233	A

  Mid-IR Laser Using Intractivity ZGP OPO

Abstract:

The proposed innovation would use an Alexandrite pumped Tm:Ho:YAG
laser to pump a ZnGeP2crystal for use as an optical parametric
oscillator. The unique nature of this system is that the ZnGeP2
crystal will be placed within the pump laser resonator to more
efficiently access the peak power of the pump. This device
addresses the subtopic requirement by providing a compact,
efficient, tunable source of laser radiation in the 3.2 um to 4.7
um range. The objectives of this project are to demonstrate
operation of this novel device and to measure the parameters such
as threshold, scattering loss, and efficiency which are vital to
both scaling and further refinement of the source. The effort would
provide for both theoretical analysis and experimentation geared to
meeting the objectives. The anticipated result is a well
characterized breadboard laser opo system which exhibits limited
tuning in the 4.2 um region. This laser will be an ideal source for
NASA remote sensing measurements because the tuning range overlaps
a number of very interesting and important atmospheric gasses.

1) Remote sensing of CO released from combustive precesses.
2) Tracking of CO as affected by environmental conditions.
3) Remote sensing of methane and LNG for transportation
applications.
4) Remote detection of industrial gasses including HCL.
5) Remote detection of industrial gasses released during
industrial accidents.

Key Words

Spica Technologies Inc.
28 Charron Ave. #14
Nashua, N.H. 03063

Project Title:

Highly Efficient High Energy Laser for Space-Based Lidars

94-1	08.03	8736

Highly Efficient High Energy Laser for Space-Based Lidars

Abstract:

High pulse energy, highly efficient diode-pumped 2 micron lasers
are of great interest for space-based coherent laser radar systems.
Lidar modeling suggests that 0.5-1 J pulse energies at pulse
repetition frequencies of about 10 Hz will be sufficient to meet
many lidar mission requirements. CTI has recently conceptualized
novel approaches to the development of efficient 2 micron lasers,
and propose to extend current medium energy development work to the
high pulse energy regime. Our numerical
models indicate that a 0.5 J/pulse laser operating with an
electrical-to-optical efficiency of 5-10% in a simple oscillator
configuration, is feasible to build with off-the-shelf
components available today. This is a significant advance over
realistic estimates of conventional oscillator/ amplifier
configurations. Key features of the novel designs are described
in the proposal. During Phase I we propose to make detailed
model calculations of laser performance, and provide a
conceptual design of a demonstrator system. Support of the
proposed work will complement NASA's ongoing efforts to develop
efficient high-energy sources for space-based lidar systems.

Efficient high power lasers will find uses as transmitters in
lidar systems and as free-standing units. Lidar applications
(long-range/high altitude wind mapping from the ground, in-situ
high altitude turbulence measurements, hard-target
ranging/tracking, etc.) exist for reduced eye hazard, high
energy, high efficiency laser sources. The proposed lasers will
also be well-suited for medical applications, such as corneal
sculpting, as well as industrial applications.

KEY WORDS

Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P. O. Box 7488
Boulder, CO  80306

Project Title:

Single Mode Tunable diode Lasers From 1.9 to 5.0m.

  94-1 		08.03 		8988



  Single Mode Tunable diode Lasers From 1.9 to 5.0m.

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility

of room temperature, extended cavity narrowband tunable

semiconductor diode laser sources with output wavelengths from

1900nm to 5000nm. We plan to adapt the Littman-Metcalf cavity

design to provide the the same tunability, narrow linewidth and

reliability with GaInAsSb-AlGaAsSb double heterostructure diodes

as with commercially-available high-reliability AlGaAs gain

media. We also wish to prove that anti-reflection facet

treatments for these diode chips suppress the reflections

sufficiently to allow continuous tunability over 100 nm or more

and have operating lifetimes of >3000 hours, compatible with

space and commercial applications. These lasers will be

particularly useful in trace gas detection and environmental

monitoring as the wavelengths will overlap relatively strong

vibrational absorption bands. The initial goal is to demonstrate

the feasibility of GaInAsSbAlGaAsSb extended cavity lasers in

the 2000-2300-nm band where index guided gain media are becoming

available. This will establish a path towards longer wavelength.


The development of single mode tunable laser sources with

wavelengths in the 1900-5000 nm range will find commercial

application in the areas of trace gas detection, spectroscopy

and chemical analysis. These laser sources would complement the

already existing line of tunable semiconductor lasers from New

Focus. Convenient narrow-band sources with high spectral

brightness and continuous tunability in the mid-IR will replace

the costly and cumbersome "solutions" that presently exist such

as lead-salt diodes.


Key Words


Focused Research, Inc.

1275 Reamwood Avenue

Sunnyvale, CA 94089

Project Title:

DIODE PUMPED Cr:LiSAF LASERS FOR OZONE AND WATER VAPOR SENSING LIDARS

	  94-1	08.03	9558	A

	  DIODE PUMPED Cr:LiSAF LASERS FOR OZONE AND WATER VAPOR SENSING
	  LIDARS

Abstract:

There is long term NASA need for rugged, tunable lasers for
measurement of atmospheric constituents to increase understanding
of ozone depletion, global warming, and other climate related
topics. For projected missions for aircraft or space based
measurements, more compact and efficient lidar transmitters need
to be developed in the near-IR and W. Novel diode pumped solid
state laser technology is projected to play an increasing role
in such measurements. Diode pumped tunable lasers would be ideal
for species measurements using DIAL. The proposed effort will
develop high energy, modest pulse rate, diode pumped, compact
Cr:LiSAF lasers suitable for measurements of H20 vapor in the
near IR and of 03 in the UV by Differential Absorption Lidar. The
laser developed at the end of Phase II will have a combination
of diode pumping (Q-cw), high output energy, and narrow band
power that has not been achieved simultaneously in this medium.
To test the power scaleable innovative geometry, experiments in
Phase I quantify achievable gain, losses in the material, and
extraction in a multipass, multi-bounce slab geometry. Design in
Phase I will focus on "design to cost", to provide optimum use
of diode arrays, and to consider lamp pumped amplifier module to
boost the energy for UV ozone measurement applications. The Phase
II laser will be delivered to NASA for incorporation into
existing NASA lidar systems and platforms. Being compact and
efficient, further hardening can extend the laser' s utility to
future missions, such as with remotely piloted aircraft.

The technology can be used for high peak power, ultra-fast pulse
amplification for table top TW research use, in medical
applications in place of dye lasers as well as tattoo removal
where multiple colors are needed to decompose ink embedded in the
flesh. Industrial monitoring of plant emissions of N02, S02, and
volatile organic compounds, as well as industrial use in
materials processing and semiconductor fabrication are possible.
Remote sensing for other governmental groups is important also,
such as chemical agent detection, solvent releases from nuclear
weapons facilities or illicit drug manufacture.

Key words

Aculight Corporation
40 Lake Bellevue, Suite 100
Bellevue, WA, 98005

Project Title:

Tunable H2O Sensing Micro-Lidar Transmitter Source

94-1		08.03	9558	B		AMOUNT REQUESTED $

Tunable H2O Sensing Micro-Lidar Transmitter Source

Abstract:

There is an ongoing NASA need for development of laser based
active sensor systems for remote measurements of atmospheric
constituents and properties. To date, most of these atmospheric
research measurements have used large pulse energy, low pulse
rate lasers. Recently, Spinhirne has developed a micro-lidar
concept, having a compact design featuring diode pumped lasers
operating at very high pulse rates. The micro-lidar concept
promises to reduce transmitter cost and system size such that
many applications become affordable to a wide range of users. The
proposed effort extends the micro-lidar technology to compact
tunable transmitters suitable for measurements of H2O vapor by
Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL).
The tunable diode pumped micro-lidar laser will use the new
material CrLiSAF. Research efforts will focus on scaling this new
material up in pulse rate while maintaining good efficiency and
mechanical integrity. The proposed effort extends advances in
micro-laser technology developed at NASA Goddard to a new
material, new power range, and a high level of integration.
Narrow band operation and control will be a major research
advance of the effort. The effort will develop and deliver the
low energy, high pulse rate transmitter laser for incorporation
in a H2O sensing lidar. It is anticipated that the micro-lidar
technology will be used for field measurements of H2O vapor,
initially from stationary or small mobile platforms. Eventual
growth of the technology for use in remote unattended sites or
space constrained platforms is possible.

The same high PRF, tunable, narrow band micro-lidar technology
base as proposed here can serve as the basis for a compact Lidar
system operating in the UV for use in NO2, SO2, and volatile
organic monitoring applications with DIAL or UV fluorescence
methods. The diode pumped Cr:LiSAF technology would also find use
in applications outside sensing, including a broad band amplifier
for ultra-fast pulses used in research, as a replacement for low
power blue lasers with simple frequency multiplication in the
printing and display area, and for medical applications such as
tattoo removal where multiple colors are needed for the tattoo
ink fragmentation.

KEY WORDS

Aculight Corporation
40 Lake Bellevue, Suite 100
Bellevue, WA, 98005

Project Title:

Low Frequency (50-500 MHz) Radar Sensor System for Measurement of Terrestrial Vegetative Biomass

94-1	08.04

Low Frequency (50-500 MHz) Radar Sensor System for Measurement of
Terrestrial Vegetative Biomass

Abstract:

American Electronics, Inc. proposes a 50-500 MHz Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) using an array of light weight broad band
radiators. The innovation is the simultaneous use of SAR and
beamforming technologies in a broadband array at 50-500 MHz in a
down-looking rather than a side-looking geometry. The proposed
system has the potential to be significantly simpler, easier to
maintain, less expensive, and more capable for biomass estimation
than existing SAR systems used for this purpose. This innovation
is necessary for a more accurate low frequency measurement of
terrestrial biomass. SAR systems, currently available for this
purpose, reach signal saturation at biomass densities of about
100 tons/hectare (ha). Approximately 82% of the Earth's
terrestrial phytomass resides in forests with biomass levels
above 100 tons/ha. A 50-500 MHz SAR system is necessary to
investigate the 82% of the Earth's biomass which is beyond the
capabilities of current SAR systems.

The proposed system has the potential to demonstrate direct and
indirect commercial applications in the following areas:
* Measure of forest biomass for domestic/international inventory
of lumber
* Measure of crops for inventory and projections of domestic
economic values
* Measure of crops for famine prediction and avoidance
* Measure of biomass of agricultural products to assess:
* New types of planting, cultivation, plowing, etc.
* New types of hybrid cultivations
* Measure of biomass damage as a result of fire, flood or other
disaster
* Measure of biomass for commercial farm or timber management

Key Words

American Electronics, Inc.
9332 Annapolis Road
Lanham, MD 20706

Project Title:

A Small Simultaneous Soft X-ray Spectrometer

94-1	08.05	0930	B

A Small Simultaneous Soft X-ray Spectrometer

Abstract:

We propose to develop a small X-ray spectrometer that will measure
simultaneously a range of the periodic table in the soft X-ray
region. We hope this range will extend from Boron through Sulphur.
The spectrometer will be wavelength dispersive so will have high
resolution, but will not have any moving parts. Also the proposed
spectrometer will not require cooling, and will not consume much
power. The spectrometer will use a Von Hamoss design, with the
reflecting element containing several strips of X-ray reflecting
multilayers, each optimized for one wavelength at a given Bragg
angle. During data collection all of the multilayers will be
exposed to the radiation simultaneously. The detector is to be a
linear photo-diode array that will be coated with an X-ray storage
phosphor and a laser light filter. The storage phosphor will
collect X-rays over time, and a laser will then read out the
phosphor. When the phosphor is read, the diode array will be
activated, thus eliminating the noise that is very temperature
dependent and is accumulated with solid state detectors over long
integration times. This will also make the detector much less
sensitive to the visible and infrared spectrum.

This spectrometer could be adapted for use in many areas, due to
its low power consumption and ability to operate well without
cooling. It could be used for in-line process control and in field
instruments for industrial and environmental applications. We
conservatively estimate the potential sales per year in these two
markets to be approximately 10 million dollars after several (7)
years. With modification to accept three or four different crystals
or multilayer sets, it could cover the entire periodic table,
enabling an entrance to a larger market.

Key Words

MOXTEK
452 W. 1260 N.
Orem, UT 84057

Project Title:

"A Compact Airborne Hygrometer for Commercial/Research Aircraft"

  94-1	08.05	1322

  "A Compact Airborne Hygrometer for Commercial/Research
  Aircraft"

Abstract:

Southwest Sciences proposes the development of a compact
laser-based hygrometer for commercial and research aircraft
applications. The instrument dynamic range will encompass
dew/frost points of +40@ C down to -90@ C and will be suitable
for in situ measurements throughout the troposphere. Response
times will be better than one second. The planned instrument
detects absolute water vapor concentrations using optical
spectroscopy with a near-infrared diode laser operating at
1393 nm. Optical absorbance measurements are made using a
novel electronic noise canceler capable of minimum detectable
absorbances below 1 x 10-5. Fiber optics will eliminate all
outside sources of water vapor and will permit a compact,
rugged system. The Phase I experiments are expected to
demonstrate the feasibility of this system for detecting water
vapor accurately and rapidly over a nearly million-fold range
of concentrations. The Phase II program will culminate in the
delivery of a fully-automated commercial prototype hygrometer
for airborne applications.

Compact, rugged airborne humidity sensors have commercial
potential for aircraft ascent hazard indicators and local
weather forecasting. These trace gas detection methods also
can be adapted to a wide variety of other gases. Applications
include continuous monitoring of chemical processes, open path
monitoring of toxics, and on-line purity determination of
process gases.

Key Words

Southwest Sciences, Inc.
1570 Pacheco St., STE E-11
Santa Fe, NM 87505

Project Title:

High Sensitivity Water Vapor Measurements from Phase Determination

94-1	08.05	2820

High Sensitivity Water Vapor Measurements from Phase Determination

Abstract:

This proposal is submitted in response to NASA SBIR Subtopic 8.05
which solicits proposals for micro-instrumentation to measure water
vapor from airborne platforms. An innovative technique for
determining water vapor concentrations that is over 100 times more
sensitive than conventional diode laser absorption spectroscopy for
the same laser power, path length, and absorption line strength is
presented. This technique is will result in a low cost and very
compact instrument able to
measure routinely in situ water vapor concentrations from well
below frost point temperatures of -90@C (2.5 x 1012
molecules/cm3) to well above +15@C (4 x 1017 molecules/cm3). The
technique can be easily applied to other trace gas constituents
and can be constructed entirely from mass produced low cost
components making it especially viable for commercial
production. The proposed instrument utilizes an inexpensive,
room temperature tunable laser diode as a stable, single-
frequency, high-output light source. The instrument is designed
to be lightweight, extremely compact, rugged, and to have low
power requirements. The proposed measurement technique is
insensitive to hostile environments and can be
operated during the day or at night.

The simplicity, size, low cost, and sensitivity of the
instrument make it ideal for unattended measurements either
for space or ground-based applications. The technique could
easily be expanded to include other trace gases or pollutants.
Commercial applications would include: radiosonde
measurements, atmospheric monitoring by commercial aircraft,
vacuum chamber residual gas monitors, air quality monitors
sensitive to selected trace constituents, chemical process
monitors, stack gas monitors, baseline monitoring for
utilities, and chemical instrumentation for treaty
verification.

KEY WORDS

Visidyne, Inc.
10 Corporate Place
South Bedford Street
Burlington, MA  01803

Project Title:

A Piezoelectric Driven Peristaltic Pump

94-1 		8.05		3800

A Piezoelectric Driven Peristaltic Pump

Abstract:

Some portable instruments require miniature vacuum pumps. This
program will develop a micro vacuum pump based on a peristaltic
pumping action. This micro vacuum pump will utilize a
piezoelectric drive which has no sliding parts and is essentially
wear free. The peristaltic action of this pump allows a design
with negligible dead volume, a key to generating high compression
ratios in a compact pump. The proposed micro vacuum pump will be
capable of compression ratios exceeding one million to one in a
single unit. The entire unit will fit within a volume of less
than 30 cm3 and will require less than 1 Watt to operate. We will
prove the feasibility of this concept by 1) developing
manufacturing methods for the pumping element, 2) measuring the
performance (load, stroke, and power) of the piezoelectric drive
system, and 3) fabricating a model of the pumping section and
measuring the pumping rate. In Phase II, we will fabricate a
prototype of the micro vacuum pump, including compact and high
efficiency drive electronics, optimize the design, and develop
techniques to fabricate the pump in quantity.

This program will develop a micro pumping system which can be
used for either vacuum or low pressure pumping applications. This
pumping system will be exceptionally compact (only a few cm3) and
capable of operating efficiently at very low flows. Such a device
will find uses in portable gas analysis instruments, implantable
drug delivery systems, and electronics cooling systems. Its high
inherent reliability, low noise and non-contaminating operation
are unique among pumps at this size level and will allow the use
of pumped systems in mission-critical long-duration applications.


Key Words

Creare Incorporated
Etna Road, P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755

Project Title:

Compact Laser Absorption Water Sensor

94-1		08.05	4770			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

Compact Laser Absorption Water Sensor

Abstract:

Accurate mapping of worldwide atmospheric water vapor profiles is
required by NASA for climatology research. Spectral Sciences Inc.
(SSI) proposes a novel Compact Laser Absorption Water Sensor
(CLAWS) for use on commercial or research aircraft, including RPV's
and balloons, throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere.
The frost/dew point measurement range will be 180@ K to 315@ K, the
absolute accuracy will be better than 2@ K, the instrument will be
capable of operating in harsh and polluted operating conditions,
and it will be small and lightweight. Currently, no single sensor
can meet all of these requirements. The instrument package is
affixed to the exterior of the aircraft where it is exposed to the
direct air stream. An innovative optical train design and
measurement approach minimize background interference and provide
a very wide dynamic range, while the flow-through sampling geometry
provides fast (0.1 sec) response. In the Phase I proof-of-principle
demonstration, a laboratory breadboard instrument will be built and
tested, and a preliminary design will be developed for a Phase II
brassboard. In Phase 11 a fieldable sensor would be built that
would be commercialized in Phase III.

The CLAWS instrument will have many performance advantages over
current airborne hygrometers and therefore could become the
instrument of choice for NASA, DOD, and other government
agencies. In addition, with the appropriate choice of laser, many
other molecular species, such as NO, NQ, CO, HCl, NH3, CO2 and
@2~ could be measured. The CLAWS design will provide increased
dynamic range and multiple-species capabilities, which will
expand markets for diode laser environmental monitors to a wider
range of applications.

KEY WORDS

Spectral Sciences, Inc.
99 South Bedford Street, #7
Burlington, MA 01803-5169

Project Title:

A miniature, self-regulating heat switch based on paraffin technology

	  94-1	08.05	6707

	  A miniature, self-regulating heat switch based on paraffin
	  technology

Abstract:

A self-regulating miniature heat switch based on the phase change
properties of paraffin is proposed. This innovation will provide
passive, autonomous temperature regulation to spaceflight micro-
instruments and electronics packages. The objectives of this
project are to determine the specification and design of a
paraffin heat switch, fabricate a "proof-of-principle" unit,
perform validation testing, and evaluate the test results. It is
anticipated that validation tests will confirm the paraffin heat
switch as a viable means of providing autonomous. stable
temperature regulation through proportional conductivity. It is
also anticipated that the "proof-of-principle" design will
inherently lend its self to miniaturization and optimization
during a phase 11 effort to develop a commercially producible,
flight qualified product offering stability and self-regulation
in a small, light package. This level of miniaturization opens
the door to a new field of instrument mounts and thermal strap
terminations which incorporate this technology without
significant size increase. These devices will be utilized on the
new generation of micro-instruments which require thermal
stability to achieve enhanced capability, accuracy, and fidelity.
These instruments will be deployed on NASA small-sats and micro-
sats which which rely on the simple operation and light-weighting
of their payloads to perform missions "faster, better, and
cheaper".

The market niche for smart materials thermal switches has emerged
through the evolution of spacecraft instrument and electronics
design in conjunction with a significant shift in spacecraft
design. This niche is projected to expand rapidly as the trend
towards small satellites and micro satellites with sophisticated
and sensitive payloads continues. This shift is being seen not
only in NASA, but in military and commercial space as well.
Terrestrial applications for this device would include thermal
control of small instruments or electronics packages where
thermal stability allows for optimum performance. This may prove
particularly valuable for use in harsh environments not conducive
to more traditional thermostatic approaches such as vacuum
chambers.

Key words

Starsys Research Corporation
5757 Central Avenue, Suite E
Boulder, CO  80301

Project Title:

Miniaturized Ion Detector to Measure Space Plasmas

94-1	08.05	7673

Miniaturized Ion Detector to Measure Space Plasmas

Abstract:

A simple flashlight-battery-sized sensor is proposed capable of
measuring the ion composition, plasma temperature and bulk
velocity of space plasmas. When used together with an added
ionizing section, it will be used for detection of magnetospheric
and heliospheric energetic neutral atoms (ENA). The miniaturized
sensor would be suitable for use on missions with severe
weight/power constraints, such as the Pluto Fast Flyby and the
Interstellar Probe Mission. The sensor consists of a single
microchannel plate (MCP) ion detector and thin foil, utilizing a
single channel time-of-flight (TOF) technique with miniaturized
electronics. It will have substantially reduced size, weight, and
power consumption, with increased reliability, compared with much
larger and more complex standard two-channel time-of-flight
schemes. The proposed scheme will allow the precise measurement
of the number density of protons, deuterium, helium, carbon, and
oxygen ions as well as ions of heavier elements, at large
distances from the sun. The innovations resulting from this
program will lead to a substantial reduction in mass and power
consumption of future small plasma instruments.

environmental monitoring; noxious gas sensing; plasma
diagnostics; mass spectrometry.

Key Words

NOVA Scientific, Inc.
54 Main Street, 7 Cedar Court
Sturbridge, MA 01566

Project Title:

Magnetically Coupled Electronics Isolator Using Giant Magnetoresistance Ratio Materials

94-1	08.05	9217

Magnetically Coupled Electronics Isolator Using Giant
Magnetoresistance Ratio Materials

Abstract:

Many electronic systems require communication between devices which
must be electrically isolated from each other. Isolators can be
transformers, capacitors, or optical devices, but add to the cost,
complexity, and bulk of the system. An unique isolator can be
constructed directly on integrated circuits that are to be isolated
(e.g. A-D converters, microprocessors). It uses magnetic coupling
to transfer the signal from a current-carrying wire to a Giant
Magnetoresistance Ratio (GMR) resistor. The magnetoresistive effect
is sensed by a small amplifier, and the signal is restored to its
original value. The scheme is high speed, takes very little silicon
area, and provides isolation up to several thousand volts. The key
to the approach is the high sensitivity of the GMR material, which
changes resistance by up to 50% in the presence of the magnetic
field induced around a wire by a current. Frequency response of the
material is greater than 100 MHz, so high speed circuits are
possible. Power consumption is minimized because designs can be
developed where currents as small as 1 mA can be detected. Phase I
will optimize isolator design with a hybrid prototype, and Phase II
will result in a single isolator IC.

Benefits include replacing several discrete devices or one multi-
chip module with either one chip or a section of an existing chip,
increasing reliability and reducing parts count and cost. Military
and commercial applications include power controllers, motor
controllers, communications links, switching regulators, and
medical instrumentation.

Key Words

Nonvolatile Electronics, Inc.
11409 Valley View Road
Eden Prairie, MN 55344

Project Title:

Compact Tunable Mid-IR Sources Using Novel Nonlinear Materials

94-1	08.05	9411



Compact Tunable Mid-IR Sources Using Novel Nonlinear Materials

Abstract:

SDL, Inc. proposes to develop novel nonlinear materials for

difference frequency mixing (DFM) of laser diodes to generate

coherent radiation throughout the 2-5 um range. These new materials

will result in the demonstration of a laser diode pumped mid-IR

source with greater reliability and broader tunability than DFM

systems using conventional birefringently phasematched crystals.

The source will be compact, operate at room temperature and be

suitable for many measurement applications, including highly

sensitive FM spectroscopy.


The tunable mid-IR source will address the needs of major

commercial gas sensing markets for environmental monitoring and

manufacturing process control.


Key Words


SDL, Inc.

80 Rose Orchard Way

San Jose, CA 95134-1356

Project Title:

Tungsten and Tungsten/Rhenium Alloys for X-Ray Collimating Grids

94-1	08.06	0236

Tungsten and Tungsten/Rhenium Alloys for X-Ray Collimating Grids

Abstract:

Space exploration and observation require the quantification of
radiation of different wavelengths. The observation of celestial
bodies emitting in the X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths puts
stringent requirements on both the design and materials of
construction of the imaging instruments. One of the critical
components that defines the accuracy of an imaging system is its
capability to collimate the incoming radiation. Due to the high
energy of the radiation to be collimated, high-Z materials, such as
tungsten and rhenium, must be used for the collimator grid
structure. To date, methods of fabrication to meet slit widths
between 10 and 100 um with tolerances on the order of 2.5 um have
not been very successful. In this Phase I program, Ultramet
proposes to use chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques to
deposit tungsten and tungsten/rhenium (W/Re) alloys on a silicon
substrate, or some other suitable material, that has been
micromachined or replicated to a "negative replica" of the
collimator grid. The only requirement for the substrate material is
that it must be compatible with the CVD processes for both tungsten
and rhenium. Subsequent selective etching of the silicon substrate
will result in free-standing tungsten or W/Re alloy collimator grid
structures. It is expected that the proposed techniques will be
able to meet the required dimensional tolerances. Ultramet will
team with NASA/JPL for the research and selection of the substrate
materials, micromachining techniques, and substrate removal
processes.

The ability to fabricate collimating grid structures with superior
dimensional tolerances would find extensive uses in X-ray and
gamma-ray applications involving collimating systems, including
analytical, medical, and space devices.

Key Words

Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA  91331

Project Title:

Active Segmented Mirror Technology Development A two phase program is proposed which leads to the design, development, and fabrication of several dozen precision active mirror segments. The program addresses the stated need for basic building blocks to construct very large adaptive mirrors capable of optical wavefront correction at a spatial scale of 3 cm. Phase I will produce two candidate designs, one of which will be realized as a functional mockup. All organizations conducting active research in the key technology areas of edge sensors, actuators, and relevant batch fabrication methods will be contacted. The most promising development efforts will be synthesized into one or both of the candidate designs. Areas requiring further technology push will be noted. The final results of Phase I will be presented to the NASA project office for review and downselect. In Phase II the winning design will be revised to reflect input from the NASA review and a Preliminary Design Review held. The remainder of the program is structured to reduce the concept to practice in the form of a small cluster of prototype active mirror segments. Calibration and initial testing will be conducted before the hardware is transferred to NASA for full characterization and performance assessment. The new generation of segmented mirror technology would find considerable applications potential in the fields of astronomy and laboratory research in adaptive optics and related subjects. The technology is clearly intended for construction of very large astronomical telescopes of unprecedented resolution. But broader markets may exist in the small to medium scale science programs. Given low cost building blocks, researchers at many of the smaller educational institutions around the world would be able to construct adaptive optics experiments at a scale precisely tailored to the amount of funding available to them. The potential for spin-off benefits is very high, particularly with regards to batch figuring of silicon mirror elements.

  94-1	08.06	1373

  Active Segmented Mirror Technology Development
     A two phase program is proposed which leads to the design,
  development, and fabrication of several dozen precision active
  mirror segments. The program addresses the stated need for basic
  building blocks to construct very large adaptive mirrors capable
  of optical wavefront correction at a spatial scale of 3 cm.
  Phase I will produce two candidate designs, one of which will be
  realized as a functional mockup. All organizations conducting
  active research in the key technology areas of edge sensors,
  actuators, and relevant batch fabrication methods will be
  contacted. The most promising development efforts will be
  synthesized into one or both of the candidate designs. Areas
  requiring further technology push will be noted. The final
  results of Phase I will be presented to the NASA project office
  for review and downselect. In Phase II the winning design will
  be revised to reflect input from the NASA review and a
  Preliminary Design Review held. The remainder of the program is
  structured to reduce the concept to practice in the form of a
  small cluster of prototype active mirror segments. Calibration
  and initial testing will be conducted before the hardware is
  transferred to NASA for full characterization and performance
  assessment.
     The new generation of segmented mirror technology would find
  considerable applications potential in the fields of astronomy
  and laboratory research in adaptive optics and related subjects.
  The technology is clearly intended for construction of very
  large astronomical telescopes of unprecedented resolution. But
  broader markets may exist in the small to medium scale science
  programs. Given low cost building blocks, researchers at many of
  the smaller educational institutions around the world would be
  able to construct adaptive optics experiments at a scale
  precisely tailored to the amount of funding available to them.
  The potential for spin-off benefits is very high, particularly
  with regards to batch figuring of silicon mirror elements.

Abstract:

Key Words

BLUE LINE ENGINEERING CO.
311 North Prospect Street
Colorado Springs, CO 80903

Project Title:

A Volume Diffractive Optics Technology

	  94-1	08.06	1416



	  A Volume Diffractive Optics Technology

Abstract:

Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new type

of optical element, a volume diffractive optical element (VDOE),

to be used in optical telescopes and optical instrument system

applications. The VDOE combines the computer-design flexibility

and arbitrary phase function of diffractive optics with the

wavelength/angular selectivity of volume holography by using a

multiple-layer structure. Each layer is a thin diffractive

optical element whose phase pattern can be designed by a

computer. During Phase I, POC will develop a theoretical basis

for designing these elements, a method for predicting expected

performance, and fabrication techniques to exploit the potential

of VDOEs. A multiple-layer VDOE will be constructed for Phase I

demonstration. This development will expand the range of optical

element applications to beyond what can now be achieved with

diffractive optics or volume gratings.


The proposed VDOE technology is generic, and can be used in a

wide variety of applications, including optical imaging (or

telescope) systems, optical sensors, robotic vision sensors,

optical instrumentation, and many others. Specifically, the VDOE

technology will serve a large niche market (hundreds of millions

of dollars) which conventional diffractive optics and volume

holography cannot address.


Key Words


Physical Optics Corporation

Applied Technology Division

2545 West 237th Street, Suite B

Torrance, California 90505

Project Title:

Low-Scatter Silicon Optical Surfacing Using Plasma Assisted Chemical Etching

94-1		08.06	1667

Low-Scatter Silicon Optical Surfacing Using Plasma Assisted
Chemical Etching

Abstract:

OCA proposes a research program into an improved, automated
technology for the finishing of precision aspheric optical surfaces
employing the Plasma Assisted Chemical Etching (PACE) process.
Automated fabrication using the PACE process offers significant
cost and performance benefits for the generation and finishing of
low scatter, low subsurface damage optical surfaces on CVD silicon
films on lightweight silicon carbide mirror substrates. The program
will employ OCA's newly constructed PACE aspheric figuring system.
Using this system and the new process, we will be capable of
producing surfaces figured to precise tolerances with no physical
surface contact and completely under computer numerical control.
As part of the program, we will devise low sub-surface damage
finishing processes for silicon, optimize the PACE process for Si-
SiC aspheric figuring and produce an aspherized Si-SiC
demonstration optic to high-precision, low scatter optical
tolerances. We believe that PACE will prove an efficient method for
greatly reducing the cost of low-scatter aspheric optical
components and will enable the greater use of aspheres in diverse,
high-performance optical applications.

OCA envisions several optical applications where the processes
resulting from the proposed research can yield significant
cost and performance advantages. These areas include ultra-low
scatter optics, Si-SiC mirrors, zero sub-surface damage
optics, inexpensive silicon aspheres, diamond films and
complex oxide thinning and figuring.

Key Words

OCA Applied Optics
7421 Orangewood Ave.,
Garden Grove, CA 92641

Project Title:

Electrochemically Deposited Nickel Alloys with Controlled Thermal Expansion

94-1	08.06	1667	A

Electrochemically Deposited Nickel Alloys with Controlled Thermal
Expansion

Abstract:

Electrochemically grown nickel-based alloys are currently used
for high reflectance coatings in the precision optics industry
for high performance applications ranging from laboratory
instruments to large spaceborne telescopes to cryogenically
cooled optical systems. The performance of nickel plated optical
devices is currently limited by dimensional stability issues over
time and temperature. The objective of this proposed program is
to investigate novel binary, ternary and quaternary nickel based
alloys grown by electroless plating methods. Our goal is to
develop a cost effective technique for producing high quality
nickel alloy coatings exhibiting variable, but controllable,
thermal expansion characteristics while retaining the favorable
polishability attributes of current nickel alloys. This
experimental effort will focus on the selection of appropriate
operating parameters and chemistries which will produce a family
of coatings whose thermal expansion curves match those of ultra-
lightweight substrate materials of interest over useful
temperature ranges, including cryogenic environments.

The successful completion of this Phase I program will result in
a significant technological advancement in the long term
efficiency of reflective optics used in advanced optical
instrumentation including spaceborne satellite systems, large
ground based telescopes, medical diagnostic equipment, solar
energy concentrators, and cryogenically cooled systems.

Key Words

OCA Applied Optics
7421 Orangewood Ave.
Garden Grove, CA 92641

Project Title:

High efficiency diffractive optics at high numerical aperture

94-1	08.06	3010	A



High efficiency diffractive optics at high numerical aperture

Abstract:

Diffractive optics is finding an increased number of commercial and

military applications. They include spectrometry, imaging systems,

microlens arrays, optical interconnects, and high-power beam

samplers.  For systems requiring diffractive optics of high

numerical apertures, it is crucial to investigate the properties of

these lenses using vector diffraction theory and not scalar

diffraction theory. By analyzing structures with vector diffraction

theory, the grating parameters such as depth and duty cycle can be

optimized in order to maximize diffraction efficiency. Note that

these grating parameters optimized through vector considerations do

not, in general, correspond to the grating parameters obtained

through a similar optimization routine utilizing scalar diffraction

theory. By using vector diffraction theory for the optimization of

high numerical aperture diffractive lenses, improved diffraction

efficiencies result. By improving the overall diffraction

efficiency of the element, one improves the signal-to-noise ratio

of the system as well as improving the MTF of the system by

reducing the amount of radiation scattered into extraneous

diffraction orders. These are important considerations for any

optical system, but in particular those designed for space-based

missions since diffractive optics offers these systems the

potential of weight and volume reduction without compromising

optical and mechanical specifications.


Commercial application areas that would benefit are numerous and

include any application utilizing high numerical aperture

diffractive lenses that have a speed of f/3 or greater. Compact

system for laser diode beam shaping, aft imagers in multispectral

systems and high resolution laser scan optics will benefit from the

research proposed herein.


Key Words


Rochester Photonics Corporation

330 Clay Road

Rochester, NY 14623

Project Title:

Novel Optical Filter with Transversely Distributed Spectrum for Miniature Spectrometers

  94-1	08.06	3088

  Novel Optical Filter with Transversely Distributed Spectrum for
  Miniature Spectrometers

Abstract:

Physical Optics Corporation (POC) proposes a new optical filter
with a spectrum distributed along an axis perpendicular to the
filter's optical axis. The filter, based on a novel concept of
double-wedge holographic resonator in a vernier configuration, acts
like a dispersive element. The proposed filter prototype will be
designed and fabricated using proprietary POC technologies for
producing coherently coupled holographic resonators and high
efficiency Lippman mirrors by means of controlled bandwidth
recording. Combining a double-wedge resonator (to obtain a linear
distribution of the transmitted wavelength across the aperture in
a direction perpendicular to the filter's optical axis) and a
vernier configuration (to provide high effective finesse) will
result in high (subnangstrom) resolution across the selected
bandwidth (from several to hundreds of nanometers) in the W,
visible and IR range. The proposed low cost filter will be rugged,
compact (centimeters) and light (grams). The proposed technology is
therefore uniquely suited for NASA needs for optical
instrumentation components for research in astrophysics, planetary
science, and extra-solar planet detection to be conducted on space
missions. In Phase II, POC plans to implement the proposed filters
in the design and fabrication of a miniature spectrometer which
will meet NASA requirements.

The compact, rugged, high resolution optical filter, operating in
any desired range of the optical spectrum, will be of great
importance both to federal government agencies and private
industry. These filters will be used in spectroscopy, fiber optic
communication, optical sensing, as well as in biological and
medical applications.

Key words

Physical Optics Corporation
Research and Development Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, California  90501

Project Title:

Vertical Scanning Optical Profiler for X-ray Telescope Metrology

94-1	08.06	3388

Vertical Scanning Optical Profiler for X-ray Telescope Metrology

Abstract:

Continental Optical Corporation proposes to develop a scanning
optical profiler for measuring the shape and surface topography
of x-ray telescope components, such as those used in the Advanced
X-ray Astronomy Facility (AXAF). Based on the principle of the
Long Trace Profiler(LTP), this instrument would measure
cylindrical x-ray telescope mirrors in the vertical
configuration, minimizing errors caused by gravity-induced
deflections in the optical surface. The LTP address the need for
testing techniques necessary to develop fabrication methods for
high angular resolution x-ray optics and for producing low-
scatter optical surfaces. The proposed technique would also be
applicable to testing in adverse environments, such as in
cryogenic testing of optics. This instrument would serve as a
cost-effective complementary metrology technique to the present
figure metrology used in the fabrication of the AXAF telescope
mirrors and would facilitate the manufacture of large mirrors to
be used in future x-ray telescope projects. The project
objectives are to 1) identify surface figure requirements for
current and proposed x-ray telescope projects and determine the
required LTP performance specifications, 2) perform a proof-of-
concept experiment for the vertical scanning geometry, and 3)
develop a conceptual design for a full-scale Phase II prototype
instrument. Continental will work with individuals from
Brookhaven National Laboratory under the auspices of an existing
CRADA to transfer technology into the commercial sector.

Useful as a unique metrology instrument in the precision optical
fabrication industry and in the rapidly-expanding area of
precision machining with single-point diamond tools. Potential
applications for remote metrology in adverse environments, such
as in cryogenic systems or under ultra high vacuum, as in
synchrotron radiation beam lines. It is useful for measuring
surface finish properties of steel rollers used in sheet metal
forming and paper industries.

Continental Optical Corporation
15 Power Drive
Hauppauge , New York  11788

Project Title:

Polybenzimidazole x-ray filter

94-1	08.06	3575	A

Polybenzimidazole x-ray filter

Abstract:

There is a need in x-ray astronomy for an oxygen-less polymeric
filter. This is because the mass absorption coefficient of oxygen
is greater than that of carbon at every energy in the soft x-ray
region except for a narrow band between the oxygen k-edge at 543.1
eV and the carbon k-edge at 284.2 eV. First generation polymeric
filter materials included polypropylene, poly(p-xylylene), and the
polycarbonates. Polycarbonates were stronger than their
contemporary materials but had the disadvantage of containing
nearly 20% by weight oxygen. As second generation materials,
polyimides are significantly stronger than polycarbonates, but by
chemical definition they too contain oxygen. The ideal filter
material for use outside the band would be an oxygen-less version
of a polyimide. These polymers exist, and among the proposed "third
generation" materials are the polybenzimidazoles and the
polyphenylquinoxalines. In a preliminary study, the soft x-ray
transmission of a 2500 A polybenzimidazole film was measured at the
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The polybenzimidazole
was 10 to 20% more transmissive than the polyimide DuPont 2610D and
the polycarbonate Lexan. Another benefit of this invention is the
ease with which polybenzimidazole films release from the substrates
onto which they were deposited. Polybenzimidazole is proposed as a
release agent for any x-filter material.

A commercial application of the innovation includes current or
future spacecraft flights involving extreme ultraviolet or soft x-
ray optics and/or instrumentation. Such a filter would have been
appropriate on any of the past missions using Lexan, such as AXAF-
S, the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer, Solar A, or ROSAT. The ease of
fabrication of a polybenimidazole filter will lower its cost
relative to a polyimide-based filter. Oxygen containing analogs of
the polybenzimidazoles (such as the polybenzoxazoles) are
appropriate for the so-called "water window" of an x-ray
microscope. Additional applications are pressure windows at
synchrotron facilities and gas separation membranes.

Key Words

Alchemist Technologies
730 Southview Way
Woodside, CA 94062

Project Title:

Pathfinder Commercial Lunar Telescope

94-1	08.06	5777

Pathfinder Commercial Lunar Telescope

Abstract:

International Space Enterprises (ISE) proposes to develop, deploy,
and operate a Pathfinder Commercial Lunar Telescope (PCLT). The
PCLT will be the first telescope placed on the Moon, with its cost
primarily subsidized by the private sector. This innovation
addresses Subtopic 08. 06, Optics Components and Systems, by
enabling scientific investigations that benefit from telescope
placement on the Moon and by demonstrating construction and
operational technologies applicable to later, more advanced lunar
telescopes. This Phase I SBIR effort will result in conceptual
definition of a telescope that can achieve maximum benefit from
being placed on the Moon. It will also identify private customers
and sponsors and evaluate their ability to fund PCLT development
and operation. Key products of this phase will be a preferred PCLT
concept, benefits assessment, and indications of customer and
sponsor interest. The PCLT will be deployed with a lunar lander
being developed by ISE through a joint venture, ISELA, with
Russia's Lavochkin Association and operated by project team member
AutoScope, a telescope manufacturer and operator. The PCLT project
will benefit astronomy and lunar science in general, while
stimulating development of government and commercial markets for
other lunar systems.

The direct commercial application of the PCLT project will be
development of a commercial market for lunar astronomy. Individuals
and organizations will be able to use the PCLT on a time-share
basis via the Internet or similar network. Commercial sponsors will
partially subsidize the PCLT project in exchange for the
advertising and promotional opportunities this highvisibility
project will generate. Indirectly, the PCLT will support other
commercial applications of ISE lunar missions, including low cost
lunar science, production of education and entertainment videos,
and novel uses such as virtual reality.

Key Words

International Space Enterprises
4909 Murphy Canyon Road, Suite 330
San Diego, CA 92123-4301

Project Title:

Hard X-ray Collimators of Lead Glass

94-1	08.06	7076	A

Hard X-ray Collimators of Lead Glass

Abstract:

We propose to design and build a laboratory prototype of a
collimator using assemblies of micron scale, drawn glass tubes of
heavily leaded shielding glass as shadow masks for hard X-ray
imaging. The placement of individual solid and hollow tubes allows
the design of almost any desired collimator pattern. During phase
I, we will measure the accuracy of currently manufactured tubes in
order to determine their suitability for this task. This technique
will provide the designers of hard X-ray imaging systems for solar
physics and celestial X-ray astronomy with unprecedented
flexibility in collimator design. High transparency slits with
sizes under ten microns are within the current state of the art.
Resolution in the arc second range could be achieved with mask
separations on the order of one meter.

This technology allows the placement of an X-ray beam in a specific
set of spots while leaving nearby areas unexposed. This capability
is the effective equivalent of imaging for NDE by digital
radiography in the sense that areas of interest can be examined
with a minimum of scatter from nearby objects. Specialized designs
can be generated from generalized components. The technology is
also adaptable to scatter shields for medical radiology and to
radiation therapy. It will be possible to target specific areas
while keeping adjacent areas unexposed.

Key Words

Radiation Science, Inc.
P.O. Box 293
Belmont, MA 02178

Project Title:

ULTRA-HIGH PRECISION POSITIONER FOR ACTIVE AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS

  94-1    08.06     7513

 ULTRA-HIGH PRECISION POSITIONER FOR ACTIVE AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS

Abstract:

We propose development of a miniaturized actuator/displacement
sensor suitable in size and cost for mass-quantity use in
adaptive and active optics applications. These actuator/sensors
will be designed with nanometer resolution and control required
for precise actuation of local mirror shapes, segment location,
and edge deformation. The technology proposed uses improved
piezoelectric actuators integrated with a displacement sensor
already under development through a current NASA contract. The
non-contact absolute distance displacement sensor has been
miniaturized to the point where integration with a suitable
actuator is feasible. This will form an integrated package which
can be used as an absolute deformable mirror positioner with
"local servo" capability at each actuator/sensor site. The hybrid
position sensor being developed has been demonstrated to provide
resolution to 1nm (0.04microinch) and accuracy of 10nm. The
inherent high electrical bandwidth of 10kHz allows real- time
atmospheric correction in closed loop control systems.

A detailed prototype is planned. Specifically, we will fabricate
a demonstration model which provides 10 micrometer displacement
with resolution to 1 nanometer. Successful demonstration of the
Phase I model actuator/displacement sensor will make the
transition to a Phase II system development low risk.

Tip/tilt and deformable mirror systems used to compensate for
the effects of atmospheric turbulence, aberrations, wavefront
tilt, and optical path alignment are important to astronomy,
satellite tracking, optical communications and ground-based LIDAR
systems. Using feedback derived from artificial guide stars, the
proposed actuator/sensor can be used as an integral part of the
mirror-deforming control for these applications. The private
sector has considerable interest in the measurement and control
of optics; the proposed research will advance the state of the
art and make these important systems more available and
affordable.

Key Words

System Specialists, Inc.
3125 E. 47th Street
Tucson, AZ 85713

Project Title:

Self-Referencing Slope-Based Profilometry

  94-1	08.06	8775	A

  Self-Referencing Slope-Based Profilometry

Abstract:

The project is to assess the feasibility of a new approach to
profiling nearly flat optical surfaces. It builds on another
innovative profiling technique that measures local surface
curvatures and numerically processes the data to yield a profile.
In the new proposed approach, we significantly change the optical
configuration so that local surface slopes are measured, rather
than local surface curvatures. Local slopes are measured with
respect to the test piece itself, rather than with respect to the
measurement instrument. In this way, the measurement is completely
self-referencing, so that drifts of the instrument with respect to
the test piece have no effect on the accuracy. The measurement of
slope allows for the measurement of absolute departure from a flat.
Such a measurement approach would be of great benefit to a variety
of telescopes, interferometers, and related systems, especially in
the X-ray regime, both because of the ability to measure absolute
flatness and because of the ability to measure over unprecedented
scan lengths.

The potential applications of a long-scan profiler with absolute
flatness capabilities are numerous. Absolute flatness is a critical
parameter in many metrology applications common to all
large optical shops. Moreover, measurements of figure quality
over long scan lengths (100 mm to 1000 mm) is difficult.
Accuracies in the 1 to 10 nm-class that appear to be possible
with our modified slope profiling would be a great help in the
characterization of large, nearly flat optics. In short, large
laboratories working in optical fabrication and metrology would
have a need for the long scan, high accuracy profiles that would
be possible with a successful Phase II instrument.

Key Words

Bauer Associates, Inc.
888 Worcester St., Suite 30
Wellesley, MA 02181

Project Title:

In-Situ Self-referencing Wavefront Measurement

  94-1	08.06	8775	B

  In-Situ Self-referencing Wavefront Measurement

Abstract:

We define an approach for measuring wavefront quality of any system
that focuses a collimated beam, including telescopes, parabolic
mirrors, and many lenses. It is a self-referencing plane wavefront
sensor utilizing a point source at the tested system's focal plane.
We measure the local wavefront direction at many points, compare to
a stable reference direction, and integrate to obtain a wavefront
map. the approach can operate in any orientation, measures across
the full aperture without relying on any reference optics of
similar size, and can be configure to work with essentially any
wavelength of point source. Preliminary analysis indicates
wavefront measurement accuracy on the order of lambda over 100 P-V
(633 nm), even for meter-class aperture diameters. Objectives are
to define a baseline system, and to develop ac comprehensive
performance prediction model. We anticipate a successful Phase I
effort leading to a Phase II effort where we breadboard,
characterize, and demonstrate the instrument. NASA applications
include many telescope systems, particularly those with large
apertures and/or IR wavelengths. Benefits include assurance of
total wavefront quality before a system is launched.

An instrument derived from this project would be capable of
measuring wavefront quality of any system that focuses a
collimated beam, including telescopes, parabolic mirrors, and
many lenses. This would be of interest to many government users
and commercial producers of such systems.

Key Words

Bauer Associates, Inc.
888 Worcester St.
Suite 30
Wellesley, MA 02181

Project Title:

Low Drive Power Compact AOTF For Infrared Wavelengths

  94-1    08.06     9020

 Low Drive Power Compact AOTF For Infrared Wavelengths

Abstract:

The novel technique described in this proposal has the potential
to dramatically reduce the drive power required by a resonant
acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) device in the infrared
wavelengths. A compact and on-is [110] acoustic wave propagation
resonator using tellurium dioxide and/or the crystal family such
as mercurous chloride and Ti-As-Se is proposed. This new approach
has three advantages: highest figure of merit; highest resonant
Q; and compact size resonator. This on-axis resonator will have
gain of 7.5 times over off-axis resonant devices. In contrast to
the current commercial off-axis AOTF, high drive power and large
size are required for use at infrared wavelengths. Applications
in two- dimensional spectral images have the need to develop this
new low drive power and compact AOTF for use at 2 to 5 microns
wavelength. This new technique can be extended to longer infrared
wavelengths.

Commercial applications include spectral imaging, medical
diagnostics, chemical process control, thermal emission
diagnostics, toxic gas and liquid monitors, blood gas
diagnostics, biochemistry, aerospace, planetary, and earth
studies.

Key Words

NEOS Technologies, Inc.
4300-C Fortune Place
Melbourne, FL 32904

Project Title:

All-Diffractive Acromatic Lens

94-1	08.06	9095

All-Diffractive Acromatic Lens

Abstract:

SY Technology, Inc. proposes to design, fabricate, test, and
deliver to NASA an innovative all-diffractive broadband achromat.
Typical imaging systems for NASA's astronomical and earth observing
missions require broadband achromatic (white light) designs.
Broadband imaging optical systems are generally designed with
conventional reflective or refractive elements. For space
applications such as telescopes, these elements tend to be heavy,
costly aspheric elements. Binary optics is a
relatively new technology which promises to reduce weight and
cost of telescope systems. However, the high dispersion
(wavelength sensitivity) of these elements is currently a
problem in utilizing binary optics technology in NASA
applications. The current method of combining binary optics with
refractive elements (often referred to as hybrid
refractive/diffractive lenses) to achieve achromatic performance
has had limited success. Thus, the potential benefits of binary
optics technology has not yet been fully realized.
SY Technology has discovered a method to achieve achromatic
performance using an innovative new Binary Optical Element
(BOE). Since only BOEs are used, the lens is considerably
lighter than current hybrid refractive/diffractive lenses. The
innovative new BOE incorporates a phase function which cannot be
designed or analyzed by commercial lens design programs. Unique
proprietary software must be used to design these elements.
Preliminary investigations at SY Technology demonstrate superior
broadband performance of these unique new BOEs over currently
available BOEs. This effort will result in a major advancement
of BOE design methodology and a greater utilization of BOE
technology in NASA applications as well as in numerous
commercial products.

This research clearly has applications that extend beyond
NASA's missions. There are numerous applications for this
technology in the military and commercial markets as well. A
few of these applications include: optical CD ROM heads, laser
diode optics, white light optical computers, ultralight
consumer telescopes or binoculars, ultralight sensors and
seekers for aerospace applications, and any optical
application where weight is a consideration.

KEY WORDS

SY Technology, Inc.
4900 University Square, Suite 8
Huntsville, AL  35816

Project Title:

Next Generation Edge Sensor Design for Segmented Primary Mirror Adaptive Optics Systems

94-1	08.06	9095	A

Next Generation Edge Sensor Design for Segmented Primary Mirror
Adaptive Optics Systems

Abstract:

In this Phase I effort, SY Technology, Inc., proposes to design,
build, demonstrate, and deliver to NASA an integrated circuit edge
sensor prototype for aligning subaperture surfaces of adaptive
optical components. The innovation in this SBIR drastically reduces
the unit cost of existing edge sensor devices by converting
discreet component technology into low cost, easy to assemble and
calibrate, highly accurate, very low
noise, integrated circuit devices. By implementing existing edge
sensor technology in integrated circuit designs, the complexity
and cost of adaptive optical systems will be greatly reduced.
These types of adaptive optical systems have wide application
within NASA. Reduced cost adaptive optical systems make
commercial power beaming concepts, such as SELENE, more cost
effective, as well as making large total aperture adaptive
optical systems more available for ground-based astronomy.
In addition, a number of dual-use applications are evident for
this position sensing technology. These application include:
position sensing for laboratory instrumentation, materials
testing, and for weight and pressure measurement devices.
Preliminary discussions with Lockheed show great potential
commercial interest in this innovative concept.

The key factor driving the excellent commercial potential of
this device is that existing edge sensor technology will
simply be implemented through inherently low cost standard
integrated circuit technology. Potential applications for this
device include:
*	Edge sensor for power beaming technology such as SELENE.
*	Edge sensor for astronomical telescopes that utilize
adaptive optical techniques.
*	Position sensor technology for laboratory position
measurement instrumentation. This non-contact position
measurement device has very high resolution and accuracy.
*	Position sensor for extension meters for use in materials
testing.
*	Precision pressure/weight sensor when combined with
linear spring and digital readout.

KEY WORDS

SY Technology, Inc.
4900 University Square, Suite 8
Huntsville, AL  35816

Project Title:

High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

94-1	08.06	9806

High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

Abstract:

Infrared imaging spectrometers have many existing and potential
applications, however, widespread implementation of this technology
will become practical only if a low-cost instrument could be
developed with the combined features of large field of view, high
spectral resolution, highspeed random access tunability, and wide
spectral range. A significant breakthrough in such a system can be
made by employing two innovative system components. Detector arrays
based upon high-temperature superconductor on a silicon substrate
(HTSOS) bolometers can provide fast response and high sensitivity
over a wide spectral range (1-50 @m), and will permit monolithic
integration of the detector, amplifier, and switching circuits on
a single chip. Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) can provide
high resolution, high-speed random access tunability in the
infrared, high throughput, and a large field of view for imaging
applications. This program will involve the development and testing
of an improved infrared imaging spectrometer based upon these two
technologies.

The development of a low-cost, high performance infrared imaging
spectrometer will have commercial potential for a large variety of
applications, including space-based astronomy, thermal imaging,
global and industrial environmental and pollution monitoring, data
acquisition for mapping of earth resources, weather and
climatological data acquisition, military and law enforcement
surveillance, industrial health and safety, and strategic and
tactical missile warning and defense.

Key Words

Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
87 Church Street
PO Box 380379
East Hartford, CT 06138-0379

Project Title:

Safe Bulk AlN Single Crystal Growth

  94-1	08.07	1100

  Safe Bulk AlN Single Crystal Growth

Abstract:

The hexagonal wurtzite structured gallium nitride (GaN) and
aluminum nitride (AlN), with direct band gaps of 3.4 and 6.2 eV,
respectively, have potential applications for high temperature
electronic devices operated at temperatures above 870K. This IIIV
nitride semiconductor materials technology development has been
slowed by the deficiency in lattice-matched substrates. In this
unique Phase I proposal, ATMI will explore the growth of single
crystal Aluminum Nitride (AlN) using sublimation techniques. ATMI
in-house grown 6-H SiC seed crystals and modified sublimation
techniques will be used to improve the quality and yield of the
AlN single crystals. In Phase II, the design and process
parameters for the production of AlN single crystals will be
optimized, and high quality AlN single crystal substrates will
be used for the fabrication of prototype blue LED devices. A
fundamental III-V nitride technology leap will be achieved by
correlating growth conditions with the occurrence and subsequent
elimination of specific defect structures. In Phase III, ATMI
will scale the crystal growth process to enable the manufacture
of specific devices, and to supply substrates in order to
accelerate the growth of a III-V nitride based semiconductor
industry.

This program will lay the foundation for cost-effective and
reproducible manufacture of aluminum nitride single crystals
which will find broad use in the electronics industry for blue
LED, UV lasers and high temperature semiconductor devices.

Key Words

Advanced Technology materials, Inc.
7 commerce Dr.
Danbury, CT 06810

Project Title:

Low Thermal Conductance HTSC Electrical Connections Array for Cryogenic Detector Systems

  94-1	08.07	1100A

  Low Thermal Conductance HTSC Electrical Connections Array for
  Cryogenic Detector Systems

Abstract:

Space mission lifetime is limited by the evaporation of the
liquid helium cryogen required for optimum performance of super
sensitive far infra-red (IR) systems. The largest non parasitic
heat load on the dewar system results from the electrical
connections between the sensors (4K) and the data acquisition
electronics maintained at higher temperatures (80K). Currently
used Manganin wires comprise approximately 20% of total heat load
on liquid dewar system. We propose to reduce this heat load by
employing HTSC leads, due to their extremely low thermal
conductivity and zero resistance at cryogenic temperatures. This
idea was previously implemented at NASA linear array consisting
of thick screen-printed YBCO films, which reduced heat load by
10%. We propose to reduce further this heat load by two orders
of magnitude by fabricating a high density linear array of thin
HTSC electrical connections. The Phase I program will demonstrate
the feasibility of fabrication by MOCVD and device processing.
Phase II will develop methods for producing flexible high density
linear array.

Proposed high density linear array and especially flexible high
density array will find wide application in any cryostat system
when deep cryogen cooling is required for optimum performance.
Among the devices to benefit are super sensitive far infra-red
(IR) systems, SQUIDs, devices based on nuclear magnetic resonance
and sensor part of superconducting magnets.

Key Words

Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Drive
Danbury, CT 06810

Project Title:

Title of Project: High Temperature Gallium Nitride-based Sensors and Electronics

94-1		08.07	1100	B		AMOUNT REQUESTED $

Title of Project: High Temperature Gallium Nitride-based Sensors
and Electronics

Abstract:

The Gallium Nitride, Aluminum Nitride (Al,Ga)N system is ideal for
use in high temperature sensor and electronics applications; the
III-V nitrides have wide bandgaps, are thermally very stable and
have a convenient, closely lattice-matched heterostructure system
similar to that of GaAs/AlAs. The development of a well
controlled III-V nitride heterostructure technology would open up
a wide range of unique applications based on sensors with on-chip
electronics, especially at high temperatures and blue/ W light
emitters. In Phase I we propose to develop the growth and x-ray
characterization of the III-V nitride materials on SiC substrates
in parallel with the development of a dynamical x-ray simulation
model. SiC substrates will greatly reduce the defect density
compared to the more conventional sapphire substrates. The
modeling effort will develop the first comprehensive diffraction
model for hexagonal crystal materials. In Phase II we will
further refine the growth conditions and x-ray simulation model
and use this technology as a foundation to fabricated high
temperature sensors and associated electronics, with a focus on
optical sensors. Phase III will consist of further development of
this technology leading to commercialization of these devices.

The development of a well controlled III-V nitride
heterostructure technology would open up a wide range of unique
applications, including high temperature sensors and electronics,
as well as blue/ W light emitters for high density optical
storage and excitation sources for a wide range of spectroscopic
analysis applications.

KEY WORDS

Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Drive
Danbury, CT 06810 (203) 794-1100

Project Title:

MCP BASED PHOTON COUNTING ON CHIP CAMERA

94-1	08.07	1167

MCP BASED PHOTON COUNTING ON CHIP CAMERA

Abstract:

Microchannel Plates are widely used for astrophysical imaging of
UV, XUV and X-Ray photons. While MCP detectors are intrinsically
capable of high resolution and fast response in large areas, they
are limited by the available readout techniques.
Recently, a large area UV camera consisting of a MCP detector
coupled with a multilayer serpentine delay line (SDL) anode readout
has been fabricated and operated with excellent spatial resolution,
wide dynamic range and good spatial linearity. While this readout
scheme is very promising, there are some technical problems
associated with the construction of multilayer SDL devices. The
printed circuit (PC) board technology currently used in SDL
fabrication is not very precise and is costly due to expensive
machining like laser ablation that is needed for fabricating
multilayer SDL structures.
In view of this, we propose to fabricate the SDL multilayer anodes
on silicon wafers using integrated circuit fabrication technology.
Silicon processing is extremely well developed and complex
multilayer structures with more than 20 layers, strict tolerances
and sub-micron dimensions are routinely produced. Hence we believe
that multilayer SDL anodes can be fabricated easily and
economically on silicon, and thereby provide a large area, high
resolution readout system for MCP detectors.

Large area, high resolution MCP detection systems would be widely
used in various UV and soft X-ray astrophysical observations. In
additions, such instruments would also be well suited for other
applications such as X-ray diffraction, UV monitoring for
industrial process control, UV photolithography, dosimetry and
charged particle physics.

Key Words

Radiation Monitoring Devices, inc.
44 Hunt Street
Watertown, MA 02172

Project Title:

Fiber-optic readout of superconducting A/D converter.

94-1	08.07	1190	A

Fiber-optic readout of superconducting A/D converter.

Abstract:

The interconnections needed to read electrical data from infrared
focal plane arrays present a thermal load to the array module, with
the wires acting as thermal leaks. Satellites using on-board cryo-
coolers need substantial power to maintain the cryogenic
environment. For satellites sent into orbit carrying a finite
amount of liquid helium, the mission life is effectively over when
this supply runs out. Therefore, it is mandatory to look for
alternative methods to couple data from the 'cooled' array to the 'warmer'
environment of the satellite. The use of optical fiber links between sensors
and data transmission electronics can substantially reduce the heat load by
transmitting data from the sensor environment via low thermal conductivity
optical fiber. HYPRES is pleased to present a program to demonstrate the use
of optical fiber links to read data from a superconducting analog to digital
(A/D) converter. This technique is based upon the the use of laser diodes
operating at cryogenic temperatures with greatly reduced power requirements.
In Phase I we will demonstrate the operation of a superconducting A/D
converter coupled to an optical readout link.

This program will lead to the development of electronic sytems suitable for
use on satellite infrared focal plane array readouts, permitting longer
mission lifetimes. The application of cryogenic/room temperature optical
links to superconducting circuitry can lead to potential commercial
applications including superconducting/optical ATM (asynchronous transfer
mode) network switch nodes directly compatible with fiber optic networks,
ultra-fast memory modules, and optical interconnects for massively paralled
processors.

Key Words

HYPRES, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, New York 10523

Project Title:

Multiplexed Wide Dynamic Range Digital SQUID Amplifier for Readout of Cryogenic Detector Arrays

94-1	08.07	1190 	A

Multiplexed Wide Dynamic Range Digital SQUID Amplifier for Readout
of Cryogenic Detector Arrays

Abstract:

Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) are
extremely sensitive detectors of magnetic flux and can be used as
low noise amplifiers and biomagnetometers as well as for non-
destructive evaluation. In order to utilize a SQUID as an
amplifier, two problems should be addressed. First, its transfer
characteristics must be linearized. This linearization normally
requires extensive peripheral electronics, thus
limiting the number of SQUID channels in a practical system. The second
problem is the number of leads to the cryogenic stage. As the number of
amplifiers increase, the heat leak of the leads into the cryogenic chip may
interfere with its operation. Consequently, integrating a multiplexer with
the detector array amplifiers is essential for any cryogenic system.
HYPRES, through support from DOE, has developed a digital SQUID amplifier
that completely eliminates the need for the sophisticated peripheral
electronics. The goal of this program is to design and demonstrate
multiplexers for integration with digital SQUID arrays. This will improve
read out sensitivity and eliminate the problem of wiring heat leaks into
the cryogenic module. The funding of this program will enable the
development and commercialization of a multiplexed digital SQUID amplifier
with applications in cryogenic detector arrays and in biomagnetometers for
medical applications.

This project will lead to the development of a self-contained, multiplexed
digital SQUID amplifier with on-chip processing circuits. Arrays of such
chips can be produced at relatively low cost for integration in multi-
channel cryogenic systems. These systems have applications in biomagnetic
medical imaging and infrared imaging for scientific and military uses.

Key Words

HYPRES, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Rd.
Elmsford, NY 10523

Project Title:

Novel Lead-Free Solders

94-1	08.07	2901

Novel Lead-Free Solders

Abstract:

A new group of complex lead-free solders for use in electronics is
proposed. These solders will meet melting temperature requirements
in the range of 493-503@ K.  Good wettability for electronic
circuits using different fluxes will be proven.  High migration and
resistance for whiskers extending from new solder joints is
achieved with nickel and/or cobalt addition in the proposed solder
alloy compositions.  High strength and stress properties  of the
new solders are achieved by developing a complex matrix using a tin base with
addition of three or more elements from Ag, Cu, Sb, Zn, Bi, Co, Ni and Al.
High corrosion resistance will be  obtained from the complex compositions of
the new lead-free solders.  The work will be performed using three base
systems.
Sn-Ag-Cu with one or more additions of Bi,Co,Ni
Sn-Ag-Zn with one or more additions of Bi,Co,Ni,Al
Sn-Ag-Cu-Sb with one or more additions of Zn,Bi,Co,Ni,Al
This extensive work will identify more than one solder within the required
temperature range, providing a sure approach for meeting other defined
requirements such as migration resistance, strength properties, wettability
and corrosion resistance.

Sensor - Electronics
Instrument Circuit
Surface Mounting
Electronic Components
Long Life Electrical Systems
Structural Solder Applications

Key Words

Amalgamated Technologies, Inc.
13901 N. 73rd Street; #208
Scottsdale, AZ 85260

Project Title:

A Semi-Parallel Array of Sigma-Delta Converters

94-1	08.07	8211

A Semi-Parallel Array of Sigma-Delta Converters

Abstract:

Irvine Sensors Corporation (ISC) proposes an innovative approach to
increasing the performance of cryogenically cooled sensor
electronics by developing a semi-parallel array of very low power,
high resolution analog to digital converters (ADCs) that are
suitable for use on cooled focal planes. This development consists
of a 16 bit second order ADC that is based upon sigma-delta
modulation technology resulting in a compact unit cell size. The
benefit of this innovation, is that detector read out noise
associated with low level transmission of off focal plane analog
signals is minimized, thereby increasing focal plane performance.
Further, this technology is particularly suitable for high
resolution large scale integration because it requires less
component accuracy to produce precise analog conversion and is more
robust than approaches which rely either single slope or dual slope
methods.

Irvine Sensors' SPAS-DC technology is applicable to the electronics
marketplace wherever the application requires very low power, high
resolution and high data rate conversions. Various applications
include: High Resolution Medical/Scientific/Analytic Instruments,
FFT Spectral Analysis, Ultrasound Signal Processing, Professional
Audio Equipment, High Accuracy Process Control, High Speed Data
Acquisition, Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Electro-Mechanical
Systems, Telecom Processing, Automatic Test Equipment, Sonar/Radar
Signal Processing, and High Speed Servo Loops.

Key Words

Irvine Sensors Corporation
3001 Redhill Avenue Building #3
Costa Mesa, CA 92626

Project Title:

High Resolution Imaging Microscope

94-1	08.08	1200

High Resolution Imaging Microscope

Abstract:

In phase 1, a digital imaging spectrophotometer, now configured for
macroscopic biological samples (e.g., plants, bacterial colonies),
will be redesigned to enable direct determination of the ground
state absorption spectra of single microbial cells. This High
Resolution imaging Microscope (HIRIM) will be capable of
determining absorption spectra for microbial samples from the
violet (400 nm) to the near infrared (950 nm) at 2 nm spectral
resolution with refraction limited (ca. 1 micron) spatial
resolution. Hundreds of spectra will be recorded simultaneously,
using automated image processing techniques to localize features
(e.g., phytoplankton) on a microscope slide. Microbial samples
will be obtained from a variety of sources (including
characterized collections) and their spectral properties
analyzed, sorted, and displayed concurrently with the spatial
information. In phase 2, HIRIM measurements will be correlated
to aircraft and satellite multispectral data to aid in
identification of different organisms and in assessing
chlorophyll content and contributions to global carbon cycles.
The software and algorithms developed will be applicable to any
data sensed remotely that combines both spatial and spectral
information.

HIRIM measurements could be used to monitor oceanic and soil
microbial populations. In the ocean, phytoplankton community
structure could be used to assess environmental pollution
factors, nutrient availability, and the health and potential
yields from aquaculture or commercial fishing. On land,
microbial communities could be used to assess environmental
effects such as acid mine drainage, deforestation, fertilizers
and pesticides.

KEY WORDS

KAIROS Inc.
2462 Wyandotte Street
Mountain View, CA 94043

Project Title:

Multi-Color Spectrographic Polarimetric Imaging Sensor Based on Tunable Refractive-Binary Optics Array

	  94-1	08.08	1416

	  Multi-Color Spectrographic Polarimetric Imaging Sensor Based on
	  Tunable Refractive-Binary Optics Array

Abstract:

NASA has stated a need for novel system approaches and instrument
designs to miniaturize and improve the performance of imaging
cameras and spectrometers for multi- and hyper-spectral remote
sensing applications. In response to this need, Physical Optics
Corporation (POC) proposes a Multicolor Spectrographic
Polarimetric Imaging (McSPI) sensor based on Tunable Refractive
Binary (diffractive) Optics (TURBO) arrays. There are three major
innovations involved in this device: (1) a liquid crystal tunable
binary optics element (TBOE) array that is polarization sensitive
and provides continuous spectral selection; (2) a fast switching
Ferroelectric LC plate combined with the TBOE for orthogonal
polarization selection; and (3) rapid switching between a
broadband (unswitched) mode for acquisition, and a high
resolution (switched) mode for discrimination. This miniaturized
focal-plane array device provides reduced mass, volume and
operating power. The Phase I effort will include the design and
analysis of the proposed McSPI sensor module, an investigation
of the microfabrication techniques required for the integration
of the sensor, and the fabrication and demonstration of a proof-
of-concept model.

Due to its compactness, simplicity and tunability with high out
of-band rejection, POC's proposed McSPI sensor concept will find
numerous applications where polarization selective spectral
imaging is required, especially when the sensor system needs to
be portable. Applications include environmental monitoring,
geological surveys, agricultural surveys, pollution monitoring,
industrial inspection, food inspection, medical structural
imaging, and optical communications (WDM).

Key words

Physical Optics Corporation
Applied Technology Division
2545 West 237th Street, Suite B
Torrance, California 90505

Project Title:

WinRad: a spectroradiometric modeling program for remote imaging sensor performance analysis

94-1	08.08	3232

WinRad: a spectroradiometric modeling program for remote imaging sensor
performance analysis

Abstract:

WinRad is a computer software program for analytically modeling and
simulating the performance of imaging spectroradiometers spanning the
ultraviolet through infrared wavelengths. It is innovative because it will
provide a low-cost, easy-to-use tool that is currently unavailable to
scientists and engineers developing advanced electro-optic remote sensors.
The Phase I objectives are to develop the specifications for WinRad's
modeling and simulation capabilities, graphical user interface, and object-
oriented design; and to develop a software prototype that demonstrates the
specified computational and performance requirements. Achieving these
objectives will demonstrate the feasibility of successfully completing the
development of WinRad in Phase II. NASA and the aerospace community in
general will benefit because WinRad will significantly simplify radiometric
sensor modeling and simulation, which until now has been very cumbersome and
time consuming, and in many cases will eliminate the requirement to develop
separate software for each new sensor. WinRad will also create a standard for
exchanging spectroradiometric modeling and simulation information among
scientists and engineers. To provide the largest possible market for WinRad,
it will be developed under the Microsoft Windows operating system, which runs
on most PCs and high-performance RISC workstations.

The software package WinRad has great potential for sales in the commercial
market, because of the increasing interest in remote sensing systems and the
development of new electro-optic sensors (both environmental and defense-
related). Thus far, companies have either been unwilling or unable to put
forth the capital required to bring such a program to market, and the proper
development tools and hardware platforms have only recently become available
to support this undertaking. Conceptual demonstrations of WinRad by RAI at
two electro-optic conferences in 1993 indicated a strong interest by the
remote sensing and aerospace community. Sales of this software would be
significant within NASA (particularly GSFC and SSC), other federal agencies
(DoD, NOAA, NIST), universities, and both domestic and foreign companies.

Key Words

Ressler Associates, Inc.
Suite 216
14440 Cherry Lane Ct.
Laurel, MD 20707

Project Title:

Low-cost, Compact Silicon-based Infrared Spectropolarimeter

94-1	08.08	3787

Low-cost, Compact Silicon-based Infrared Spectropolarimeter

Abstract:

NASA has a need for a lightweight, rapid scanning, near-infrared
(NIR) imaging spectropolarimeter which operates over the 1.1 to 2.6
m range and which has a spatial resolution of better than 0.2 arc-
seconds over at least a 50 arc-second field of view (FOV). We
propose a novel telescope, polarizer, and multiple fiber-coupled
spectrometers to address this need. The proposed system has the
advantages that the NIR spectropolarimeter has only one moving part
(the rotating polarizer) and each fiber-coupled spectrometer is
fabricated entirely with micromachined silicon. Even the integral infrared
detector arrays are fabricated from micromachined silicon. These silicon
microbolometer arrays are a recent advance that offers uncooled, high-
sensitivity, and flat spectral response. This means that the system will be
lightweight, compact, rugged, alignment-free, and low-cost.

The commercial applications for an infrared spectrometer that is lightweight,
compact, rugged, alignment-free, and low-cost cover the entire range of
infrared spectroscopy applications. These include remote chemical sensing;
chemical reaction monitoring and feedback control; long-term, remote, low
power environmental sensors; hazardous and pollutant gas and liquid
detection; and even wavelength demultiplexing in 1.5 m optical communication
systems.

Key Words

Sensor Technology Corp.
38 Old Stagecoach Road
Bedford, MA 01730-

Project Title:

Large Format, Multispectral Camera

  94-1	08.08	5649

  Large Format, Multispectral Camera

Abstract:

The development of a large-format, digital multispectral
camera is proposed to meet NASA's need for mapping risk areas
for vector-borne diseases. This camera would also meet the
commercial need that cannot be met by existing or proposed
high spatial-resolution satellites. The multispectral
instrument uses an innovative combination of leading edge
technologies in large format (up to 5k x 5k pixels) CCD array,
multi-wide data buses, and high throughput (3 MByte/sec), high
capacity (20 GByte) tape recorders. The camera can be flown on
helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft to map areas as large as
100,000 km2. A filter wheel provides up to six selectable
spectral bands. Autocorrelation software is proposed to
coregister the spectral bands.
The innovation lies in the integration of a large-format CCD
with leading edge data handling and recording techniques to
produce multispectral data from a single CCD rather than
multiple cameras. The large format reduces the number of
flight lines and frames which must be georeferenced and
mosaiced which reduces operational costs by a significant
amount. The goal is to produce a highly cost effective system
to collect multispectral imagery needed by the AM/FM/GIS
database market.

The NASA Commercial Remote Sensing Program at the Stennis
Space Center, conducted a market study that showed a major
commercial need for multispectral data with 0.3 to 1.0 meter
spatial resolution. This spatial resolution is three to ten
times better than the four-band multispectral, high spatial
resolution satellites which are currently proposed for
commercial collection of GIS data. Our market studies show a
need for pre-flight selection of spectral bands to meet the
needs of differering applications. The Large-Format, Digital
Multispectral Camera is a practical approach to serve this
market. The market for this data includes, for example, risk
maps for vector-borne disease, wetland inventory, agriculture
and forestry health monitoring, NPDES (National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System) analysis and utility right-of-
way (easement) surveys.

Key Words

Daedalus Enterprises,  Inc.
P.O. Box 169
Ann Arbor, MI 48106

Project Title:

A Passive Two-Band Sensor for Sunlight Excited Chlorophyll Fluorescence

  94-1	08.08	9500

  A Passive Two-Band Sensor for Sunlight Excited Chlorophyll
  Fluorescence

Abstract:

When plants absorb sunlight, a byproduct of the process of
photosynthesis is fluorescence from chlorophyll, in the
spectral region 650 nm to 800 nm. This fluorescence is an
indicator of plant health and productivity; it can be observed
using an instrument known generically as a Fraunhofer line
discriminator (FLD). In this project, we will demonstrate the
feasibility of an FLD operating selectably on the lines of the
oxygen A-band, near 762 nm, or the B-band near 688 nm. These
bands are located near important features in the chlorophyll
fluorescence spectrum at approximately 680 nm and 740 nm.
The proposed two-band FLD will be based on an A-band-only
concept that we have demonstrated previously.

This instrument has potential application as a tool for the
control and scheduling of irrigation, by detecting water
stress in crops. Thus, it will enhance both water conservation
and the profitability of irrigated agriculture.

Key Words

Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica, MA 01821-3976

Project Title:

FEASIBILITY OF A FREE PISTON CRYOCOOLER COMPRESSOR

94-1		08.09	1699			AMOUNT REQUESTED $

FEASIBILITY OF A FREE PISTON CRYOCOOLER COMPRESSOR

Abstract:

This effort proposes development of a Free-Piston Compressor for
use in Space-based cryocoolers This compressor uses a piston that
is supported on Permanent Magnet Bearings and that is driven by a
PM Linear Motor. The PM Bearings will support the piston without
contact, thus eliminating bearing rub. The PM Linear Motor
reciprocates the piston using Permanent Magnets thus avoiding
fragile moving coils. Because of their non-contact nature, they
do not suffer from wear and hence increase the life of the
cryocooler.
The goal of the Phase I effort is to establish the feasibility of
the PM Bearings to support the piston. An important task of Phase
I is to build a proof-of-principle model of the Free-Piston
Compressor. Building this model will clarify its basic operating
principle and will establish its ability to meet the stiffness
requirement. Accomplishment of this objective will pave way for
the design and testing of an engineering model compressor in
Phase 11.

There are several significant commercial opportunities which can
readily exploit this novel Permanent Magnet Bearing technology.
An example is the multi-billion dollar market for the
refrigeration compressors. These compressors can be made more
energy efficient by supporting the piston without contact on
Permanent Magnet Bearings. Other commercial applications include
Night Vision Systems, Thermal Imaging Systems, MRI System,
cooling electronics etc. Many of the future NASA space systems
will also benefit from the proposed Permanent Magnet Bearing
technology.

KEY WORDS

PRECISION MAGNETIC BEARING SYSTEMS
2212 LYNNWOOD DRIVE
SCHENECTADY, NY-12309

Project Title:

Reversible Cycle Pulse Tube Cryogenic Refrigerator

  94-1	08.09	1761

  Reversible Cycle Pulse Tube Cryogenic Refrigerator

Abstract:

The program will design and demonstrate a reversible cycle Pulse
Tube cryogenic refrigerator that can be scaled to produce
fractional to several watts of cryogenic refrigeration at
temperatures down to 1 OK while rejecting to a 300K heat sink.
The concept is based on integrating a set of regenerator/pulse
tube modules with a like set of linear motion thermodynamic
engines incorporating flexure bearings, clearance seals, electro-
dynamic linear motors, and integrated compressor/warm displacer
pistons. Innovative aspects include the particular flexure
bearing utilized, the integration and assembly of the electro
dynamic motor, bearings and displacement sensor, the use of a
linear drive integrated compressor/warm displacer piston, the
implementation of the compressor/displacer phase shifting by
fluid circuit layout, and the unique manufacturing processes
selected to enhance performance and reduce costs. Phase I will
compare the predicted thermodynamic performance of the proposed
concept with equal swept volume Stirling and Orifice Pulse Tube
alternatives. A layout of the selected configuration for the
total refrigerator will be prepared, sized to a specific design
point. For Phase 11, an engineering model of the Phase I design
will be detailed, fabricated, and tested.

Moderate cost, high efficiency, long life cryogenic refrigerators
can find commercial applications in the field of high temperature
superconductivity applications, medical treatment, advanced high
speed cryogenic computers, cryogenic processing of materials, and
extended storage of cryogenic fluids.

Key words

Electro Thermo Associates
504 The Strand
Manhattan Beach, California 90266

Project Title:

Heat Sources for Duplex Stirling Microrefrigerators

  94-1	08.09	2221	A

  Heat Sources for Duplex Stirling Microrefrigerators

Abstract:

Sunpower proposes to investigate the feasibilties of three
alternative heat sources for the hot end of a novel duplex Stirling
microrefrigerator for cold electronics in future space-based
robotic facilities. This machine, comprised of a micro-cooler
directly driven by a micro-engine, is to be located inside
microelectronic packages.  It exploits the material properties,
mechanical designs, tiny dimensions, and batch fabrication
processes of silicon micromachining technology. If feasible, the
microrefrigerator will enable electronic devices bonded to its cold
plate or fabricated within it to operate at temperatures down to
60K or less, depending on the application-specific
design. Simulations of a nominal design <1cm3 in volume predict 1
W of heat lifting capacity from 225K with an electrical input power
of <10 W. For MxN greater heat loads, MxN microrefrigerators could
be fabricated as an integrated MxN cm2 array. In Phase I, the
heating effectiveness and thermomechanical design of the
alternative heat sources will be compared, and silicon
micromachining processes will be designed for fabricating and
testing at least one of them in Phase II. The resulting hot end of
the micro-engine will later be integrated with other components,
which are being separately developed, into a
functioning microrefrigerator.

Commercialization of Stirling microrefrigerators would increase
the speed of computer processors and memories; reduce noise in
radio and microwave detectors, amplifiers, and filters; reduce
the bulk of infra-red imaging and spectroscopy systems; and
facilitate the commercialization of high Tc superconducting and
cryogenic semiconducting integrated circuits in both military and
civilian applications.

Key Words

Sunpower, Inc.
6 Byard Street
Athens, OH 45701

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# Leller

PF~OPOSAL NUMBER 941   1 4 . O 1   Z 2 Z 1      (Inslrucllon~ on
Rever~e Slde)

PROJECT TITLE
Packaging of Microrefrigerators for Cold Electronics

TECHNICAL AE1STRACr (LIMIT 200 WORDS) Sunpower proposes to design
a microelectronic package for a novel duplex Stirling
microrefrigerator for cold electronics in RF satellite and space
communications systems. This machine, comprised of a micro-cooler
directly driven by a micro-engine, is to be located inside the
microelectronic package. It exploits the material properties,
mechanical designs, tiny dimensions, and batch fabrication
processes of silicon micromachining technology. If feasible, the
microrefrigerator will enable cryoelectronic semiconductor and
superconductor devices bonded to its cold plate or fabricated
within or on it to operate at temperatures down to 60K or less,
depending on the applicationspecific design. Simulations of a
nominal design 

Project Title:

A Vibrationless Long Life Pulse Tube Cryocooler

94-1	08.09	3800

A Vibrationless Long Life Pulse Tube Cryocooler

Abstract:

The proposed innovation is a highly reliable lightweight pulse tube
cryocooler featuring a metal diaphragm compressor driven by an efficient and
inherently vibrationless liquid metal MHD motor. It addresses the stated
subtopic requirements for lifetime and reliability improvement by reducing
flexure bearing stress, by improving motor cooling, and by simplifying motor
drive and control electronics. It eliminates vibration by axi-radial
symmetric configuration of the diaphragm and motor fluid displacements.
Objectives of the Phase I project are to demonstrate the concept of the
critical component compressor in breadboard hardware, to benchmark the
analytical design models, to produce a Phase II conceptual design, and to
predict performance of a Phase II engineering model cryocooler system. The
proposed effort includes analysis, design, and experimental proof-of-concept
demonstration. Anticipated Phase I results include hardware validation of the
concept and quantitative assessment of feasibility for spacecraft
applications. Expected NASA applications for long life future robotic
facilities are for cryogenic cooling of sensors, instruments, HTS
electronics, and radiation baffles and shields. Benefits center on major
improvements in reliability for both mechanicals and electronics and virtual
elimination of vibration in positive displacement cryocoolers.

Small cryocoolers using this technology may find use in cooling HTS
components of cellular telephone base stations and other telecommunication
systems, in portable infrared instrumentation such as optical pyrometers and
absorption spectrometers, and in night vision systems for highway vehicles.
The proposed innovation is also useful for heat pumps and refrigerators for
both stationary and mobile applications. It will also allow the construction
of very high reliability non-contaminating compressors for applications in
pharmaceutical production and medical systems.

Key Words

Creare Incorporated
Etna Road, P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755

Project Title:

Low Cost, High Performance Cryogenic Heat Exchanger

94-1		08.09	3800	A		AMOUNT REQUESTED $

Low Cost, High Performance Cryogenic Heat Exchanger

Abstract:

Future science missions and telecommunication satellites will
require cryogenic cooling of sensors and superconducting
electronics. The turbomachinery-based reverse-Brayton cryocooler is
an ideal candidate for this application because of its high
reliability, long life, and negligible vibration. To operate within
the power budget available in satellites, reverse-Brayton coolers
need heat exchangers with effectiveness greater than 0.99. Present
heat exchangers with greater than 0.99 effectiveness are quite
heavy (50% of cryocooler weight) and very expensive to fabricate.
We propose an innovative heat exchanger concept which has the
potential to achieve effectiveness greater than 0.99 while at the
same time reducing weight by a factor of 4 or more. The heat
exchanger is fabricated entirely out of thin metal foil stampings
which can be inexpensively produced by automated equipment. A novel
core geometry promotes uniform flow distribution and results in a
remarkable heat transfer performance. In Phase I we will
demonstrate the feasibility of the heat exchanger by designing,
fabricating, and testing a proof-of-concept prototype. In Phase II
we would optimize the heat exchanger design and develop techniques
and equipment for fabricating the heat exchanger at low cost.

The proposed heat exchanger will enable the development of low
cost, highly efficient reverse-Brayton cryocoolers. The
implementation of ultra-high speed communication networks, whether
space or earth based, using superconducting electronics presently
hinges on the availability of such a cryocooler. The greatly
reduced size and energy input would make reverse-Brayton
cryocoolers attractive for earthbound applications such as
cryopumping, magnetic resonance imaging systems, and small scale
superconducting energy storage, to name a few. Non-cryogenic
applications of a low cost, high performance heat exchanger are
also numerous. In particular, the proposed heat exchanger will
enable major simplification and cost reduction in equipment as well
as substantial gains in performance of solvent recovery systems.

KEY WORDS

Creare Incorporated
Etna Road, P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755

Project Title:

"BLACKBODY REFERENCE FOR INFARED IMAGING SYSTEMS"

94-1	08.O9	98O6

"BLACKBODY REFERENCE FOR INFARED IMAGING SYSTEMS"

Abstract:

NASA requires advanced blackbody references for thermal infared
imaging systems. In addition to blackbody radiating
characteristics, the reference device should be rugged, easily
configured for insertion into test facilities, and should be able
to track radiating surface temperature changes in the presence of
temperature variations caused by rapid air streams. Advanced Fuel
Research, Inc. (AFR) has demonstrated that routine texturing and
oxidation of stainless steel affords a large area diffuse radiating
blackbody surface. The texture geometry also allows for subsurface
thermocouples to closely monitor and track the surface temperature
for validation. Measurements of the blackbody surface by FT-IR
spectroscopy and with an IR thermal imaging system at temperatures
up through 1000@C indicate the utility and potential of this
device. AFR proposes to investigate surface modifications to
enhance blackbody radiating characteristics and field test the
reference surface at a NASA thermal imaging test site.

There presently is a void in the availability of large area diffuse
radiating blackbody references which can achieve temperatures
higher than 350@C. Cavity radiators achieve higher temperature, but
sacrifice response time, ease of alignment, and are not convenient
for installation in many test areas. Our proposed device offers
high temperature, freedom for size and geometrical considerations,
and low cost. The potential market is large given the present
market of IR analysis systems available and the need for the
reference device we describe.

Key Words

Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
PO Box 380379 - 87 Church Street
East Hartford, CT 06138- 0379

Project Title:

Energy Efficient Refrigerator/Freezer Food Storage System

  	  94-1	09.02	9591

  	  Energy Efficient Refrigerator/Freezer Food Storage System

Abstract:

With much of the world's Earth's fossil fuel resources
estimated to
be depleted early next century, U. S. industry must continue
to
explore technology to develop energy efficient consumer
products.
SHOT proposes an innovative concept for a
refrigerator/freezer food
storage system (R/F FSS) which can be utilized for both
space and
terrestrial applications. Our innovation is an energy
efficient R/F
FSS which minimizes both heat transmission and door
infiltration
losses. Heat gain through insulated enclosure walls is
minimized by
reducing the enclosure volume as products are removed.
Volume
reduction is achieved by moving a sealed, insulated
enclosure wall,
which effectively decreases the refrigerated volume. This volume
reduction is only possible because the shelving system collapses
after the product has been removed. Additional energy savings are
realized by an airlock system which minimizes infiltration into and
out of the refrigerated environment. With all of these innovations,
the refrigeration system is energized less frequently, which
effectively lowers power consumption. Preliminary energy savings
have been estimated as high as 45% when compared with conventional
enclosures employed on the Orbiter. Our system has major advantages
for long duration missions and excellent commercial applications in
refrigerated food and beverage vending machines.

The refrigerator/freezer food storage system (R/F FSS) has
immediate commercial applications in the refrigerated equipment and
appliance industry. This innovative R/F FSS offers significant
energy savings when incorporated in commercial and residential
refrigerator/freezer cabinets, food and beverage display cases, and
beverage dispensers. Our novel airlock system could also be
incorporated into beverage and/or food dispensers to afford
significant energy savings over current doors. The software and/or
hardware for our inventory control and automated selection mecha
nism has broad application in the material processing industry,
associated with streamlining the tracking, control, and
instantaneous location of materials.

Key Words

Space Hardware Optimization Technology (SHOT), Inc.
P.O. Box 35 I
Floyd Knobs, IN 47119

Project Title:

Bubble Tolerant Cold Plate with Multiple, Flowthrough Pumps

  94-01	09.01	7500

  Bubble Tolerant Cold Plate with Multiple, Flowthrough Pumps

Abstract:

Small diameter capillary pumps are the preferred choice for many
CPLs because of weight and packaging considerations. However,
recent tests have shown that small diameter pumps are more
difficult to start and are more susceptible to deprime failures
than large diameter pumps. These failures have been attributed
to the presence of two-phase fluid in the pump's liquid core.
The problems appear to be more severe in zero g, as evidenced by
the recent failure of the CAPL flight experiment.
Dynatherm developed under a previous SBIR Phase I contract a
novel pump which greatly reduces catastrophic failures that are
related to bubbles in the pump. It features a flow-through
liquid channel which is plumbed directly into the CPL's fluid
reservoir. Although tested only briefly, it demonstrated
excellent stability, proved to be easily started, and operated
with little or no subcooling.
The objective of the proposed program is to extend this
technology to multiple pump coldplates. Several designs have
been identified which promise to support uneven loading and
loadsharing between pumps. The performance of breadboard
coldplates will be measured over a wide range of parameters. A
flight demonstration would be conducted during Phase II.
CPLs are poised to compliment heat pipes as standard heat
transfer elements in spacecraft thermal management. The
acceptance of CPLs depends on the availability of reliable
capillary pumps. If the program is successful this milestone
will have been achieved and commercial development is likely to
follow.

Key Words

DYNATHERM CORPORATION
1 Beaver Court
P.O. Box 398
Hunt Valley, MD  21030

Project Title:

Multi-layer Conductive Thermal Control Coatings via the Sol Cel Process

	  94-1	09.01	9786

	  Multi-layer Conductive Thermal Control Coatings via the Sol Cel
	  Process

Abstract:

Sol-gel processing has been proved to be a successful route to
make diverse ceramics coatings. In this proposal, a multi-layer
ceramic coating via the sol-gel process has been proposed, with
the transition metal oxides (ZnO, FeTiO3, VO2) basecoats having
the required optical properties for spacecraft thermal control,
and the antimony-dopped tin oxide (ATO) or indium-tin oxide(ITO)
overcoat provides high electrical conductivity (up to 103Q-Icm-1)
for electrostatic discharge control. By controlling the
solubility and the hydrolysis/ polymerization rates of different
alkoxides, thin coatings can be deposited on the substrate
sequentially. Also, these transition metal oxide have
electrically modified Optical properties, thus resulting the
optical properties of the coatings can also be modified
electrically.

If the proposed research is successful, the sol-gel process will
provide a low cost technology to make condutive thermal control
coatings. The thermal control coatings can also be applied on
many applications beside in the space environments. The
applications areas include heat exchanger, heat radiator, furnace
manufacturing and photothermal coatings. A conductive optical
switchable coating can provide more flexibility for the
designers. In addition, the multilayer coating technology may be
applied on many systems, eg. electrochromic, thermochromlc,
electroptic coating, and many electrical and optical application.

Key words

Chemat Technology Inc.
19365 Business Center Drive, # 8
Northridge, CA 91324

Project Title:

A Thermal Energy Storage/Transport System Using a Novel Phase Change Material Suspension

  94-1	09.02	1090

  A Thermal Energy Storage/Transport System Using a Novel Phase
  Change Material Suspension

Abstract:

Phase change material suspensions for advanced energy
storage/transport and thermal management applications have been
under development in recent years. This research and development
program proposes a novel type of phase change material suspension
not involving the conventional microencapsulation methods that
have been used to make such suspensions in the past. Benefits of
this new approach include lower cost, wider applicability, higher
heat flux applications and longer life.
Heat transfer studies will be conducted during the Phase I effort
to provide the fundamental data required for the future design
of energy storage/transport systems. The data will be used to
verify current theoretical models for such suspensions, and for
preliminary work related to the development of materials and
systems for NASA and other commercial and federal government
applications.

Highly efficient energy transport/storage media can be used for
terrestrial applications such as building heating and cooling,
where significant energy conservation benefits may be obtained.
Efficient heat transfer fluids and systems also have enormous
commercial applications, particularly in high heat flux and
portable/mobile systems. Some examples are in avionics and
aerospace systems, electronic equipment, protective garments,
high performance automobiles, etc.

Key Words

PhD Research Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 248433
Coral Gables, FL 33124

Project Title:

Fibrous Composites for Extreme Temperature Insulation Applications

94-1	9.02	1354

Fibrous Composites for Extreme Temperature Insulation Applications

Abstract:

Future space-based systems are increasingly expected to perform at
severe environments. This is creating a growing need for advanced
insulation materials that are lightweight, durable, and of low-
cost. Recently discovered nanomaterials (nanotubes and
nanoceramics) meet these requirements since they have low density,
low thermal conductivity, are mechanically strong and thermally
robust at extreme temperatures. Furthermore these novel materials
ablate in case of abnormal thermal loads - thereby cooling the
insulation and the substrate, without thermal damage. These
properties ideally satisfy the needs for advanced insulation
material for extreme temperature applications. Nanomaterials
Research Corporation (NRC) will demonstrate and commercialize (for
space and non-space applications) an advanced insulation material
based on nanomaterials during this program.
NRC's technical approach will be to produce low density fibrous
composites from carbon nanotubes with nanoceramics as the matrix.
This program will establish, as part of Phase I work, the proof-of-
concept that nanomaterials-based composites are ideal advanced
insulation materials for extreme temperature applications. Phase I
efforts will culminate in a conceptual framework and a systematic
design approach for engineering the insulation needs in extreme
temperature applications. The Phase II work will use this
conceptual framework to develop a prototype, optimize its
performance and field test the prototype.

The technology to be developed and commercialized during this
program is expected to play a key role in space and non-space
applications that are subject to extreme temperature exposures.
Thermal insulation is a multi-billion dollar industry serving a
wide range of residential and industrial application needs. High to
extreme temperature insulation is needed for space applications
such as protection of vehicle, space crew and human support
functions during atmospheric entry, and for non-space applications
such as refractory materials for basic industries and for emergency
services.

Key Words

Nanomaterials Research Corporation
10960 N. Stallard Pl.
Tucson, AZ 85737

Project Title:

SPRAY QUENCH SYSTEM FOR DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION FURNACES

94-1	09.02	3416

SPRAY QUENCH SYSTEM FOR DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION FURNACES

Abstract:

A single-component water spray quench system for application to
space-based directional solidification furnaces is proposed. Phase
I tests will provide a knowledge base to finely control the heat
transfer coefficient, over the range of 0.001 to 10 W/cm2 @C during
the quench process. A FEA model of the quench article transient
response will be developed. Maximum heat transfer capability will
be determined. Control threory for a programmed heat transfer
coefficient, coupled to the quench article behavior, will also be
developed. Phase I tests will demonstrate that a desired quench
profile can be obtained by delivering a controlled mixture of steam
and water.

Artificial thin film diamond technology can benefit from the
uniform cooling and temperature control of the growth substrates.
Future commercial space based materials processing will require an
efficient, low weight and economical system such as is proposed in
order to be viable. The knowledge base, and system components
developed during this effort are applicable to other spray cooling
systems and applications.

Key Words

ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH
502 Steptoe
P.O. Box 69
Colton, WA 99113

Project Title:

A Passive Backpressure Control Device for a Wide Two-Phase Flow Quality Range

94-1	09.02	3550	B

A Passive Backpressure Control Device for a Wide Two-Phase Flow Quality Range

Abstract:

This Phase I project will determine the feasibility of designing a passive
two-phase backpressure regulating valve for a space platform thermal control
system. Two-phase technologies offer advantages for space platforms requiring
higher power levels and associated thermal control needs than current single
phase designs allow. The advantages of two-phase systems include lower
operational power requirements and the potential for lower overall system
mass. Two-phase thermal control loop design would benefit from the
development of a two-phase backpressure regulating valve that provides stable
pressure control (and thus set point temperature control). Stable pressure
control would occur over a wide flow quality range, including intermittent
flows such as slug flow. Phase I work will include a literature search, two-
phase backpressure regulating valve design development, manufacturing and
testing on a Mainstream two-phase test bed; and finally demonstration of a
valve design that provides the required steady pressure drop and temperature
control. In Phase II the design will be optimized and tested on a thermal
control loop, demonstrating operational control of the loop.

The successful completion of this project will have significant commercial
applications for this two-phase regulating valve. The first is in the use of
high power spacecraft for government or commercial purposes. More terrestrial
applications include use in control processes in the chemical industry and
two-phase flow control in off-normal nuclear power plant thermal-hydraulic
transient conditions. In addition, there are many instances in industries
where slugging in pipe bends can cause severe damage. A low pressure drop
device capable of breaking up the slugs would prevent this damage.

Key Words

Mainstream Engineering Corporation
200 Yellow Place
Rockledge, FL 32955

Project Title:

Manned Lunar bases being considered by NASA will need to reject in excess of 25 kW of thermal power. Current state-of-the-art aluminum/ammonia heat pipe space radiator technology is too heavy and voluminous to be used for these future space missions. Accordingly there is a need for a revolutionary advanced space radiator system. This proposal outlines an effort to satisfy that need through the development of a multiple heat pipe radiating system that is extremely light weight. The radiators consist of a thin metallic liner with a composite carbon/epoxy material applied to it. The liner provides hermeticity and the composite provides resistance