NASA 1991 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation

Project Title:

Compressor Stall Avoidance and Alleviation

01.03-0333
910417
Compressor Stall Avoidance and Alleviation
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 1058
Glastonbury
CT
06033
John P.
Kreskovsky
203-659-0333
LeRC
NAS3-26334
005

01.03-0333
910417

Abstract:

Compressor Stall Avoidance and Alleviation
This project addresses development of a system for avoiding and controlling compression
system instabilities in gas turbine engines. Phase I will assess the feasibility
of analyzing engine data to identify a stall precursor in the time scales required
for real-time corrective action. The precursor is a growing small-amplitude traveling
wave. When no precursor is identified, a backup stall detection system and active
control system would be used. Phase I will include a feasibility assessment, development
of real-time software, demonstration of the procedure on existing data for stall
without inlet distortion, and a plan for high-speed component testing. Phase II will
develop the hardware and software for stall avoidance and demonstrate and evaluate
the innovation through an existing component test program. The project will demonstrate
that real-time, stall precursor detection and active control can be used for stall
avoidance to significantly improve engine operability.
A detection/control system for use in avoiding compressor instabilities will significantly
reduce current compressor stall margins and requirements thereby providing a important
gas-turbine technology that will be marketed to gas-turbine manufacturers. The signal
analysis technology will be marketed for other applications.
compressor instability, compressor stall, precursor, real-time, software

Project Title:

Turbomachinery Temperature Measurements Using an Oxygen-Laser-Induced Fluorescence

01.03-9500
911809
Turbomachinery Temperature Measurements Using an Oxygen-Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Rd
Billerica
MA
01821
Kurt D.
Annen
508-663-9500
LeRC
NAS3-26600
007

01.03-9500
911809

Abstract:

Turbomachinery Temperature Measurements Using an Oxygen-Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Recent progress in designing advanced turbomachinery includes the use of numerical
models of compressors, turbines, and combustors to guide new designs. However, further
advancements in the accuracy of numerical models are needed. Improvements in these
models will depend significantly on the availability of quality experimental data
against which the models can be judged. Velocity data currently being acquired in
compressor and turbine test facilities needs to be accompanied by temperature measurement
to improve the utilization of the data by numerical modelers and to allow the determination
of the heat transfer coefficient and Stanton number from heat flux measurements.
This project will develop a diagnostic tool using 02 laser-induced fluorescent (LIF)
and 02 Raman scattering to perform linear-imaging gas temperature measurements in
turbomachinery. The ratio of the 02 LIF signal to the 02 Raman signal is a function
of temperature only, and is independent of the laser power and the cleanliness of
the optics. Seeding is not required. Single pulse measurements of the temperature
profile can be performed with good precision. Phase I will determine the optimum
laser excitation wavelengths for measurements in compressor and turbine test facilities.
The temperature sensitivity of the technique will be measured and compared with theoretical
predictions. A system for turbomachinery applications will be designed and the accuracy
and precision of the temperature measurement system will be calculated.
The turbine temperature measurement system will have commercial applications for
temperature and heat transfer coefficient measurements in turbomachinery test facilities
of jet engine and stationary power turbine manufactures.
turbomachinery, 02 LIF, 02 Raman, temperature diagnostic

Project Title:

Advanced Photochemical Techniques for Relight and Combustion Enhancement of Supersonic

01.04-7970
911526
Advanced Photochemical Techniques for Relight and Combustion Enhancement of Supersonic
Transport Aircraft Systems
ML Energia, Inc.
P.O. Box 1468
Princeton
NJ
08542
Moshe
Lavid
609-799-7970
LeRC
NAS3-26331
008

01.04-7970
911526

Abstract:

Advanced Photochemical Techniques for Relight and Combustion Enhancement of Supersonic
Transport Aircraft Systems
Successful operation of future supersonic aircraft propulsion systems depends on
the attainment of significant advances in combustion technology. The conditions of
high flight-speed and high altitudes cause severe strains on ignition reliability,
stability, and overall combustion efficiency. A novel photochemical technique to
alleviate these problems and selectively irradiate combustion species will be developed.
The ensuing photodissociative reactions generate highly reactive radicals that modify
the gas-phase kinetics and lead to ignition and enhancement via chain-branching paths.
The overall objective of Phase I will be to determine, experimentally, the feasibility
of using this technique to obtain reliable relight of Jet A fuel. Specific tasks
in this effort include investigating minimum ignition energy, power requirements,
flow conditions, radiant frequency, and reliability. The effect of this technique
on ignition-delay-time may also be investigated.
This innovation might lead to a breakthrough in gas turbine combustion technology
by substantially improving the performance of engines to extend the range and speed
of supersonic aircraft for commercial and military applications.
relight, radiative ignition, ignition-delay-time, combustion enhancement, supersonic
transport (SST), photochemical dissociation

Project Title:

Fuzzy Grid Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics

02.01-1515
910919
Fuzzy Grid Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Cambridge Hydrodynamics, Inc.
P.O. Box 1403
Princeton
NJ
08542
Ilya
Staroselsky
609-683-1515
ARC
NAS2-13514
009

02.01-1515
910919

Abstract:

Fuzzy Grid Methods for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Grid generation for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a critically important
field of technology. The fuzzy grid method is a novel way to generate simple and
robust unstructured grids for the solutions of equations in very complex geometries.
In comparison with the current state-of-the-art unstructured grid methods such as
Delaunay/Voronoi grids, fuzzy grids are easier to apply to higher dimensional problems
and have better stability properties. Many of the most important research questions
today in computational fluid dynamics involve strongly inhomogeneous velocity fields,
compressible turbulent flows, and shock waves. Such occurrences are found in regions
of relatively smooth velocity fields interspersed with regions of high vorticity
and high pressure gradients. This causes conventional structured grid techniques
such as spectral element methods to be very wasteful in terms of computer time and
storage. Unstructured grid techniques are a more efficient approach but have proven
difficult to implement in high dimensions. Also, the complexity induced by the nonlocal
interactions in the grid makes the analysis of their mathematical properties difficult.
This innovative fuzzy grid technique is easy to implement on both vector and parallel
supercomputers and its simplicity enables mathematical verification of important
stability and convergence properties.
The development of efficient, easy-to-use software is key to enabling the accurate,
efficient solution of complex engineering problems in many areas. The fuzzy grid
technique will have commercial interest because it will allow robust, accurate simulations
of the most complex flows of industrial interest.
grid generation, unstructured grid, Voronoi grid, Delaunay tringulation, nearest
neighbor algorithms, CFD, parallel computing

Project Title:

A Mathematically Based Reynolds-Stress Model of Turbulence

02.01-9457A
911876
A Mathematically Based Reynolds-Stress Model of Turbulence
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View
CA
94043-2287
Robert E.
Childs
415-968-9457
ARC
NAS2-13515
010

02.01-9457A
911876

Abstract:

Turbulence modeling is a critical element in most computational fluid dynamics calculations
in all speed ranges, from subsonic to hypersonic. However, existing models are inadequate
for large classes of flows. An example of this would be flows with large regions
of separation and three-dimensional flows. The inadequacy of these turbulence models
can be attributed to the heuristic reasoning that is used in the model derivation.
The goal of this project is to develop a mathematically (as opposed to heuristically)
based model that is self-consistent and from which error bounds can be deduced. The
approach will use Duhamel's equation to derive an expression for the terms which
must be modeled in normal Reynolds-stress transport models.
Improved turbulence models will benefit aircraft and automobile manufacturers and
chemical and food processors.
fluid flow, turbulence modeling

Project Title:

Suction Laminarization of Junctures in Laminar-Flow-Control Airplanes

02.02-7093
911115
Suction Laminarization of Junctures in Laminar-Flow-Control Airplanes
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666
Werner
Pfenninger
804-865-7093
LaRC
NAS1-19518
012

02.02-7093
911115

Abstract:

Suction Laminarization of Junctures in Laminar-Flow-Control Airplanes
The range of transport airplanes has increased during the past years. When laminar
flow is achieved over most of the aircraft surface, they will have even longer range.
This is because laminar-flow-control (LFC) will substantially raise the lift/drag
ratio in cruise.  This project will use distributed suction to maintain laminar flow
in the particularly critical juncture region between the wing and fuselage. In Phase
I, the feasibility of this approach will be evaluated computationally. For a given
wing-fuselage juncture configuration, boundary layer development and stability calculations
will be used to determine suction requirements to maintain laminar flow runs in the
juncture region. Configuration geometry tailoring in the juncture near the wing trailing
edge will achieve fuselage laminarization downstream of the wing trailing edge. Phase
I will evaluate the performance improvement due to suction and Phase II will conduct
a wind tunnel experiment to demonstrate the innovation.
This novel approach can be used to design junctures between various components in
LFC airplanes.
body-wing combination, LFC, Suction, L/D ration, aircraft range, high subsonic flow

Project Title:

Navier-Stokes Technique for Aerobraking Orbital-Transfer Vehicles

02.03-2036
911594
Navier-Stokes Technique for Aerobraking Orbital-Transfer Vehicles
VRA, Inc.
P.O. Box 50
Blacksburg
VA
24063
Clark H.
Lewis
703-953-2036
LaRC
NAS1-19551
013

02.03-2036
911594

Abstract:

Navier-Stokes Technique for Aerobraking Orbital-Transfer Vehicles Applications
Upon atmospheric entry, proposed aerobraking orbital-transfer vehicles (AOTV) configurations
will experience large heat loads. Accurate prediction of these complex flow fields
is necessary for designing appropriate heatshields. Thermal-chemical nonequilibrium,
nonequilibrium radiation, and surface-ablation effects will be important under these
conditions. This project will develop and demonstrate a new space-marching Navier-Stokes
scheme that will be computationally fast and efficient and will also be able to address
these flow-field effects. Phase I will focus on axisymmetric perfect-gas flow over
a typical AOTV forebody, and will use a space-marching approach with Van Leer flux
splitting. The project will demonstrate this new numerical capability by predicting
hypersonic flow over a 70-degree sphere-cone under typical AOTV conditions, and provide
a detailed engineering report. Phase II will address the extensions to include three-dimensional
flows, a wide range of nonequilibrium-to-equilibrium flows, radiation and surface-ablation
effects, and will include near- as well as far-wake flow field regions. The developed
code(s), user's manual(s), and a final engineering report will be provided at the
end of Phase II.
Commercial applications include the design and analysis of various hypersonic penetration
aids and decoys, NASP, TAVs, AOTVs and aerobrakes, and AFE configurations. In the
absence of sufficient flight data, these computational fluid dynamics capabilities
will help generate the data base for such advanced design concepts.
space marching, Navier-Stokes, aerobrake, nonequilibrium, ablation, radiation

Project Title:

Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic, Shock-Separated Flows in a Turbulent Medium

02.03-3844
911782
Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic, Shock-Separated Flows in a Turbulent Medium
DCW Industries, Inc.
5354 Palm Drive
La Canada
CA
91011
David C.
Wilcox
818-790-3844
LaRC
NAS1-19524
014

02.03-3844
911782

Abstract:

Numerical Simulation of Hypersonic, Shock-Separated Flows in a Turbulent Medium
Using the multiscale model of turbulence devised by Wilcox, an analytical/numerical
method will be applied to investigate hypersonic shock-separated flows in a turbulent
medium. This project will incorporate the multiscale model in a NASA Langley three-dimensional
thin-shear-layer computer program known as CFL3DE and provide for high Mach number
corrections for the turbulence model using a combination of physical reasoning aided
by analytical and numerical tools. A key phenomena pertinent in hypersonic flows,
viz, strong compressibility effects, compressible viscous sublayer and defect layer
structure, and heat-transfer effects will be addressed. Hypersonic viscous-inviscid
interactions will then be numerically simulated.  The computations will determine
how well the multiscale model predicts properties of such flow and if it is feasible
to use a second-order-closure model for three-dimensional computations with today's
computer resources.
This project may lead to a greatly improved capability to predict properties of turbulent
flow in incompressible through hypersonic speed ranges. This could help reduce fuel
consumption for airplanes, ships, automobiles, etc.
turbulence, hypersonics, CFD

Project Title:

Basic Governing Equations and Physical Models for Highly Nonequilibrium Hypersonic

02.03-3921
912538
Basic Governing Equations and Physical Models for Highly Nonequilibrium Hypersonic
Flows
BSA Services
4010 Tidewater
Houston
TX
77045
Jong-Hun
Lee
713-433-3921
ARC
NAS2-13554
015

02.03-3921
912538

Abstract:

Basic Governing Equations and Physical Models for Highly Nonequilibrium Hypersonic
Flows
This project will investigate the use of a four-temperature concept for highly nonequilibrium
hypersonic flows. The development of hypersonic space vehicles for future NASA missions
involves knowledge of complex aerothermodynamic phenomena such as thermal and chemical
nonequilibrium. Since it is extremely difficult to simulate the thermochemically
complex flow field around vehicle models in a ground-based experimental facility,
it is highly desirable to obtain accurate numerical computations of the flow field.
To do so, it necessary to have a physically valid set of conservation equations in
the flow regimes of interest. The objective of this project is to develop a basic
set of governing equations and physical models based on the concept of four independent
temperatures (translational, rotational, vibrational-electronic, and electron temperatures),
for the highly nonequilibrium hypersonic flows around future space vehicles. A phenomenological
approach will be taken to clarify the technical issues to be resolved and to examine
possible engineering methods to attack the issues. This comprehensive analysis of
expected thermochemical nonequilibrium phenomena proposed for Phase I will provide
the basis for further development of the detailed  physical models. Phase II will
incorporate these models into the required set of basic governing equations.
This work will establish the theoretical feasibility of phenomenological models in
the highly nonequilibrium hypersonic flow around future space vehicles and planetary
probes. The governing equations and physical models obtained may become the basis
for future development of computational fluid dynamics codes that will be used in
the design of proposed space vehicles and planetary probes.
nonequilibrium, aerothermodynamics, hypersonic, aeroassist entry, space vehicle,
planetary probes

Project Title:

High-Speed Velocity Diagnostic for Arc Facilities

02.03-6100
911581
High-Speed Velocity Diagnostic for Arc Facilities
Deacon Research
2440 Embarcadero Way
Palo Alto
CA
94303
Anthony
O'Keefe
415-493-6100
ARC
NAS2-13560
016

02.03-6100
911581

Abstract:

High-Speed Velocity Diagnostic for Arc Facilities
Thermal protection of the outer structure of a space vehicle during atmospheric re-entry
is crucial to the success of that vehicle's mission. The effects of spacecraft heating
due to gas in the earth's upper atmosphere can be simulated in the laboratory using
an arc jet flow. The need for accurate analysis of such data is critical since the
amount of thermal shielding loaded onto a spacecraft directly impacts the payload.
Laser induced fluorescence techniques are being developed to probe for species content
and temperature in these flows. The goal of this project is to develop a fast (kHz)
remote probe of flow velocity in arc-flow research facilities. This innovation will
permit the velocity field to be mapped out with both spatial and temporal resolution,
allowing detailed analysis of turbulence and shock front effects. Preliminary physical
and optical measurements will be used to evaluate the potential of this approach.
This project will establish the feasibility of making high speed flow velocity measurements
with a non-intrusive laser probe. Applications include use in the development of
advanced air frames, high speed jet engines and rockets and in the remote measurement
of engine thrust.
velocity, remote sensing, frequency modulation

Project Title:

A Novel Coupling Technique for Solving the Euler Equations Over Complete Aircraft

02.04-9090
912370
A Novel Coupling Technique for Solving the Euler Equations Over Complete Aircraft
Analytical Methods, Inc.
P.O. Box 3786
Bellevue
WA
98009
David M.
Tidd
206-643-9090
ARC
NAS2-13553
017

02.04-9090
912370

Abstract:

A Novel Coupling Technique for Solving the Euler Equations Over Complete Aircraft
To increase the design throughput of complex full aircraft configurations, a method
which is both computationally efficient and has minimal setup time is required. This
project will develop a new procedure for coupling a cartesian, multigrid Euler code
with a second Euler technique using a body-filled mesh. The method, coupled with
an iteration scheme, combines the advantages of two different gridding techniques
to produce a resulting scheme which will facilitate rapid model setup. The research
is aimed at providing a practical Euler method for complete aircraft configurations
including nozzle afterbody and inlet integration studies.
This novel technique would lead to an improved design capability for complex aircraft,
including a faster throughput of design and reduced amount of wind tunnel testing.
Euler, multigrid, cartesian, body-fitted, complete aircraft

Project Title:

A Prediction Method for High-Angle-of-Attack Aerodynamics

02.05-9457A
910193
A Prediction Method for High-Angle-of-Attack Aerodynamics
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View
CA
94043-2287
Patrick H.
Reisenthel
415-968-9457
LaRC
NAS1-19529
018

02.05-9457A
910193

Abstract:

A Prediction Method for High-Angle-of-Attack Aerodynamics
The occurrence of structural failures of the vertical tails on aircraft such as the
F-15, F-18, and possibly the F-22 is a problem of extreme importance. These failures
are due to aerodynamic interaction between the vertical tail and the unsteady vortical
flow. In order to avoid this adverse interaction it is necessary to predict the flow
in the early design stages so that appropriate steps can be taken. The key element
in predicting the unsteady airloads on the tail of an aircraft at high angles-of-attack
is a model of the vortex that emanates from the forebody, inlet, or leading edge
extension. This model should be capable of representing a burst vortex. The overall
model of the flow field could then be used to analyze the loading on the tails. Predicting
the unsteady flow that causes the failure of the tails will be explored. The goal
of this project is to produce an engineering tool for high angle-of-attack flows
significantly beyond the onset of stall by applying the simplest possible physical
models.
This engineering methodology and a prediction tool would help designers ensure that
the fatigue problems occurring on twin-tail tactical fighters do not arise in future
aircraft designs. This will be of considerable benefit to the federal government
and to the aerospace industry.
unsteady aerodynamics, unsteady separated flow, vortex breakdown, buffeting, aeroelasticity,
mathematical modeling, potential flow, computational fluid dynamics

Project Title:

Simulation of Helicopter Rotor-Body Interaction Flow Fields by Navier-Stokes Method

02.06-7722
910805
Simulation of Helicopter Rotor-Body Interaction Flow Fields by Navier-Stokes Method
JAI Associates, Inc.
465 Fairchild Drive, Suite 111
Mountain View
CA
94043
G.R.
Srinivasan
415-967-7722
ARC
NAS2-13534
019

02.06-7722
910805

Abstract:

Simulation of Helicopter Rotor-Body Interaction Flow Fields by Navier-Stokes Method
A three-dimensional, unsteady Navier-Stokes numerical methodology to calculate economically
and accurately the flow field of multi-bladed helicopter rotor and fuselage in hover
and forward flight will be developed. Ad hoc wake models will not be used to model
the vortex wake; instead, the complete vortical wake will be captured as a part of
the overall flow field solution. A Navier-Stokes upwind scheme will be used in conjunction
with a Chimera grid for preserving and convecting concentrated vortices. Phase I
will demonstrate a calculation for a rotor-body combination in hover which would
provide a solid foundation for realistic calculations in hover and forward flight
in Phase II. The individual items to be completed in Phase I are the gridding of
a two-bladed rotor and fuselage for a Chimera scheme; implementation of Chimera and
Pegasus schemes into the Navier-Stokes numerical method; and a demonstration calculation
of rotor-body flow in hover and comparing the results with experiments.
Commercial applications include the design of advanced technology helicopters with
efficient aerodynamics and aeroacoustics performance, including the selection process
of rotor blade shapes and planforms and the interaction of multiple moving bodies
relative to each other such as the main rotor and tail rotor and engine turbines
and compressors.
viscous flow, Navier-Stokes equations, unsteady, hover, forward flight, helicopter
rotor, wake, interaction flow, transonic, three-dimensions

Project Title:

Long-Wavelength, Infrared, Detection System for Wind Tunnel Design and Experimental

02.07-6621
911178
Long-Wavelength, Infrared, Detection System for Wind Tunnel Design and Experimental
Techniques
Amber Engineering, Inc.
5756 Thornwood Drive
Goleta
CA
93117-3802
John D.
Blackwell
805-683-6621
LaRC
NAS1-19517
020

02.07-6621
911178

Abstract:

Long-Wavelength, Infrared, Detection System for Wind Tunnel Design and Experimental
Techniques
Infrared detection and imaging systems are required for measuring temperature profiles
along the surface of models in a cryogenic environment, down to 100 K or less. Staring
infrared arrays offer advantages over scanned arrays presently used for this application.
This project will demonstrate the feasibility of installing a closed-cycle infrared
camera system in a wind tunnel. The firm has successfully demonstrated gallium-doped
silicon (Si:Ga) 128x128 element, long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) staring focal plane
arrays (FPAs), with spectral coverage from 3-17 micrometers. A Si:Ga based LWIR imaging
system will be used to image airplane models. A sensitivity of 0.02mK or better is
predicted for Si:Ga at temperatures down to 100 K. The system's video electronics
features variable frame rates (up to 217Hz) and integration times, and furnishes
both raw digital data and RS-170 outputs for data recording purposes. It is anticipated
that project results will show Si:Ga staring FPA technology is the optimal solution
for test and research applications in cryogenic windtunnels. This project offers
the near-term prospect of retrofitting wind tunnels with low-cost, high-performance
LWIR camera systems.
Commercial applications would apply in leak detection and imaging or similar low
background scenes including satellite detection, detection of clear-air turbulence
(commercial aircraft), discovery of leaks in pipelines (e.g., Alaska oil pipeline),
constituent determination of earth and planetary atmospheres, and remote sensing
of atmospheric and weather conditions.
wind tunnel, LWIR, cryogenic, Si:GA, FPA, infrared, imaging, airplane

Project Title:

A Quantitative Skin Friction Imaging Sheet

02.08-0003
912284
A Quantitative Skin Friction Imaging Sheet
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Ctr
Andover
MA
01810
R. Daniel
Ferguson
508-689-0003
LaRC
NAS1-19534
022

02.08-0003
912284

Abstract:

Optical techniques have been employed in attempts to gain a qualitative picture of
the skin friction distribution over surfaces. The methods based upon coatings which
exhibit shear-stress-sensitive properties have limited dynamic range. They require
external imaging systems that render them less suitable for aeronautical applications.
New thermal-type imaging approach offers the potential of high-resolution, CCD-style
readout and display of skin-friction data in real time without the need for external
optical diagnostics, and will be developed for large-area (1 m2) wind-tunnel instrumentation
and aeronautical applications. The proposed device would consist of an array of a
new type of thermal, shear-stress sensor integrated into a thin, flexible skin. High-sensitivity,
flexible, pyroelectric sensors that accumulate charge in proportion to local temperature
changes can monitor local surface cooling rates after known heat pulses are delivered
by underlying heating films. This cooling rate has a simple relationship to the skin
friction. Standard "V"-type sensor configurations can separate the wall shear stress
components in cross-flow conditions. The skin friction would read out in a manner
similar to CCD-array cameras. Such a sheet could be readily attached to any surface
and the skin friction monitored and displayed continuously in, for example, standard
RGB video format.
A non-intrusive, skin-friction CCD 'camera' has the potential to become a commercial
product usable in fluid dynamics laboratories around the world. These distributed
sensor arrays can be installed on aircraft wings with outputs coupled to control
system which improve aerodynamic performance. Active control strategies can be developed
for turbulence, flow separation and cross-flow problems, where rapid assessment of
extended flow-field topology is critical.
skin friction, imaging, turbulence, instrumentation, diagnostics

Project Title:

Methods for Computational Aeroacoustics

02.09-9457
910568
Methods for Computational Aeroacoustics
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View
CA
94043-2287
Robert E.
Childs
415-968-9457
LaRC
NAS1-19530
024

02.09-9457
910568

Abstract:

Methods for Computational Aeroacoustics
Computational aeroacoustics (CAA) is an emerging discipline in which numerical solutions
of the partial differential equations governing compressible flow are employed to
make predictions of the noise generated by unsteady and turbulent flows. Methods
required for CAA are somewhat similar to those used in computational fluid dynamics
(CFD); however, two major differences are that CAA requires significantly better
far-field boundary conditions and higher accuracy solution algorithms than are typically
employed in CFD. Innovative boundary conditions which employ superposition of numerically
generated solutions for the exterior of the computational domain will be developed
to treat difficult outflow problems. A high-order-of-accuracy shock-capturing algorithm
will be constructed to be consistent with the laws of thermodynamics, unlike many
shock capturing schemes. Improvements in computational efficiency (interpreted as
the range of scales resolved per computational cost) as large as two orders of magnitude
when compared to existing second order methods may be achieved.
This project will improve accuracy and/or reduce cost for computational methods,
both CAA and CFD. These methods are employed by a range of businesses that are as
diverse as aircraft, automobile, and ship manufacturing, food processing, and biomechanics
firms. All of these areas, especially the aerospace industry, could benefit.
computational fluid dynamics, aeroacoustics, boundary conditions, high accuracy algorithms.

Project Title:

Aeroacoustic Diffraction and Dissipation by a Short Propeller Cowl in Subsonic Flight

02.10-1421
910079
Aeroacoustic Diffraction and Dissipation by a Short Propeller Cowl in Subsonic Flight
Cambridge Acoustical Associates, Inc.
80 Sherman Street
Cambridge
MA
02140
Rudolph
Martinez
617-491-1421
LeRC
NAS3-26598
025

02.10-1421
910079

Abstract:

Aeroacoustic Diffraction and Dissipation by a Short Propeller Cowl in Subsonic Flight
This project will investigate two concerns of the propfan noise research program:
 the beneficial effect of placing the new propulsion system within a short, diffractive
cowl and whether practical variations in the configuration of the acoustic liner
on such a cowl would significantly affect the character of the noise emerging from
its ends. A ducted-propeller theoretical model will be developed incorporating the
following physical features:  an idealized cowl of finite length, open-ended, unflanged,
and thin-walled; an axisymmetric liner that will cover parts of its interior surface
with variable material properties along the cowl's short axial extent; the effects
of a subsonic freestream (the flight speed) on the coupled phenomena of edge diffraction
and liner dissipation and on the propagation of the predicted radiated field; and
an insonifying aeroacoustic field due to a realistic distribution of modeled propeller
sound sources.
The design of acoustic liners specially tailored to short-ducted propellers will
address, respectively, the problems of cabin noise during flight (near-field radiation
patterns) and community environmental noise (far-field radiation patterns).
ducted propeller, linear optimization, diffracting cowl

Project Title:

Noise Reduction by the Dynamical Entrainment of Aircraft Engine Acoustics

02.10-2585
910289
Noise Reduction by the Dynamical Entrainment of Aircraft Engine Acoustics
Advanced Projects Research, Inc.
5301 North Commerce Avenue, Suite A
Moorpark
CA
93021
James D.
Sterling
805-523-2585
LeRC
NAS3-26326
026

02.10-2585
910289

Abstract:

Noise Reduction by the Dynamical Entrainment of Aircraft Engine Acoustics
A novel method for the reduction of noise in propulsion systems will be developed.
Pressure oscillations associated with engine internal flow dynamics will be analyzed
using nonlinear dynamical systems theory to determine the effective number of degrees
of freedom that participate in the oscillations. Reduction of this dimension can
be achieved by nonlinear forcing of the system to achieve "mode-locking" or "entrainment"
of the oscillations so that low-dimensional deterministic dynamics are obtained.
Both linear and nonlinear control techniques may then be applied to the system to
reduce or modify the attractor. Phase I will demonstrate the entrainment of high-dimensional
dynamics onto low-dimensional attractors for known mathematical constructs; apply
dimension-determination techniques to the results of acoustic models to characterize
"noisy" data; and investigate the application of dimension reduction techniques to
acoustic oscillations associated with rotor-stator interactions, nozzle acoustic-entropy
interactions, combustion chamber acoustic modes, and compressor surge.
The reduction of noise by nonlinear entrainment of the high-dimensional dynamics
may prove beneficial for many engineering systems. Application to propulsion systems
requires hardware that can influence the fluid flow to reduce noise. It is anticipated
that commercial implementation of the methods will first be applied to minimize pressure
oscillations in combustors of aircraft engines.
noise, acoustics, dynamical systems, fluid mechanics, propulsion

Project Title:

Surface Roughness Features Formulation for Aircraft Icing

03.01-8581
910250
Surface Roughness Features Formulation for Aircraft Icing
Remtech, Inc.
3304 Westmill Drive
Huntsville
AL
35805
Robert D.
Kirchner
205-536-8581
LeRC
NAS3-26322
027

03.01-8581
910250

Abstract:

Surface Roughness Features Formulation for Aircraft Icing
A theoretical model will be devised to define icing surface roughness features in
detail. The establishment of such a roughness model is crucial to the development
of all future ice accretion models and ice scaling laws, and it is vital in efforts
to gain a full understanding of the ice accretion process. The model will be derived
from an analysis of physical mechanisms that govern the icing process, and it will
define the texture of accreting ices in terms of the size, shape, and surface density
of individual roughness elements that form during icing processes. One goal of this
project is to provide the aviation industry with a tool that can be used to model
the effects of roughness in surface heat transfer studies. Another is to help define
the aerodynamic penalties associated with icing processes and so serve as an indispensable
key in the development of all future ice accretion models and ice scaling laws.
This project will provide a significant advancement in efforts to develop ice accretion
models and ice scaling laws that can be used to establish the extent, growth rate,
and effects of icing processes on aircraft surfaces in all icing conditions.
icing roughness features, ice accretion processes

Project Title:

Ice-Accretion Prediction on Massively Parallel Computers

03.01-9457A
910458
Ice-Accretion Prediction on Massively Parallel Computers
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
510 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View
CA
94043-2287
Steven C.
Caruso
415-968-9457
LeRC
NAS3-26321
028

03.01-9457A
910458

Abstract:

Ice-Accretion Prediction on Massively Parallel Computers
This project addresses the use of massively parallel computers for the prediction
of time-dependent ice accretion on two- and three-dimensional aerodynamic bodies.
Currently, the LEWICE computer code is being developed at NASA's Lewis Research Center
for the prediction of aircraft aerodynamic performance under icing conditions. There
are several distinct components to the LEWICE program, including water droplet trajectory
calculations and airfoil aerodynamics predictions. These components can require large
amounts of CPU time. The extension of this computer code to three-dimensional geometries
will be severely restricted by the computational power of present-day single- or
serial-processor computers. The goal of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility
of using massively parallel processing techniques to gain significant computational
efficiencies for typical calculations performed in time-dependent icing analyses.
In Phase II, the complete LEWICE code will be ported to a parallel computer.
An accurate and efficient tool that can perform three-dimensional aircraft icing
analyses could be used by both government and industry to further understand aircraft
icing problems, decrease development time and costs of ice protection systems, and
aid in the qualification and certification of aircraft to operate under icing conditions.
icing analysis, parallel processing, computational fluid dynamics

Project Title:

Eclectic, Mixed H-Infinity and Mu-Synthesis Procedures for Practical Flight-Control-System

03.03-2281A
911090
Eclectic, Mixed H-Infinity and Mu-Synthesis Procedures for Practical Flight-Control-System
Design
Systems Technology, Inc.
13766 South Hawthorne Boulevard
Hawthorne
CA
90250
Peter M.
Thompson
213-679-2281
LaRC
NAS1-19547
030

03.03-2281A
911090

Abstract:

Eclectic, Mixed H-Infinity and Mu-Synthesis Procedures for Practical Flight-Control-System
Design
Modern aerospace vehicles require highly integrated multidisciplinary control systems
and the use of numerous control effectors, including thrust vecturing. The resultant
complexities motivate a need for improved synthesis methods and a re-examination
of conventional control design criteria. The h-infinity optimal control approach
is a promising candidate because performance and robustness specifications can directly
be included in the cost function. As it now stands, h-infinity is not yet useful
for flight control design and, indeed, has as many deficiencies for such purposes
as it has promises. To overcome the major deficiencies, an eclectic and complementary
mix of control synthesis procedures that utilize h-infinity and -synthesis as core
techniques will be developed. The approach will address and rectify the deficiencies
and evolve a practical composite technique for flight control purposes. The project
will investigate the mixture of techniques and apply them to advanced stability augmentor
and autopilot designs for a high-performance, high-angle-of-attack aircraft.
The advanced practical synthesis methods developed could become universal in the
design of advanced, highly integrated, robust flight control and similar automated
systems in air, space, and ground transportation. Near-term possibilities include
experiments on the NASA HARV, or applications to the X-30 or HSCT. Some of the techniques
and procedures developed could be incorporated as upgrades in existing commercially
available software design programs ("Program CC").
h-infinity, mu-synthesis, robustness, flight control design

Project Title:

Parallel Implementation of Image Correspondence Algorithms for Rotorcraft

03.04-1567
912258
Parallel Implementation of Image Correspondence Algorithms for Rotorcraft
Innovative Configuration, Inc.
9053 Soquel Drive, Suite 203
Aptos
CA
95003
Vason
Srini
408-688-1567
ARC
NAS2-13524
031

03.04-1567
912258

Abstract:

Parallel Implementation of Image Correspondence Algorithms for Rotorcraft
The operation of rotorcraft in high-threat environments requires assistance from
on-board computers, image sensors, and automation tools so that nap-of-the Earth
flight mode can be used to carry out a specified mission. The goal of this project
is to evaluate four parallel architectures for their ability to provide real-time
obstacle detection, range estimation, image correspondence, and other near-field
guidance calculations. The first architecture uses Datacube's MaxVideo 20 pipeline
image processing system, containing multiple functional units interconnected by a
32 x 32 crossbar. The second architecture uses Intel/CMU's iWarp chip interconnected
in a systolic manner. The third architecture involves general purpose microprocessors
such as Sparc interconnected using a shared bus to form a shared memory multiprocessor.
The fourth architecture employs special purpose, high-performance VLSI chips interconnected
in a systolic manner. The four architectures will be evaluated using the algorithms
and C programs available from NASA and other agencies during Phase I. These evaluations
will determine what portion of the parallelism present in the algorithms can be turned
into speedup by the architecture. The features of each of the four architectures
such as communication network, speed of ALU and multiplier, and pipelining that can
facilitate the exploitation of parallelism into speedup will be analyzed and documented.
Based on these evaluations, one of the architectures will be selected for implementation
in Phase II. The implementation will result in a board that can be plugged into the
SBUs slots of SparcStation 2 and experimented at NASA facilities.
The compact and low-cost board can be used in spacecraft and ships. The system can
also be used in full-motion video processing systems. The range estimation and image
correspondence algorithms will be applicable in controlling robots, monitoring flow
of materials in factories, and manufacturing.
rotorcraft flight, range estimation, image correspondence, kalman filters, digital
signal processor, video image processing, parallel system, systolic architectures

Project Title:

A Three-Component, Optical, Doppler Air Velocity Sensor

03.05-2100
912229
A Three-Component, Optical, Doppler Air Velocity Sensor
Optra, Inc.
66 Cherry Hill Drive
Beverly
MA
01915
Geert
Wyntjes
508-921-2100
ARC
NAS2-13439
032

03.05-2100
912229

Abstract:

A Three-Component, Optical Doppler Air Velocity Sensor
This project will assess the feasibility of a novel approach to a non-intrusive measurement
of the relative, with respect to the vehicle, air velocities in the forward, pitch,
and yaw directions using a radically different implementation of a laser Doppler
anemometer. Unique to this design is a single beam for illumination with three interferometric
receivers to measure the phase shift of the backscattered light in three vector directions.
The combination of these will provide a measurement of air velocity in the forward,
pitch, and yaw directions at a single point in space. Key to the design are the uses
of a complex spatial filter to enhance fringe contrast and an efficient signal processor
operating in the polar or phase domain to recover accumulated phase shift (proportional
to the product of vector air velocity and time) with a low probability of error even
when fringe signal-to-noise is low. The interferometric design can be implemented
at any wavelength from the UV to well into the near-IR and makes only moderate demands
on temporal and spatial coherence of the illuminating source, permitting consideration
of both relatively broadband sources and spatial, multi-mode laser sensors. As envisioned,
the sensor would be compact, weigh little, and require minimum electrical power.
The sensor concept will satisfy many long-standing needs, including the measurement
of air motions under extreme flight conditions. It will also extend the stand-off
distance for the premonitory detection of low-altitude windshear.
laser, doppler, airborne

Project Title:

A Non-Intrusive, Solid-State, Angle-of-Attack Instrument

03.05-7093
911989
A Non-Intrusive, Solid-State, Angle-of-Attack Instrument
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc.
107 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666
S. M.
Mangalam
804-865-7093
LaRC
NAS1-19519
033

03.05-7093
911989

Abstract:

A Non-Intrusive, Solid-State, Angle-of-Attack Instrument
A new technique for indicating the angle-of-attack (AOA) based on accurately locating
the leading-edge stagnation point in flight will be developed. Advanced flow diagnostics
techniques and instrumentation developed recently by the company will be used for
the flight application. The stagnation point location will be determined by identifying
the phase reversal signatures, and the clearly identifiable fundamental and higher
harmonic dither frequencies in signals from micro-thin, multi-element, hot-film sensors.
The multi-element, hot-film sensors will be operated by a high sensitivity constant
voltage anemometer. Signals from 16 anemometers will be simultaneously acquired by
the company's data acquisition and analysis system. Flight tests will be made on
an experimental-class airplane to evaluate the feasibility of determining angle-of-attack
over the entire flight envelope through the identification of the leading-edge stagnation
point.
Existing AOA devices are relatively high cost and/or intrusive. A low-cost, non-intrusive,
digital relative angle-of-attack display suitable for general aviation aircraft as
well as for transport and military aircraft has market viability, and could also
be made available in a more sophisticated form to measure absolute AOA for research
and flight test aircraft. The measurement technique can also be used to provide yaw
or side slip angle displays as well as provide tail downwash or sidewash angles.
angle-of-attack, non-intrusive, multi-element, hot-film, sensors

Project Title:

Optical-Fiber Velocimeter for Flows in Hypersonic and Supersonic Flight

03.05-7637
910802
Optical-Fiber Velocimeter for Flows in Hypersonic and Supersonic Flight
Candela Laser Corporation
530 Boston Post Road
Wayland
MA
01778
Rafael A.
Sierra
508-358-7637
LaRC
NAS1-19520
034

03.05-7637
910802

Abstract:

Optical-Fiber Velocimeter for Flows in Hypersonic and Supersonic Flight
A new airborne instrument for velocimetry of the external and internal flows of re-entry,
hypersonic, and supersonic vehicles will be developed. This technique may also prove
useful for temperature measurement. Based on the time-of-flight approach, the instrument
uses laser-generated N2 ions as tracers and delayed laser-induced fluorescence for
imaging. Two recent advances make this innovation possible:  the identification of
an efficient photo-ionization of N2 and the development of a new burst-mode, Q-switched,
frequency-doubled, Ti:Sapphire laser. The new laser can deliver two high-energy,
tunable laser pulses using a single flashlamp pulse. The first pulse is used to write
a tracer line by tuning it to the ionizing transition of N2. The second pulse is
used, after a preset delay, to induce fluorescence that is detected by a solid-state
digital camera. The all-solid-state system is robust and may be made into a low-volume,
low-power, minimally intrusive, highly accurate, and reliable device.
This instrument will also be useful for wind tunnels and combustion diagnostics.
In addition, the UV laser will find use as a resonance ionization source for mass
spectrometric analysis of ultra trace elements in biological samples in medical research.
Other applications of the laser include spectroscopy and materials research.
optical velocimeter, tunable Ti:Sapphire laser, photo-ionization, Q-switched laser

Project Title:

Synthetic, Moire-Fringe Surface Metrology

03.05-8775A
911446
Synthetic, Moire-Fringe Surface Metrology
Bauer Associates, Inc.
177 Worcester Road, Suite 101
Wellesley
MA
02181
Paul
Glenn
617-235-8775
ARC
NAS2-13440
035

03.05-8775A
911446

Abstract:

Synthetic, Moire-Fringe Surface Metrology
A new surface contour measurement will be developed. Because of its remote, non-contacting
nature, it will be able to measure a wide variety of structural deformations, including
those induced by high Mach number airflows over aerodynamic surfaces. The approach
is an innovative variation on Moire fringe techniques. It replaces the physical,
periodic viewing mask with specific digital image processing algorithms, making the
approach easy to implement and extremely flexible. The result is accurate measurement
data on a regular rectangular grid, with meaningful horizontal resolution equal to
that of the viewing system. Sensitivities to deflections of several micro-inches
and absolute accuracies better than one hundred micro-inches appear to be achievable.
Objectives are to define a baseline system and to develop calibration algorithms
and a comprehensive performance prediction model. Phase II will provide a breadboard
instrument to characterize and demonstrate its capabilities. NASA applications include
flight research sensors and instrumentation, as well as generalized surface metrology.
Benefits include real-time, non-contacting, accurate measurement of surface shapes
and deflections.
Applications include in-process surface and deflection mapping of complex parts,
including aerodynamic surfaces. The instrument can also be used for pre-weld shape
and orientation inspection, mold inspection, part alignment in a robotic manufacturing
cell, and measurement of human back shape for scoliosis screening.
contour measurement, deflectometry, Moire, non-contact

Project Title:

Smart-Skin Technology for Vortex Flow Detection

03.06-0533
911288
Smart-Skin Technology for Vortex Flow Detection
Innovative Dynamics
Cornell Research Park, 244 Langmuir Labs
Ithaca
NY
14850-1296
Gail A.
Hickman
607-257-0534
ARC
NAS2-13458
036

03.06-0533
911288

Abstract:

Smart Skin Technology for Vortex Flow Detection
Innovative methods for measuring and controlling vortex-dominated flows will be developed
to achieve enhanced mission performance of advanced technology fighters. The primary
objective of this project is to define and quantify experimentally techniques for
measuring surface flow patterns and vortex structures. Phase I will demonstrate an
innovative concept based on "smart skins" to measure vortex flow fields on a delta
wing using sensor arrays integral with the airfoil skin. The basic concept is to
measure pressure and shear forces at the surface with thin-film arrays and construct
three-dimensional vortex fields using digital signal processing techniques. Laboratory
experiments and wind tunnel flow visualization tests will be conducted to demonstrate
embedded solid-state transducers in an open-loop mode of operation. The most promising
sensors/actuators will be integrated into a thin boot design for Phase II developmental
and Phase III in-flight testing on NASA's F/A-18 high-angle-of-attack (AOA) research
vehicle. This work will help researchers verify the accuracy of computational fluid
dynamics calculations to predict accurately the aerodynamics and behavior of an aircraft
maneuvering at high AOA. Successful development of smart skins could produce advanced
control mechanisms that will extend fighter aircraft performance envelopes without
the complexity and weight penalties of pneumatic control systems.
Fundamental knowledge of the spatial and temporal structure of vortex flows would
have important uses in boundary layer management, high-angle-of-attack aerodynamics,
separated flows, rotor wake interactions, and vane-type vortex generators. The USAF/NASA
AFTI Mission Adaptive Wing program and the Advanced Tactical Fighter would directly
benefit from this technology.
vortex sensor array, vortex manipulator, smart skin, piezoelectric

Project Title:

A Design Method for the Calculation of Supersonic and Hypersonic Flow Fields

03.07-2900
912434
A Design Method for the Calculation of Supersonic and Hypersonic Flow Fields
Adroit Systems, Inc.
209 Madison Street
Alexandria
VA
22314
Thomas R.A.
Bussing
703-684-2900
LaRC
NAS1-19513
037

03.07-2900
912434

Abstract:

A Design Method for the Calculation of Supersonic and Hypersonic Flow Fields
The specific innovation in this project results from a desire to increase speed and
reduce computer memory requirements for the computation of internal and external
hypersonic flows. The approach is to reduce problems involving three-dimensional,
embedded elliptic flow regions that require the full Navier-Stokes (FNS) equations
to problems for which only the parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations, coupled
with innovative fluid and chemistry models, are required. The innovation involves
building analytical models for various embedded elliptic fluid flows, i.e., transverse
fuel injection, parallel fuel injection, base flows, and so on, for which the extent
of the embedded elliptic flow is small compared to overall flow field. Current FNS
methods require one or two orders of magnitude more CPU time and computer memory
as compared to PNS methods. In addition, an evaluation of the optimization techniques
that could be coupled with these PNS methods will be performed. These new, efficient
codes could be run on super workstations to enhance their availability to the design
community. This innovation will lead to a new, highly efficient class of design methods
applicable to a wide variety of hypersonic problems.
The new design method could be applied in the areas of missile design, supersonic
aerodynamics analysis, hypersonic vehicle design, and scramjet development.
parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS), fuel injector, hypersonic, design methods, elliptic
flow, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), fluid model, supersonic

Project Title:

Improving Access and Use of Graphical Information in Commercial Air Transport

03.09-1457
911903
Improving Access and Use of Graphical Information in Commercial Air Transport
Search Technology, Inc.
4725 Peachtree Corners Circle Suite 200
Norcross
GA
30092
Paul R.
Frey
404-441-1457
LaRC
NAS1-19545
039

03.09-1457
911903

Abstract:

Improving Access and Use of Graphical Information in Commercial Air Transport
This project addresses an effort to improve the accessibility and use of computer-based
graphical information in the cockpits of commercial transport aircraft. This improvement
derives from the use of principled approaches in both the presentation design and
the ease of access of the graphical information. Two unique and innovative aspects
are the application of recent research results on the use of an information "abstraction-aggregation
space" to the design of computer-based graphics, and the transfer of recent research
and development experience on military fighter aircraft information management to
management of graphical information in commercial air transport. The results of this
effort hold promise for directing and managing the anticipated expansion of computer-based
graphical information in the cockpit.
Information management systems have wide commercial application in civil air transport
as well as in many other industries. In the near term, the most likely commercial
application of this project is the development of electronic library systems (ELS)
for new commercial transport aircraft. It may prove useful in ELS retrofits as well.
information management, graphical information, commercial air transport, electronic
library system

Project Title:

Configurable, Icon-Based Expert System for On-Line Documentation

03.10-0655
911111
Configurable, Icon-Based Expert System for On-Line Documentation
American Research Corporation of Virginia
P.O. Box 3406
Radford
VA
24143-3406
John A.
Neal, III
703-731-0655
ARC
NAS2-13447
040

03.10-0655
911111

Abstract:

Configurable, Icon-Based Expert System for On-Line Documentation
NASA has identified a need for a user-configurable presentation of system functional
overviews and detailed system documentation. To address this need, this project proposes
the innovative application of computer-based expert systems and high-resolution graphics
in a diagrammatic (iconic) environment for the presentation of user-configurable
on-line documentation of aircraft and ground test systems. The project's technical
objectives include evaluation of documentation presentation methodologies, design
of an interactive iconic environment, development of an expert system architecture,
integration of high-resolution computer graphics, and testing and verification of
the expert system. This effort will demonstrate a proof-of-concept system for on-line
graphical presentation of overview and detailed aircraft and test systems. The results
anticipate the development of an expert system architecture and graphical user interface
that is flexible enough to be used in a variety of complex system documentation applications.
Expected NASA application will initially occur in the design, modification, and testing
of aircraft systems; benefits will be realized from an increase in design accuracy,
system reliability, and safety, and a decrease in man-hours spent on documentation
searches.
This intelligent interface will be capable of application to a variety of complex
system documentation needs. It can be used to provide more efficient and more accurate
access to large volume design, performance, and test documentation databases, such
as those found in the aerospace and shipbuilding industries.
expert system, on-line documentation, iconic interface, computer graphics

Project Title:

A Parallel Computing Environment for Probabilistic Response Analysis of High-Temperature

04.01-0018
911218
A Parallel Computing Environment for Probabilistic Response Analysis of High-Temperature
Composites
Applied Research Associates
6404 Falls of Neuse Road, #200
Raleigh
NC
27615
Robert H.
Sues
919-876-0018
LeRC
NAS3-26576
042

04.01-0018
911218

Abstract:

A Parallel Computing Environment for Probabilistic Response Analysis of High-Temperature
Composites
A parallel processing environment consisting of software strategies and optimal hardware
configurations for probabilistic simulation of the response of high-temperature composite
structures will be developed. Probabilistic composite mechanics (PCM) problems have
many inherent levels of both coarse- and fine-grained parallelism. However, the software
strategies needed to achieve large-scale parallelism do not exist. Moreover, current
parallel processor configurations may not be efficient for all cases. Developing
an efficient parallel processing environment for PCM problems will make these computationally
intensive methods practical for tailoring high-temperature structural composites.
The ability to tailor these composites and meet reliability-based design criteria
will contribute to making application of high-temperature composites in aerospace
propulsion structures possible. Phase I will identify the multiple levels of parallelism
in PCM problems and investigate innovative software strategies that can exploit this
parallelism while minimizing parallel processing overhead. Two sample problems will
then be executed on two different parallel architectures. The results will be used
to formulate recommendations for developing optimal parallel processing environments
(software and hardware) for PCM problems.
This hardware-software package will be used to reduce the need for costly testing
of numerous possible composite design configurations to many different load environments.
Commercial application would be in aerospace, automotive, offshore oil, nuclear power,
and construction industries.
parallel processing, probabilistic mechanics, high-temperature composites, structural
reliability

Project Title:

Advanced Area Detector for Real-Time Radiography of Aeropropulsion Materials

04.03-7780
911480
Advanced Area Detector for Real-Time Radiography of Aeropropulsion Materials
Advanced Research & Applications Corporation
425 Lakeside Drive
Sunnyvale
CA
94086
Christopher R.
Mitchell
408-733-7780
LeRC
NAS3-26507
045

04.03-7780
911480

Abstract:

Advanced Area Detector for Real-Time Radiography of Aeropropulsion Materials
The objective of Phase I is to quantify the effect of x-ray scatter on radiographic
image quality, test scatter rejection approaches, and generate a conceptual design
of a system that will provide better resolution, contrast sensitivity, and dynamic
range than is currently available with commercial real-time radiography systems.
Presently, real-time radiography systems do not reject scatter and this has a significant
effect on the performance of these systems. X-ray systems with enhanced resolution,
contrast sensitivity, and dynamic range are needed for the imaging of advanced aeropropulsion
materials that are now being developed. Information gathered from such a system will
be useful in developing accurate models to predict material behavior. Incorporation
of such a system with a load frame will allow information to be gathered on how these
materials behave under mechanical load. The system will also be designed to be compatible
with a future upgrade to a volumetric computed tomography (CT) system, providing
even greater information on advanced material behavior. NASA will be able to use
both the near real-time radiographic and volumetric computed tomography systems to
study advanced aeropropulsion material behavior and provide information to guide
the modeling of these material systems.
The construction of a real-time radiographic system with enhanced resolution, contrast
sensitivity, and dynamic range over currently available systems will extend the use
of these systems, open up many new applications of x-ray imaging, and lead the way
to volumetric computed tomography (CT) systems that will greatly increase the throughput
and utility of CT technology.
radiography, real-time, aeropropulsion, materials, scatter, processing, computed
tomography, models

Project Title:

Process Optimization by Visualization Technology for Composites Manufacturing

04.04-8080
911783
Process Optimization by Visualization Technology for Composites Manufacturing
Technical Research Associates, Inc.
410 Chipeta Way, Suite 222
Salt Lake City
UT
84108
William R.
Hughes
801-582-8080
LeRC
NAS3-26568
046

04.04-8080
911783

Abstract:

Process Optimization by Visualization Technology for Composites Manufacturing
Performance of advanced composite materials for use in aeropropulsion depends to
an extent on the complex processes required for their fabrication. There is a need
to better understand and control such processes through numerical simulation and
process optimization techniques. The goal of this project is to develop new visualization
technology with capabilities that can be directed toward process optimization for
advanced composite manufacturing and improving the understanding of cause and effect
relationships among fundamental process parameters. Further significance of the innovation
resides in the generic capability as a model to show complex relationships of large
numbers of variables, and to add or change any of the variables while observing effects
on all the other variables. Phase I objectives include demonstration of this solution
relative to the basic manufacturing methodologies of filament winding, RTM, and pultrusion.
Anticipated results include demonstration that performance of a composite material
can be optimized by balancing one variable against another in the overall process.
Understanding of how variables relate to other variables will be gained by analysis
of multi-dimensional displays.
Space programs will benefit from higher performance materials made possible by process
optimization. Process optimization for composites will benefit aircraft, automotive
and truck, marine, sports, electrical and construction, and medical applications.
Cost savings through improved yields could be quite impressive.
visualization, processes, composites, multi-dimensional display optimization, modeling

Project Title:

Lightweight, SiC-Ceramic-Foam, Mirror Structures

04.05-0236
912393
Lightweight, SiC-Ceramic-Foam, Mirror Structures
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima
CA
91331
Brian E.
Williams
818-899-0236
LaRC
NAS1-19550
047

04.05-0236
912393

Abstract:

Lightweight, SiC-Ceramic-Foam Mirror Structures
Projected NASA civil and commercial space missions will require power systems capable
of greater versatility and higher power levels than those currently available. Advanced
solar dynamic (ASD) power systems offer the potential for efficient, lightweight,
survivable, relatively compact, long-lived space power systems. The solar concentrator,
a key component of the ASD power system, must be lightweight, dependable, and resistant
to chemical attack. State-of-the-art mirrors for concentrator panels are too heavy
and the surface slope error is too high. In a recently concluded program, the company
has developed a mirror fabrication process in which six inch-diameter optical quartz
(Si02) faceplate mirror surfaces, fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
were bonded to lightweight ceramic foams fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration
(CVI). The resulting mirrors were shown to withstand exposure over the temperature
range (from -330 to +250F) without deviating from a surface slope error of 1.0 mrad
over a 72" radius of curvature and a surface roughness of <20.0 A RMS. Phase I will
develop a lightweight SiC mirror structure, composed of a CVI ceramic foam structural
material to which a CVD SiC mirror surface will be deposited. CVD SiC is highly polishable
and has the potential of reducing a real density to <0.20 g/cm2, a 40 percent reduction
from the previous study.
The successful completion of this program will result in a significant advance in
the technology of ultra-lightweight stiff mirror structures. Potential commercial
applications include space optical devices such as telescopes and fast-response laser
pointing mirrors, as well as structural and power system components for the Space
Station.
mirrors, lightweight, silicon carbide (SiC0, solar concentrator, advanced solar dynamic
(ASD), space power systems, foam

Project Title:

Producing Foils from Direct-Cast, Titanium Alloy Strip

04.06-5444
911895
Producing Foils from Direct-Cast, Titanium Alloy Strip
Ribbon Technology Corporation
Box 30758
Gahanna
OH
43230
Thomas A.
Gaspar
614-864-5444
LaRC
NAS1-19541
049

04.06-5444
911895

Abstract:

Producing Foils from Direct-Cast, Titanium Alloy Strip
A promising new technique for direct-casting rapidly solidified titanium alloy strip
was developed by the firm with NASA support. The plasma melt overflow process combines
transferred plasma-arc, skull melting techniques, and melt overflow rapid solidification
technology to direct-cast ribbons and strip. A wide range of alloys can be cast by
the process. After casting a near-net-shape strip, there is still sufficient thickness
to break up the cast microstructure and develop the mechanical and metallurgical
properties by thermal and mechanical processing (TMP) to result in high-quality foils.
This project focuses on the development of techniques to produce TiAl and Ti3Al foils
from direct-cast strip using TMP. The techniques that will be investigated include
direct casting of strip, heat treatment, wet grinding, and pack rolling.
Applications would be in honeycomb panels, metal-matrix composites, turbine exhaust
nozzle flaps, and superalloy foils.
aluminides, titanium, foils, rapid solidification, pack rolling

Project Title:

An Advanced Carbon-Carbon Composite with Improved Interlaminar and Flexure Properties

04.07-1980
911713
An Advanced Carbon-Carbon Composite with Improved Interlaminar and Flexure Properties
and Oxidation Resistance
Materials & Electrochemical Research
7960 South Kolb Road
Tucson
AZ
85706
J. C.
Withers
602-574-1980
LaRC
NAS1-19528
050

04.07-1980
911713

Abstract:

An Advanced Carbon-Carbon Composite with Improved Interlaminar and Flexure Properties
and Oxidation Resistance
Carbon-carbon composites have significant potential for use in airframes, hot structural
applications on advanced hypersonic vehicles, spacecraft, and engines, but have not
reached their potential due to limiting properties of interlaminar and flexure strength
and oxidation resistance. An innovative approach that overcomes these difficulties
utilizes a SiC conversion coating, without or with whiskers, on the graphite reinforcements;
doping of the carbon matrix with a gradation to the surface to inhibit oxidation
and match CTE of a coating system that encompasses a bridge coating; and a proven
oxidation resistant layer and a moisture resistant glaze. A composite-coating system
integrally designed will have substantial increased mechanical and oxidation resistant
properties over current systems.
A carbon-carbon composite with substantially improved interlaminar and flexure properties,
and oxidation resistance will have broad usage in airframes, space structures, engines,
brakes, dies, and so on.
carbon-carbon composites, coatings, plasma deposition, SiC coatings.

Project Title:

Real-Time Monitoring and Analysis of Thermal Spray Processes Using Machine Vision

04.08-7900
910998
Real-Time Monitoring and Analysis of Thermal Spray Processes Using Machine Vision
Automatix, Inc./Control Vision, Inc. - Joint Venture
755 Middlesex Turnpike
Billerica
MA
01821
John
Agapakis
508-667-7900
MSFC
NAS8-39306
051

04.08-7900
910998

Abstract:

Real-Time Monitoring and Analysis of Thermal Spray Processes Using Machine Vision
The objective of this project is to develop innovative vision-sensing and processing
techniques that can be used for real-time visual monitoring and analysis of thermal
spray processes. Process R&D and real-time control for high-temperature material
coating processes are the main applications of the project. The same monitoring and
analysis technology can also find use in spray forming applications. The innovative
viewing system suppresses the intense light of the flame or plasma in the video image
and allows direct observation of the traveling coating particles. The advanced image
processing and analysis schemes will allow in-process determination of important
quantitative measures such as the pattern and gross velocity of the particle stream,
the velocity of individual particles, the powder mass flow rate, the geometry and
turbulence of the plasma or flame, and possibly the temperature of particle populations.
Phase I will include a brief review of related work, and analysis of application
requirements, particularly focusing on NASA needs, an investigation and prototyping
of the proposed vision sensing approaches, and investigation and prototyping of vision
processing approaches. On the basis of the above, needs for future R&D will be identified
and the Phase II effort will be planned.
In addition to direct benefits to NASA and the aerospace industry, where thermal
coatings are widely used in advanced propulsion system components, the project has
immediate applications in jet engine manufacture, overhaul, and repair in which thermal
spray coatings are also widely applied.
thermal spraying, monitoring, control, vision sensing, image processing

Project Title:

A Unique Silicon-Carbide Reusable Thermal Protection Material

04.09-1980
912063
A Unique Silicon-Carbide Reusable Thermal Protection Material
Materials & Electrochemical Research
7960 South Kolb Road
Tucson
AZ
85706
Raouf O.
Loutfy
602-574-1980
JSC
NAS9-18691
052

04.09-1980
912063

Abstract:

Novel Thermal Protection Materials
A new and unique process, chemical vapor reaction (CVR), to convert graphite structures
to low-density SiC structures will be investigated to produce high-temperature thermal
protection materials. Available heat shield materials have temperature limitations
of about 2500F and extremely low mechanical properties. In this project net-shape,
low-density SiC with excellent strength, excellent thermal shock resistance, high
emissivity, high-temperature capability, and low thermal conductivity will be developed.
The properties of the SiC will be optimized by investigating the effect of the graphite
precursor's density and microstructure and the effect of CVR process operating parameters.
The CVR-SiC materials will also be CVD SiC coated to improve ablation resistance.
Test specimens will be fabricated and fully characterized, and samples will be delivered
to NASA for evaluation.
In addition to a structural insulation for use on the Space Shuttle and other re-entry
vehicles, a high-temperature structural insulation will have commercial applications
as thermal barrier coatings in gas turbine engines, spark ignition and diesel engines,
furnace insulation, and so on.
insulation, composites, 3000F, SiC

Project Title:

Ion-Beam-Modified, Atomic-Oxygen-Resistant Lubricious Surfaces

04.12-2437
910260
Ion-Beam-Modified, Atomic-Oxygen-Resistant Lubricious Surfaces
First Omega Group, Inc.
10205 West Exposition Avenue
Lakewood
CO
80226-3912
Ronghua
Wei
303-986-2437
MSFC
NAS8-39317
056

04.12-2437
910260

Abstract:

Ion-Beam-Modified, Atomic-Oxygen-Resistant Lubricous Surfaces
Lubricous wear surfaces will be developed for use on mechanisms exposed to low-Earth
orbit environment for extended periods. Such lubricous surfaces are expected to have
long wear and excellent resistance to atomic oxygen degradation. The wear surfaces
are created by ion-deposited, diamond-like carbon film and/or ion-implanted chromium
or chromium plus oxygen. The ion-beam processing and implantation equipment to be
used for this work is unique in that it employs large-diameter ion-beams of very
high current density. A novel controlled environment tribotester, capable of providing
simulated atomic oxygen environment around the wear tested surfaces, will be used
for evaluations. Expected Phase I and II results are surface modification process
and evaluation techniques sufficiently developed that NASA may confidently specify
the process to create lubricous surfaces on mechanical elements for use in long-duration,
low-earth orbit applications such as Space Station Freedom.
A surface treatment process that makes surfaces long wearing, lubricous, and resistant
to oxygen degradation will provide superior performance in critical civilian and
government terrestrial applications.
ion, deposition, implantation, atomic-oxygen, lubricous, DLC

Project Title:

Solid Lubricants for Aeronautics and Space Applications

04.12-3200
912096
Solid Lubricants for Aeronautics and Space Applications
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02154-1196
Philip
Stark
617-890-3200
MSFC
NAS8-39320
057

04.12-3200
912096

Abstract:

Solid Lubricants for Aeronautics and Space Applications
This project investigates the use of improved cubic boron nitride (CBN) thin-films
as solid lubricants for long-term NASA space missions. The improved films are deposits
using the novel technique of laser ablation. The benefit expected is a new solid
lubricant film with significantly greater atomic oxygen resistance and longer life
than currently available in commercial products. CBN exhibits exceptional durability,
hardness second only to diamond, ultrahigh resistance to wear, and relatively low
coefficient of friction. Its resistance to attack by atomic oxygen should be better
than diamond. In addition, CBN thin-films can be deposited at temperatures significantly
lower than diamond films and on a greater variety of substrates. This unique combination
of properties makes CBN a prime candidate for use as a solid lubricant in long-term
space applications. Phase I will demonstrate the effectiveness of CBN as a solid
lubricant for NASA space applications. Commercially available, polycrystalline CBN
(pCBN) will be characterized in terms of its tribiological properties in the as-received
condition and after being subjected to atomic oxygen exposure. Simultaneously, pCBN
thin films will be fabricated by laser ablation and their performance compared to
bulk pCBN and commercially available (non-laser ablated) pCBN films.
Commercial applications would exist in the areas of aerospace structural components,
automotive engine components, machine tools, and fossil fuel recovery, and would
include solid lubricant coatings for a variety of mechanisms including gears, bearings,
pistons, actuators, and the like.
cubic boron nitride, solid lubricants, atomic oxygen protection, thin-films, friction
and wear

Project Title:

Space Welding Power Control Unit

04.14-9500
911880
Space Welding Power Control Unit
Space Power, Inc.
621 River Oaks Pkwy
San Jose
CA
95134
See-Pok
Wong
408-434-9500
MSFC
NAS8-39341
061

04.14-9500
911880

Abstract:

Space Welding Power Control Unit
Space welding capability will be needed for maintaining, repairing, or constructing
spacecraft in space. The former Soviet Union has already performed welding in space
successfully. Furthermore, future spacecraft will have enough power on board for
welding. A cost-effective approach to obtain a space-use welding power control unit
by adapting a power conditioning unit (PCU) from an arcjet electric propulsion system
for spacecraft will be pursued. Arcjet and welding are both gaseous discharge with
very similar load characteristics and power source requirements. The firm, a developer
for high-power arcjet PCUs, is currently working on an Air Force program to develop
a flight-qualified arcjet system. Welding has been performed successfully with an
arcjet PCU breadboard without any modification. The efficiency of this breadboard
is well above 96 percent; the specific mass is less than 1.5 kg/kw. In Phase II,
a flight-prototype space welding control unit will be built and will be ready for
full space qualification. This will enable NASA to perform welding in space.
Welding in space can be used to repair or construct military spacecraft as well as
commercial satellites. The compact, lightweight, and high-efficiency space welding
system could also be modified to an attractive portable welding system for hard to
reach areas in nuclear reactors or, other field applications.
space welding, use arc PCU technology, cost-effective

Project Title:

Graphite-Magnesium, Metal-Matrix-Composites for Space Structural Joints with Built-In

04.15-3200
912106
Graphite-Magnesium, Metal-Matrix-Composites for Space Structural Joints with Built-In
Metallic Inserts
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02154-1196
Uday
Kashalikar
617-890-3200
MSFC
NAS8-39319
062

04.15-3200
912106

Abstract:

Graphite-Magnesium, Metal-Matrix-Composites for Space Structural Joints with Built-In
Metallic Inserts
A low-cost MMC fabrication method for net-shape fabrication of space structural joints
with built-in metallic inserts will be developed. Two innovations will be demonstrated
during Phase I: low-cost, reusable tooling to pressure cast Gr-Mg components to net
shape, and "built-in" metallic inserts in the component to produce strong and reliable
MMC joints using conventional metal joining. The firm has pressure cast Gr-Al and
Gr-Mg components exhibiting a complete preform infiltration and a controlled fiber-matrix
interface chemistry. The MMC specimens have shown rule-of-mixtures modulus and a
high strength (>100 ksi). The major issues that need to be resolved to encourage
widespread utilization of MMCs in space systems are reducing the cost of tooling
and processing, and developing joining techniques for MMC parts by virtue of its
reusability. Incorporation of metallic inserts will enable assembly of the MMC components
using existing techniques such as welding, bolting, brazing, and so on. A complex
shaped Gr-Mg joint component with metallic fittings will be selected, fabricated,
and evaluated during Phase I. The process will be optimized to demonstrate repeatability
in component properties during Phase II.
The successful development of low-cost, easily "joinable" Gr-Mg components will open
up commercial applications in automotive and aircraft engines, avionics and electronic
packages as well as in high-performance sporting equipment. Phase I will identify
candidate commercial applications that will be further investigated during Phase
II.
The successful development of low-cost, easily "joinable" Gr-Mg components will open
up commercial applications in automotive and aircraft engines, avionics and electronic
packages as well as in high-performance sporting equipment. Phase I will identify
candidate commercial applications that will be further investigated during Phase
II.
pressure casting, Gr-Mg, metal-matrix composites, space structures, joints, built-in
inserts, fittings, tooling

Project Title:

Laser-Based Detection of Contamination on Adhesive Bonding Surfaces

04.17-0003
911269
Laser-Based Detection of Contamination on Adhesive Bonding Surfaces
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Ctr
Andover
MA
01810
Victor
Dicristina
508-689-0003
LaRC
NAS1-19535
065

04.17-0003
911269

Abstract:

Laser-Based Detection of Contamination on Adhesive Bonding Surfaces
The use of lightweight metallic and composite materials in structures that must function
under extremes of temperature, pressure, and loading presents new challenges to design
engineers. These materials range from common metals to metal-matrix composites as
well as carbon- and silica-based composites. In the joining of these multilayer materials
and the welding of advanced metals, the cleanliness of the interface can play a large
role in the strength of the resulting bond. Through the excitation of fluorescence
in the contaminants by UV light and photoelectric detection methods, a non-destructive
imaging technique for the detection of contaminants that hinder surface bonding will
be developed. Unlike previous applications of this method, a commercially available
UV laser coupled to an image-intensified TV camera to obtain rapid real-time images
of large structures, regardless of shape, will be applied. In addition to inspection,
the system can be employed to remove contaminants via laser ablation and/or vaporization
without damage to the underlying material. Phase I will test the sensitivity of the
detection method for contaminants of interest on aluminum substrates, demonstrate
laser removal of contaminants, and define a prototype system for development in Phase
II.
Applications would be in inspection and preparation of metals prior to welding or
brazing; contamination detection in the manufacture of layered composite structures,
adhesive bonding of composites, and surfaces prepared for film deposition; and detection
of contaminants on optical surfaces, semiconductor wafers, and magnetic storage media.
contamination, bonding, welding, imaging, process control, manufacturing, non-destructive
evaluation

Project Title:

Nondestructive Analysis of Graphite-Reinforced Materials

04.17-1167
911460
Nondestructive Analysis of Graphite-Reinforced Materials
Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc.
44 Hunt Street
Watertown
MA
02172
Michael R.
Squillante
617-926-1167
LaRC
NAS1-19539
066

04.17-1167
911460

Abstract:

Non-Destructive Analysis of Graphite-Reinforced Materials
The advent of graphite-reinforced composites has led to major advances in aerospace
technology. Such composite materials are becoming essential to modern flight technology
due to their exceptionally high strength-to-weight ratios when compared to metals
and alloys. Many aircraft and rocket components are currently made from these new
materials and many new developments require their unique properties. The use of graphite-reinforced
materials (GRM) in aerospace applications has resulted in higher quality materials
to meet more demanding performance specifications. As a result, there is a requirement
for advances in non-destructive inspection equipment to provide accurate, real-time
composition analysis of these composites. Since the properties of these composites
are strongly dependent on the ratio of graphite filler to binding resin, a reliable
non-destructive technique for the determination of the resin to graphite ratio of
GRM in both prepreg and cured forms is essential. To ensure that GRM are suitably
made, a radiometric non-destructive instrument allowing the accurate determination
of resin constant in both prepreg and final composites will be developed. The instrument
will be useful not only for quality assurance but also for failure analysis of key
components and structures.
The graphite composite analyzer will find numerous applications in the manufacturing
of composites. It will not only improve component performance but will reduce the
manufacturing cost by reducing the number of rejected parts.
non-destructive testing, graphite, composites, radiography

Project Title:

New Digital Radiography System for Nondestructive Testing

04.17-2701
911473
New Digital Radiography System for Nondestructive Testing
Quantex Corporation
2 Research Court
Rockville
MD
20850
Peter K.
Soltani
301-258-2701
LaRC
NAS1-19538
067

04.17-2701
911473

Abstract:

New Digital Radiography System for Non-Destructive Testing
This project addresses a new technology for the digital radiography employing a patented
storage-phosphor material. Planar screens fabricated from this material can acquire
radiation images in much the same way as radiographic film, with the key exception
that the images are obtained digitally. This innovative technology will be superior
to radiographic film, in that it exhibits a linear response over a radiation exposure
range of 100,000:1, exhibits potentially greater exposure sensitivity, and can be
re-used. Because of these properties, the storage-phosphor imaging screens can be
calibrated to allow quantitative analysis of structural changes in engineering materials
and components, as well as precise flaw detection and characterization. The objective
of this project will be to demonstrate the specific characteristics of the technology
in radiographic imaging. These will include quantification of performance characteristics
relative to film and current digital radiography systems, such as fluoroscopy and
related scintillator-based system. These will lead to the development of a prototype,
digital radiography system during Phase II that can be used by NASA to perform quantitative
non-destructive evaluation of structural components.
A digital radiography system is expected to be useful in aerospace applications (e.g.,
inspection of aircraft structures), power generation facilities, inspection of composite
and electronic components, and generally in any industry that currently employs radiography
as an inspection method.
radiography, digital imaging, non-destructive testing

Project Title:

Low Outgassing Marking Inks

04.18-4334C
910215
Low Outgassing Marking Inks
Utility Development Corporation
112 Naylon Avenue
Livingston
NJ
07039
Harry S.
Katz
201-994-4334
GSFC
NAS5-31885
068

04.18-4334C
910215

Abstract:

Low-Outgassing Marking Inks
Low-outgassing marking inks that can be applied by silk screen, spray, brush, or
stamping and possess good chemical and abrasion resistance will be developed. This
objective will be achieved by formulating cationic UV-curable epoxies in combination
with photoinitiators, flow control agents, reactive monomers and oligomers, fillers,
and pigments that will be tested for abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, gloss,
flexibility, cure characteristics, and adhesion. Outgassing will be investigated
by determination of weight loss versus time under vacuum at various temperatures.
The solvent-free inks and coatings will have superior abrasion resistance adhesion
to various substrates, low odor, low toxicity, and rapid cure. These products will
be especially useful for packaging industries and printers.
epoxy, abrasion, chemical resistance, cationic, gloss, UV-curable, solvent-free

Project Title:

Adaptive Materials Using Magnetostrictive Actuation

04.21-0540
911677
Adaptive Materials Using Magnetostrictive Actuation
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge
MA
02139-4507
Ralph C.
Fenn
617-661-0540
LaRC
NAS1-19542
072

04.21-0540
911677

Abstract:

Adaptive Materials Using Magnetostrictive Actuation
A new class of adaptive materials will be developed using magnetostrictive actuation.
These will provide a superior alternative to piezoelectric materials now under development.
A unique characteristic of magnetostrictive materials is the contactless transfer
of power to the material through magnetic fields. This freedom to separate the electrical
components physically from the actuator material has the advantages of eliminating
both bulky and unreliable embedded power or sensor leads and shorting by conductive
laminations. Physical continuity and integrity of the actuator lamination is unnecessary,
and there is greater shape flexibility by using magnetic field alterations. Many
magnetostrictive materials have the additional benefits of favorable physical properties
that are often lacking in piezoelectric materials, such as toughness, ductility,
and stable properties. Phase I will identify magnetostrictive materials, and various
magnetrostrictive material and field producing geometries will be analyzed. Proof-of-concept
samples will be fabricated and tested for properties of importance to adaptive materials.
Phase II will characterize, validate, and integrate magnetostrictive adaptive materials
into a structure for evaluation of damping, motion, and shape control. Adaptive materials
based on magnetostrictive actuation offer improved reliability, maintainability,
and flexibility over existing materials.

Potential Commercial Application:

Potential Commercial Applications:  Commercial uses of the adaptive materials include
active vehicle suspension, active structural control, vibration and noise isolation,
precision industrial position systems, and ultra-precision machining applications.
adaptive materials, smart materials, magnetostriction, intelligent structures

Project Title:

Novel Design for Lunar-Magma Electrolysis Cell

04.23-8899
910187
Novel Design for Lunar-Magma Electrolysis Cell
Carbotek, Inc.
16223 Park Row, Suite 100
Houston
TX
77084
Michael A.
Gibson
713-578-8899
JSC
NAS9-18685
076

04.23-8899
910187

Abstract:

Novel Design for Lunar-Magma Electrolysis Cell
The firm will develop a new configuration for an electrolytic cell to produce oxygen
and metal by-products from lunar soil. This design uses ideas adapted from industrial
experience in alumina electrolysis, coal gasification, and ferrosilicon alloy production.
The design addresses most of the severe operability issues raised by such a cell.
These include melt containment, low-melt conductivity, anode-gas blanketing, control
of levels and temperature, and the continuous removal of waste heat and molten, corrosive
by-products. The new cell design features are coolant passages in the refractory
walls to provide a thin, frozen layer protecting removal; platinum screen anodes
tilted slightly from the horizontal to promote oxygen bubble removal while still
minimizing anode-cathode distances; local heating/cooling at the molten spent magma
taphole to regulate outflow rates by local temperature/viscosity control rather than
valves; a sliding refractory gate valve for molten ferrosilicon layer level control.
Phase I will identify the power/volume needs of the new cell and will complete the
design of a benchscale experimental cell for testing in Phase II.
Materials and techniques found successful in a magma electrolysis cell may be applied
in alumina electrolysis, refractory  manufacture, metals processing, and other processes
requiring corrosive, high-temperature conditions.
lunar oxygen, magma electrolysis, refractory selection

Project Title:

Fast Three-Dimensional Imaging

05.01-2407
910097
Fast Three-Dimensional Imaging
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
1370 Piccard Drive, Suite 210
Rockville
MD
20850
Leonard S.
Haynes
301-990-2407
MSFC
NAS8-39325
077

05.01-2407
910097

Abstract:

Fast Three-Dimensional Imaging
Today's robots use cameras to capture images of the objects to be manipulated by
the robots, and attempt to use that image data to learn the exact position of parts,
identify problems, inspect parts, detect proximity, and perform other tasks. One
of the factors that limits the use of machine vision in manufacturing environments
is that camera images are two-dimensional, and the objects to be manipulated are
three-dimensional. Three-dimensional information is essential in most realistic applications;
hence numerous techniques have been tried to generate depth information from two-dimensional
camera images. None of these techniques are acceptable for factory application because
they are slow, costly, unusable where objects are specular, and\or inaccurate. This
project addresses how to implement a "smart camera" that will generate a full-range
map of a manufacturing scene in real time with virtually no computation required.
The same camera will also continue to function as a normal intensity-based camera
and can be switched from intensity to range mode by switching a single binary line.
This new type of camera is named the FAST 3-D Imaging Camera (F3DI).
F3DI will provide an entirely new capability not possible with any other technology
at any cost. There are obvious applications for robotics, in situations in which
a robot uses visual information for sensory feedback, and for automatically guided
vehicles.
range image, Fast 3D Imaging, F3DI, depth perception, robot visions

Project Title:

Adaptive Wavelet Image Processing

05.01-2577
912031
Adaptive Wavelet Image Processing
Fastman, Inc.
1414 Millard Street
Bethlehem
PA
18018
Michael
Tucker
215-691-2577
MSFC
NAS8-39316
078

05.01-2577
912031

Abstract:

Adaptive, Wavelet Image Processing
The firm has recently developed the adaptive wavelet transform (AWT) and has shown
that the AWT is very adept at extracting features from complex one-dimensional signals
even in the presence of noise. This project will determine the ability of the AWT
to extract features from images in the presence of noise and variable lighting conditions.
Phase I will assess the feasibility of utilizing the AWT for robust image feature
detection by extending the current one-dimensional AWT software code to two dimensions;
by demonstrating the ability of the AWT to decompose images into basis elements highly
related to the images' features; by determining how to combine currently used pattern
classification and neural networks with an adaptive wavelet preprocessor to detect
object regions; and by investigating real-time operation of the AWT.
This research will lead to advances in real-time spectral analysis for many commercial
and NASA applications, including image processing and speech processing monitoring
of machine vibration signals. It can also provide high-ratio data compression for
telephone answering machines, voice mail systems, cellular phones, fax machines,
teleconferencing equipment, and other equipment.
wavelet transform, image processing, feature detection

Project Title:

Tactile Displays for Whole-Arm Manipulators

05.02-5042
912315
Tactile Displays for Whole-Arm Manipulators
Begej Corporation
5 Claret Ash Road
Littleton
CO
80127
Stefan
Begej
303-973-5042
JSC
NAS9-18704
083

05.02-5402
912315

Abstract:

Tactile Displays for Whole-Arm Manipulators
The use of tactile sensory data for the control of whole-arm manipulators (WAMs)
is hampered by a lack of suitable devices capable of providing tactile feedback to
the operator. The objective of Phase I is to address this problem by undertaking
the development of an innovative tactile display specifically designed for application
to WAM systems. The work scope includes the formulation of design specifications
for a WAM forearm display; performance of advanced development upon tactile display
technology previously developed at the firm; development of a thin, flexible matrix
in which the tactile display elements ("tixels") are to be embedded; fabrication
of a 5x12 tactile display array for a lower WAM forearm; fabrication of an advanced
display driver; assembly and testing of the display system; preparation of the final
report; and delivery of the WAM forearm tactile display prototype to the sponsor
for further evaluation. Phase II will deliver a complete tactile display system (upper
and lower forearms, chest, and stomach) to NASA in support of ongoing WAM programs.
Important markets are foreseen in industries involving remote manipulation of large
objects in toxic, pressurized, or thermally extreme environments, e.g., space operations;
handling of toxic chemical or biological materials; undersea mining or salvage operations;
hot-object handling during manufacturing operations; and operations in extreme cold-weather
regions.
whole-arm manipulators, tactile displays, tactile sensors, tactile telepresence,
telerobotics

Project Title:

Advanced Induction Servomotor

05.03-0540
911676
Advanced Induction Servomotor
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge
MA
02139-4507
Richard L.
Hockney
617-661-0540
JSC
NAS9-18673
086

05.03-0540
911676

Abstract:

Advanced Induction Servomotor
This project will design, fabricate, and demonstrate an advanced induction servomotor
and control system concept having high positioning precision coupled with outstanding
electrical noise characteristics. The concept will incorporate a unique multi-disk,
axial air-gap induction motor driven by a resonant converter operating at 20 kHz.
The resonant converter uses pulse-population-density modulation to both operate the
induction motor as an extremely power-dense and efficient, four-quadrant, variable-speed
actuator and to actively suppress output shaft torque ripple. The pulse-population-density
modulation approach provides inherent suppression of electromagnetic interference
(EMI) while minimizing required filtering and shielding. The control system will
be sensorless, providing feedback control based on estimated motor state. The project
will result in a space-certifiable design having a combination of small size, low
EMI, and low harmonic levels not previously possible with brushless servomotors.
Phase I will provide a preliminary design and detailed planning for Phase II. Phase
II will construct a prototype unit for testing based on the preliminary design developed
in Phase I.
The project's goal is to reduce the weight of robotic systems by improving the efficiency
and reducing the weight of the electrical distribution and drive system. In addition,
the development of improved electro-mechanical drives will have application to aircraft,
commercial ships, and industrial controls.
electromagnetic, resonant converter, actuator, induction motor, control

Project Title:

Magnetostrictive Bi-Directional Linear Actuator

05.03-2407
910096
Magnetostrictive Bi-Directional Linear Actuator
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
1370 Piccard Drive, Suite 210
Rockville
MD
20850
Leonard S.
Haynes
301-990-2407
LaRC
NAS1-19526
088

05.03-2407
910096

Abstract:

Magnetostrictive Bi-Directional Linear Actuator
This project involves the conceptual design of a hydraulic bi-directional linear
actuator. A "hydraulic actuator" built using the firm's concept would require no
separate hydraulic power source, no hydraulic valves of any kind, would have much
higher frequency response and resolution than conventional technology, would be fast,
and able to exert large forces. Resolutions of .00002 inches with velocities of 100
inches per second are achievable with bandwidths exceeding 1000 hertz. There is no
other linear actuator technology that can come even close to this performance.
This system represents an entirely new class of hydraulic actuator that could also
be used as a pump. If optimized for resolution, it could be used to meter fluids
or gases at high resolution. If built larger and optimized for flow rate, it could
be used as an ultra-quiet (no propeller and no moving parts) propulsion system for
torpedoes or similar ordnance.
linear actuator, pump, hydraulic actuator, naval propulsion system

Project Title:

A Fault-Tolerant, Intelligent, Robotic Control System

05.05-4717
911689
A Fault-Tolerant, Intelligent, Robotic Control System
Sohar, Inc.
8421 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 201
Beverly Hills
CA
90211-3204
Kam Sing
Tso
213-653-4717
JPL
NAS7-1172
091

05.05-4717
911689

Abstract:

A Fault-Tolerant, Intelligent Robotic Control System
The goal of this project is to develop the application of a distributed fault-tolerant
system architecture for robot control in order to tolerate hardware and software
faults, and a knowledge-based diagnosis and recovery system to tolerate faults due
to operational errors. The underlying architecture to support this research is the
extended distributed recovery block (EDRB). Fault-tolerance provisions already implemented
in the architecture include protection against failures in application software,
system software, hardware, and networks. The knowledge-based system will use the
expert system shell, CLIPS, developed at the NASA Johnson Space Center. Advanced
automation techniques such as rule-based and model-based reasoning will be utilized
to monitor, diagnose, and recover from unexpected events. The two-level design provides
tolerance of two or more faults occurring serially at any level of command, control,
sensing, or actuation. The potential benefits of such a fault-tolerant, robotic control
system include a minimized potential for damage to humans, the work site, and the
robot itself; continuous operation with a minimum of uncommanded motion in the presence
of failures; and more reliable autonomous operation, providing increased efficiency
in the execution of robotic tasks and decreased demand on human operators for controlling
and monitoring the robotic servicing routines.
Fault-tolerant techniques building dependable robotic systems can be used in applications
that require a high degree of reliability and safety, such as servicing tasks in
Space Station Freedom, waste cleanup tasks in nuclear facilities, and patient-tending
tasks in medical facilities. The knowledge-based fault diagnostics and recovery system
can also be used in industrial robots to cope with various unexpected events occurring
during the manufacturing process.
recovery blocks, knowledge-based system, robotic systems, fault-tolerant, fault-diagnosis,
error recovery

Project Title:

Miniature, Fiber-Optic-Coupled Range Scanner

05.06-9200
910854
Miniature, Fiber-Optic-Coupled Range Scanner
Coleman Research Corporation
5950 Lakehurst Drive
Orlando
FL
32819
Dana
Simonson
703-719-9200
LaRC
NAS1-19521
093

05.06-9200
910854

Abstract:

Miniature, Fiber-Optic-Coupled Range Scanner
This project will develop a robust, miniature three-dimensional laser radar for measurement
of steps, gaps, and contours of the Space Shuttle's thermal protection system (TPS).
The approach is a miniature, fiber-optic-coupled, range scanner designed to function
as a three-dimensional, coherent, laser-radar topographical measurement system. This
will result in a robust miniature three-dimensional laser radar suitable for use
with robotic end-effectors. The innovative merger of laser radar technology with
a fiber-coupled GaAs integrated optical solid-state scanner provides a realistic
solution to the problem of TPS measurements. This measurement system will also provide
reflectance data that is independent of background illumination.
Commercial applications include robotic measurement and inspection in confined environments.
laser radar, lidar, inspection, integrated optics

Project Title:

Piranha Parallelism: Distributed Self-Management of Computing Resources in a Network

06.01-7442
912118
Piranha Parallelism: Distributed Self-Management of Computing Resources in a Network
Environment
Scientific Computing Associates, Inc.
One Century Tower, 265 Church St
New Haven
CT
06510-7010
Robert D.
Bjornson
203-777-7442
ARC
NAS2-13556
100

06.01-7442
912118

Abstract:

Piranha Parallelism:  Distributed Self-Management of Computing Resources in a Network
Environment
At the present time, typical large-scale computations may comprise at least three
major steps: input preparation, possibly on modest, text-oriented workstations; numerical
calculation on a large vector or parallel supercomputer; and output examination,
most likely on high-performance graphics workstations. Unfortunately, this entails
very unbalanced utilization of computer hardware. All the workstations are largely
unused (at least in terms of compute-power), and the parallel supercomputer can be
so oversubscribed that users have long waits for available time slots. The goal of
this project is to alleviate this situation. It will exploit networks of workstations
to provide additional supercomputer power through the development of software to
dynamically allocate unused workstation cpu cycles to fill the computational demands
of large jobs. This will be achieved in the framework of a simple and powerful scheduling
model called piranha parallelism. Users will generate parallel tasks following a
fixed format, and the tasks will be released into a network-wide task pool. These
tasks are guaranteed to be attacked by as many computational piranhas (aka workstations)
as have available idle cycles. Phase I will focus on the design and implementation
of a prototype piranha system.
Commercial and government users will see greatly enhanced output on important applications
and will incur far lower hardware acquisition costs, since it will make more effective
use of in-place computers in situations where local area networks of workstations
are rapidly becoming the standard computing environment.
parallel programming, network operating systems, Linda, distributed computing

Project Title:

A Plug-Compatible Architecture for Integrating Heterogeneous, Distributed, Software

06.02-3633
910756
A Plug-Compatible Architecture for Integrating Heterogeneous, Distributed, Software
Development Tools
Symbiotics, Inc.
725 Concord Avenue
Cambridge
MA
02138
Robert C.
Paslay
617-876-3635
GSFC
NAS5-31920
103

06.02-3633
910756

Abstract:

A Plug-Compatible Architecture for Integrating Heterogeneous, Distributed, Software
Development Tools
A multitude of useful tools exist for designing, testing, operating, maintaining,
and managing large software systems. Unfortunately, tools that support particular
system development tasks (e.g., requirements specification and traceability analysis)
are typically implemented independently by different vendors with little consideration
for the life-cycle process as a whole. Accordingly, these tools are implemented with
idiosyncratic data models and with data and control interfaces using different programming
languages and running on heterogeneous processors. An innovative architecture for
nonintrusively integrating disparate program tools into a unified software engineering
and management environment will be designed. Specific technical innovations will
be the application of object-oriented technologies to conceal tool-specific interfaces;
to map transparently across incompatible data mode; to integrate tools transparently
across heterogeneous computing environments; and to obtain plug-compatibility, wherein
any tool, once integrated, can interact freely with any other tool connected to the
framework as full peers. The resulting architecture will enable NASA to unify disparate
software tools in domains such as software development, scientific data analysis,
and decision support.
The technology can be used to integrate new and previously isolated software applications
in domains such as concurrent engineering, software engineering and management, office
automation, and automated operations support of complex systems (e.g., communications
networks).
object-oriented programming, software engineering, system integration, plug compatibility,
distributed systems

Project Title:

Intelligent Pen-Based Engineering Notebook

06.03-3370
911928
Intelligent Pen-Based Engineering Notebook
Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
122 North 4th Avenue
Indialantic
FL
32903
Vincent J.
Kovarik
407-984-3370
LaRC
NAS1-19546
105

06.03-3370
911928

Abstract:

Intelligent Pen-Based Engineering Notebook
Systems engineering is a highly complex technical skill. Yet, the process of developing
a successful system design is very informal. The engineer often shifts between technical
research, mathematical analysis, group coordination, end-user interface, and other
activities. Because of this highly fluid work style, the engineering notebook has
remained the primary means for the engineer to capture and to retain analyses, decisions,
and rationale for projects. Unfortunately, the notebook is an extremely inefficient
method for transferring the information captured to the work products. For example,
requirements specifications must still be entered into a word processor to obtain
a requirements document. This project will investigate the development of an intelligent
assistant for the systems engineer within a pen-based computer. This assistant will
employ knowledged-based technology to perform tasks such as hypertext link formation
between requirements penciled in the notebook and the presentation of those requirements
in a document. In the software development domain, this will allow the engineer to
develop pencil sketches of a relational database organization, to move that to a
specification document and by external interface with an expert system on a workstation,
transform the graphical notation into data definition statements.
Virtually any domain that involves shifts between modes of operation, informal capture
of technical information, mobility can benefit from this technology. Civil engineers,
research scientists, software developers, process control designers can apply this
technology.
systems engineering, knowledge-based systems, pen-based computers, intelligent assistant

Project Title:

A Software Engineering Approach Towards Validation of Knowledge-Based Systems

06.04-1400
911831
A Software Engineering Approach Towards Validation of Knowledge-Based Systems
Vigyan, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666-1325
Mala
Mehrotra
804-865-1400
JSC
NAS9-18706
107

06.04-1400
911831

Abstract:

A Software Engineering Approach Towards Validation of Knowledge-Based Systems
Currently, most expert-system shells do not address software engineering issues for
developing, maintaining, and verifying expert systems. As a result, large expert
systems tend to be incomprehensible, difficult to debug or to modify, and almost
impossible to verify or to validate. Partitioning rule-based systems into rule groups
that reflect the underlying subdomains of the problem should enhance the comprehensibility,
maintainability, and reliability of expert-system software. The firm will automatically
structure a given rule base so that verification-aid tools can test the behavior
of each of these subunits individually, as well as in relationship to each other.
Preliminary studies of rule-based structuring have provided insight into the various
parameters that affect the grouping process and have shown the feasibility of this
approach. More analysis will need to be done to understand the interplay of distance
metrics, clustering strategies, various objective functions to be optimized for grouping,
and evaluation criteria used to judge the quality of the resultant groups. A significant
secondary benefit of this approach will be the formulation of software engineering
guidelines to aid the grouping process. Such an environment would help in the verification
and validation of knowledge-based systems, allowing them to be used in commercial
and critical applications with more confidence.
Currently, expert systems cannot be used in critical applications since they are
not amenable to existing verification and validation techniques. An integrated environment
for expert system verification and validation can overcome this barrier thus opening
up a wide range of important applications.
rule groups, verification, validation, knowledge-based systems, clustering, pattern-matching

Project Title:

Realistic Virtual Environment Workstation

06.05-8500A
912222
Realistic Virtual Environment Workstation
KMS
P.O. Box 1567
Ann Arbor
MI
48106-1567
Frederick S.
Schebor
313-769-8500
JSC
NAS9-18696
111

06.05-8500A
912222

Abstract:

Realistic Virtual Environment Workstation
Recently developed virtual-world, heads-on displays have significantly increased
the potential of using computer-generated graphical environments for training and
operational scenarios. To enter a virtual-world environment, an operator wears a
head-mounted, stereo video display that provides a view of the objects and backgrounds
of the virtual-world environment as generated by a color graphics workstation. Head
motion is monitored and is used to control the operator's view within the environment.
Unfortunately, current virtual-world environments are far from realistic, providing
only rudimentary graphical representations of objects. This project plans to dramatically
increase the fidelity, usability, and cost-performance of virtual world simulations
by designing a real-world scanning system, REALVIEW, that will optimize the "feel"
of a virtual world by importing real objects and backgrounds into virtual world environments.
Specifically, the firm will design object grabber, background grabber, and world
editor/viewer subsystems that will allow existing objects and scenes to be captured,
stored, modified, and rendered in a virtual world. With these tools, an operator
will be able to easily create or modify virtual world simulations by manipulating
the objects and backgrounds acquired by REALVIEW.
The fidelity, usability, and cost-performance of virtual-world simulation make it
suitable for substantial commercial applications in such areas as teleoperated and
telerobotic systems that depend on realistic simulations.
computer graphics, virtual world, virtual reality, heads-on display, data glove

Project Title:

A CASE Tool for Intelligent Diagnosis of Space Flight System Faults

06.07-3474
911761
A CASE Tool for Intelligent Diagnosis of Space Flight System Faults
Charles River Analytics, Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge
MA
02138
Alper K.
Caglayan
617-491-3474
GSFC
NAS5-31938
114

06.07-3474
911761

Abstract:

A CASE Tool for Intelligent Diagnosis of Space Flight System Faults
Since computing systems are crucial components of space flight systems, the detection
and the isolation of flight software and hardware faults are critical in space-flight
data systems. Although modest progress has been made in improving hardware and software
reliability, there is currently a need for intelligent, fault-diagnosis in space-flight
data systems to allow for increased reliability, availability, and maintainability.
What is needed is a computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool for intelligent
fault-diagnosis that incorporates the practical techniques from software fault-tolerance
in a knowledge-based expert system framework. The goal of this project is to develop
a CASE tool for intelligent fault-diagnosis using an in-house expert system shell.
The approach will allow the incorporation of software fault-tolerance techniques
into a knowledge-based expert system and demonstrate the feasibility of developing
a CASE tool for building an intelligent fault-diagnosis system in space-flight data
applications.
Commercial application would be a CASE tool assisting the implementation of intelligent
fault-diagnosis systems targeted to aerospace, electrical, mechanical, and chemical
engineering markets by federal contractors, government, and university research laboratories.
intelligent systems, fault diagnosis, expert systems, space, data

Project Title:

Bacteriorhodospin, Spatial Light Modulators for Optical Processing

06.08-4100
910813
Bacteriorhodospin, Spatial Light Modulators for Optical Processing
Bend Research
64550 Research Road
Bend
OR
97701-8599
Dwayne T.
Friesen
503-382-4100
ARC
NAS2-13529
115

06.08-4100
910813

Abstract:

Bacteriorhodopsin, Spatial Light Modulators for Optical Processing
This project addresses the need for better spatial light modulators (SLMs) for use
in robotic vision, autonomous lander guidance, and spectral data analysis. An improved
SLM based on bacteriorhodopsin (BR), an organic material of biological origin with
unusual photochromic properties, will be developed. This will be optically addressable
and will offer the potential for high-resolution, high-speed updatability, and high
contrast. To demonstrate the potential of these BR-SLMs, it will be necessary to
fabricate high-optical-quality films of BR. Phase I will be focused on making and
optically testing films of BR. Phase II will demonstrate a prototype BR-SLM that
has high resolution, high-speed updatability, high contrast and the capability of
these devices in an optical-processor application.
High-quality BR-SLMs will be broadly useful in constructing optical computing devices
that are programmable in real time. Such devices could be used for pattern recognition,
synthetic aperture radar, and optical processors and also to implement artificial
neural networks. Holographic elements based on BR could be used for reconfigurable
optical interconnects, associative holographic memory, manufacturing-processing monitoring,
and dynamic-phase conjugate filters.
spatial light modulator, photochromic, bacteriorhodopsin, optical processor

Project Title:

Universal Spatial Light Modulator

06.08-8933
912065
Universal Spatial Light Modulator
Displaytech, Inc.
2200 Central Avenue
Boulder
CO
80301
Mark A.
Handschy
303-449-8933
ARC
NAS2-13530
117

06.08-8933
912065

Abstract:

Universal Spatial Light Modulator
The proposed work aims to develop "smart" spatial light modulators (SLMs) that integrate
photodetectors, light modulators, and electronic intra- and intercell processing.
These SLMs exploit a hybrid optoelectronic technology that places ferroelectric liquid
crystal (FLC) light modulators directly atop silicon VLSI circuitry. A small, prototype
FLC-VLSI SLM will be designed and fabricated implementing an innovative "universal"
function: it would be addressed either electrically or optically, and it would provide
programmable image thresholding, subtraction, memory, and inversion. The Phase I
prototype SLM should have an array size of 16 x 16 or greater and a frame update
rate greater than 1 kHz. This prototype will include pixel circuit design and simulation,
VLSI layout, silicon integrated circuit (IC) fabrication, fabrication of FLC modulators
atop the IC, and characterization of the resulting SLM. Phase II should result in
arrays sizes of 256 x 256 or greater with contrast better than 200:1 and frame rates
in excess of 10 kHz. The resulting SLMs will be no larger than a packaged integrated
circuit like a microprocessor and will require no specialized driver circuitry beyond
a standard logic-level interface.
The SLMs should find use in myriad optical processing applications such as correlators
and morphological processors. Foreseen commercial applications include use as input
devices in optical digital memory systems and as miniature displays suitable for
projection or head-mounted virtual reality environments.
spatial light modulator, ferroelectric liquid crystal, optoelectronics, optical signal
processing, image processing, optical computing

Project Title:

Extraction of Design Information from Three-Dimensional, Computerized Tomography

06.09-7780
911136
Extraction of Design Information from Three-Dimensional, Computerized Tomography
Data
Advanced Research & Applications Corporation
425 Lakeside Drive
Sunnyvale
CA
94086
Nicolas J.
Dusaussoy
408-733-7780
MSFC
NAS8-39301
118

06.09-7780
911136

Abstract:

Extraction of Design Information from Three-Dimensional, Computerized Tomography
Data
An innovative approach for generating computer-automated design (CAD) and computer-automated
manufacturing (CAM) models from volumetric computerized tomography (CT) data will
be developed. This innovation relies on novel image processing algorithms for meshing
surfaces and on advanced CT techniques for extracting subpixel surface information.
This project addresses important deficiencies currently precluding the automation
of stress analysis, model replication, and failure analysis of flawed parts from
CT data. Such methods that have been shown to be applicable to advanced composites
rely on coupling an accurate three-dimensional geometric description of the part
inspected (CAD/CAM) and the associated material information extracted from the CT
data into an appropriate finite element model (FEM). The project will enable the
execution of both of these critical functions in an adaptive fashion.
The availability of an accurate, adaptive data link between the unique quantitative
nature of volumetric CT data bases and CAD/CAM and FEM modeling capabilities should
have a significant impact on the fields of industrial stress analysis and design,
reverse engineering and model replication, and failure analysis. A commercial software
package would allow users to take better advantage of the installed and growing base
of industrial CT systems.
computerized tomography (CT), computer-automated design (CAD), computer-automated
manufacturing (CAM), finite-element method (FEM), computer graphics

Project Title:

Adaptive Ray-Tracing of Time-Dependent Flows on Massively Parallel Computers

07.02-1400
911832
Adaptive Ray-Tracing of Time-Dependent Flows on Massively Parallel Computers
Vigyan, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton
VA
23666-1325
P.
Sundaram
804-865-1400
GSFC
NAS5-31919
120

07.02-1400
911832

Abstract:

Adaptive Ray-Tracing of Time-Dependent Flows on Massively Parallel Computers
A robust and adaptive ray-tracing algorithm for visualizing the volumetric data obtained
from time-varying numerical or experimental simulation will be developed. The ray
tracer will be adapted based on a neighborhood model of a suitable function for color
and opacity determination. The algorithm is attractive for a massively parallel computer.
The method is voxel-based and suitable for arbitrarily shaped lattices. In this method
the rendering pipeline is divided into two independent shading and classificate segments
in order to eliminate the inaccuracies in opacities that adversely influence the
color, and vice versa. The voxel value of color and opacity are approximated in a
trilinear fashion to obtain these values inside the lattice along the ray's path.
Phong shading and empirical illumination models are also incorporated into the method.
The adaptive ray tracer will be implemented on the SIMD-architecture MarPar's MP-1
computer. An unsteady Navier-Stokes solver will be used to yield the temporal change
of the data to test the present adaptive visualization algorithm. The actual task
of integrating the time-accurate numerical computation and the visualization on the
MPC will be attempted during Phase I and implemented in Phase II.
Commercial applications would be a very powerful software that is applicable for
state-of-the-art parallel computers and vital for research involving time-dependent
simulation.
ray tracer, parallel algorithm, adaptive algorithm, Navier-Stokes solver, volume
visualization

Project Title:

Auto-Vectorization of Areal- and Linear-Raster Image Features

07.03-1813
910778
Auto-Vectorization of Areal- and Linear-Raster Image Features
Delta Data Systems, Inc.
131 Third Street
Picayune
MS
39466
Andrew A.
Rost
601-799-1813
SSC
NAS13-481
122

07.03-1813
910778

Abstract:

Auto-Vectorization of Areal- and Linear-Raster Image Features
Remotely sensed images contain areal and linear features that may complement, but
are generally not available to, geographic information systems (GIS). Auto-vectorization
transforms the tesselated data structure of raster images into the topological data
structure of vector-based GISs. This technology can be applied to any raster image
including scanned maps. Auto-vectorization combined with auto-attribution and expert
system technology will produce an autonomous system for the conversion of maps and
remotely sensed images to "GIS-ready" objects. The primary innovations of this project
include the integration of remotely sensed data with mainstream GIS packages, the
reduction of cost, time, and labor associated with GIS development, and the automatic
extraction of linear earth features from remotely sensed images.
Applications would exist in expert systems to populate GIS data bases; mapping systems
based on computer visualization and/or analysis (i.e., coastline for fault mapping);
and resource studies such as tree crop inventory and oil-bearing rock porosity.
auto-vectorization, topology, tessellation, theme-island, auto-attribution, visualization,
data integration

Project Title:

Ultra-Fast, Ultra-Dense, Radiation-Hard, Non-Volatile GaAs Random Access Memory

07.06-3666
910320
Ultra-Fast, Ultra-Dense, Radiation-Hard, Non-Volatile GaAs Random Access Memory
Electro-Optek Corporation
3152 Kashiwa Street
Torrance
CA
90505
V.K.
Raman
310-534-3666
GSFC
NAS5-31880
128

07.06-3666
910320

Abstract:

Ultrafast, Ultradense, Radiation-Hard, Nonvolatile GaAs Random Access Memory
A radiation-hard, non-volatile random access memory (RAM) using an epitaxial, InSb
Hall element fabricated on gallium arsenide (GaAs) in conjunction with a thin-film
layer of permalloy will be developed. The permalloy layer serves as the non-volatile
memory storage medium, while the InSb Hall element acts as the high-speed memory
readout. The RAM can be built by very large scale integrated-circuit (VLSI) technology.
First, a special molecular beam epitaxy process for growing a high-mobility epitaxial,
InSb layer on GaAs will be developed, followed by the development of a thin layer
of a Ni:Fe permalloy on top of the InSb to form the memory cell. The densely packed
memory cells will then be integrated into high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT)
circuits previously processed on the GaAs to complete the non-volatile RAM array.
By virtue of InSb's high mobility and extremely fast, low-noise HEMT driver, an access
time less than 5 nanosecond and a packaging density greater than 1M bit/cm2 are achievable.
These characteristics are superior to those of the state-of-the-art static, non-volatile
RAM. Because the magnetization of the permalloy is not affected by high-energy radiation
and the entire structure is built on a semi-insulating substrate, this RAM is radiation
hard--well in excess of the equivalent of 108 rad(Si) of total dose. It is ideally
suited for spacecraft-based data management and storage systems deployed in a combination
of Van Allen belts, solar-flare and cosmic-ray radiation environments for 10 years
or longer.
The main applications are high-density static RAM for high-speed computing and for
spaceborne and defense computer systems requiring immunity to nuclear radiation damage.
high-density, high-speed memory, radiation hardness, random access memory, nonvolatile,
HEMT, InSb Hall element

Project Title:

A Hybrid, Neural-Network and Expert-System Approach to Remote Sensing

07.07-3474
911596
A Hybrid, Neural-Network and Expert-System Approach to Remote Sensing
Charles River Analytics, Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge
MA
02138
James M.
Mazzu
617-491-3474
MSFC
NAS8-39310
131

07.07-3474
911596

Abstract:

A Hybrid, Neural-Network and Expert-System Approach to Remote Sensing
The integration of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and knowledge-based expert systems
is an ideal step in the development of intelligent systems. In general, the two methods
complement each other such that ANNs provide "soft" constraints, while expert systems
allow "hard" constrains. Specifically, ANNs can perform nonlinear functions, pattern
recognition, fault-tolerance, and parallel processing; while expert systems involve
language processing, formal logic, and rule interpretation. The complementary strengths
of neural-networks and knowledge-based expert systems will be used to create a hybrid
remote sensing system that can outperform either method alone. An advanced remote
sensing system within a hybrid neural-network/expert system environment will be developed
to be incorporated in the Geostationary Earth Observatory. The system will take advantage
of both ANNs and expert systems to handle global and local event isolation and identification,
measurement validation, instrumentation control, and information storage. The hybrid
remote sensing system will be implemented within the hybrid NueX shell, providing
a visual object-oriented development environment for real-time remote sensing applications.
The commercial application will be a tool for a hybrid remote sensing system applications
by aerospace prime and subcontractors, government, and university research laboratories.
neural networks, expert systems, remote sensing, adaptive, hybrid

Project Title:

A Non-Volatile, Solid-State Recorder for Spacecraft

07.10-9302
910397
A Non-Volatile, Solid-State Recorder for Spacecraft
SEAKR Engineering, Inc.
4030 Spencer Street, Suite 108
Torrance
CA
90503
Scott R.
Anderson
310-542-9302
GSFC
NAS5-31935
134

07.10-9302
910397

Abstract:

A Nonvolatile, Solid-State Recorder for Spacecraft
A non-volatile, highly reliable, solid-state recorder (SSR) to be used on future
spacecraft in place of tape recorders will be developed. The SSR will be micro-processor
controlled and easily expandable to high capacity, and will successfully operate
in the environment of low-Earth orbit. Tape recorders have been used in spacecraft
to store mission and/or telemetry data ever since the first satellites were launched
in the fifties. The tape recorder has served a very useful and necessary function;
however, because of the mechanical tape transport system of tape recorders, they
have demonstrated reliability and life problems. Redundancy has been used to overcome
these reliability problems. For example, the Air Force DMSP uses four 1.7 Gbit tape
recorders to assure that at least one is working at the end of the mission; however,
this is costly in terms of both dollars and launch weight.
Most satellites presently use tape recorders. Just last year the European Space Agency,
through NASA, contracted for fourteen 1 Gbit tape recorders for the ISTP mission.
The French Spot satellite uses similar tape recorders. After demonstration of orbital
operation of this SSR, all satellites will use it instead of tape recorders. This
is a 20-to-30 million dollar a year market.
solid-state recorder, nonvolatile

Project Title:

Low-Voltage Spaceborne Q-Switch

08.01-1802
910682
Low-Voltage Spaceborne Q-Switch
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
3404 North Orange Blossom Trail
Orlando
FL
32804
John G.
Daly
407-298-1802
GSFC
NAS5-31921
137

08.01-1802
910682

Abstract:

Low-Voltage Spaceborne Q-Switch
Diode-pumped, solid-state lasers will require small, low-voltage, reliable Q-Switch
devices. Compact high-energy lasers will have narrow beam waists necessitating components
with high resistance to optical damage. The company's extensive experience in electro-optic
devices has led to the development of LiNbO3. Its availability, optical quality,
high electro-optic coefficient, non-hygroscopicity, and low-voltage requirements
favor its selection as the leading candidate for spaceborne missions. In a small
package compatible with diode-pumped solid-state lasers, the quarter-wave voltage
can be as low as 168 volts. The only drawback to LiNbO3 is its susceptibility to
laser damage. Conventional anti-reflection, thin-film coatings provide resistance
to damage typically from 300 to 600 Megawatts/cm2. A new thin-film coating process
(Q-Plate) that has been successful on a number of optical coatings will be evaluated.
Damage threshold measurements and laser and performance testing in a new, space-compatible
Q-Switch mount will be conducted.
The laser industry has always suffered from reliability problems related to optical
damage. This normally defines the limits for laser systems. On its own merits, improvements
in the anti-reflection coating for LiNbO3 will benefit the entire industry and all
military laser systems.
Q-Switching, lasers, diode-pumped lasers, spaceborne lasers, lithium niobate

Project Title:

Low-Voltage Spaceborne Q-Switch

08.01-1802
910682
Low-Voltage Spaceborne Q-Switch
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc.
3404 North Orange Blossom Trail
Orlando
FL
32804
John G.
Daly
407-298-1802
GSFC
NAS5-31921
137

08.01-1802
910682

Abstract:

Low-Voltage Spaceborne Q-Switch
Diode-pumped, solid-state lasers will require small, low-voltage, reliable Q-Switch
devices. Compact high-energy lasers will have narrow beam waists necessitating components
with high resistance to optical damage. The company's extensive experience in electro-optic
devices has led to the development of LiNbO3. Its availability, optical quality,
high electro-optic coefficient, non-hygroscopicity, and low-voltage requirements
favor its selection as the leading candidate for spaceborne missions. In a small
package compatible with diode-pumped solid-state lasers, the quarter-wave voltage
can be as low as 168 volts. The only drawback to LiNbO3 is its susceptibility to
laser damage. Conventional anti-reflection, thin-film coatings provide resistance
to damage typically from 300 to 600 Megawatts/cm2. A new thin-film coating process
(Q-Plate) that has been successful on a number of optical coatings will be evaluated.
Damage threshold measurements and laser and performance testing in a new, space-compatible
Q-Switch mount will be conducted.
The laser industry has always suffered from reliability problems related to optical
damage. This normally defines the limits for laser systems. On its own merits, improvements
in the anti-reflection coating for LiNbO3 will benefit the entire industry and all
military laser systems.
Q-Switching, lasers, diode-pumped lasers, spaceborne lasers, lithium niobate

Project Title:

Large-Aperture, High-Resolution, Tunable, Fabry-Perot Etalons

08.03-1416
912035
Large-Aperture, High-Resolution, Tunable, Fabry-Perot Etalons
Physical Optics Corporation
2545 West 237th Street, Suite B
Torrance
CA
90505
Gajendra
Savant
213-320-3088
GSFC
NAS5-31936
139

08.03-1416
912035

Abstract:

Large-Aperture, High-Resolution, Tunable, Fabry-Perot Etalons
A prototype large-aperture, high-resolution Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon, which uses holographic
coherently coupled cavity mirrors with phase conjugate enhanced recording techniques,
will be designed, fabricated, and tested. The firm has recently shown, theoretically,
that holographic Fabry-Perot (HFP) etalons can achieve one-to-two orders of magnitude
better finesse and contrast when compared with conventionally coated Fabry-Perot
etalons for a given substrate quality. Also, because of the nature of the recording
of the holographic mirrors, they can be fabricated over large areas, and consequently
very-large-area FP etalons of significantly greater throughput will result. This
technological breakthrough also promises  to be relatively easy to fabricate and
consequently should yield a cost-effective end item. An excellent application of
these HFPs will be to the detector stage of LIDAR systems for earth atmospheric remote
sensing. As a consequence of using this new technology, NASA systems for LIDAR, DIAL
and Doppler measurements should realize improvements of signal/noise ratio in the
range of 3 to 10. In addition, daytime performance of a number of these systems will
be attainable.
Commercial applications for the HFP etalons will be to ground-based LIDAR, DIAL and
Doppler systems for environmental measurement and compliance. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy,
and fiber optic wavelength division multiplexing will improve their performance as
a result of incorporation of this new large aperture high-resolution filter.
holographic, Fabry-Perot, large aperture, high resolution, tunable

Project Title:

Quadrupole Traps for Optical Characterization of Aerosols

08.04-0003
911243
Quadrupole Traps for Optical Characterization of Aerosols
Physical Sciences, Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover
MA
01810
Karen
Carleton
508-689-0003
LaRC
NAS1-19536
140

08.04-0003
911243

Abstract:

Quadrupole Traps for Optical Characterization of Aerosols
A quadrupole trap coupled with optical diagnostics for in situ characterization of
size distributions, composition, and optical properties of aerosols will be developed
as a small, compact flight instrument. Particle mass will be measured from the quadrupole-trap
balance voltage and correlated with particle size determined from the Mie scattering-polarization
ratio. The trap design will include optical access to implement a variety of particle
diagnostics including angular-and-polarization dependent Mie scattering for optical
properties and Raman scattering for particle composition.
A quadrupole trap with optical diagnostics could be developed as a flight instrument
for in situ aerosol characterization, as well as a particle monitor for pollution
control.
quadrupole, trap, aerosol, Mie scattering, Raman scattering, laser

Project Title:

Real-Time, Self-Contained, Image-Motion Compensation for Spaceborne Imaging Instruments

08.07-8211
912416
Real-Time, Self-Contained, Image-Motion Compensation for Spaceborne Imaging Instruments
Irvine Sensors Corporation
3001 Redhill Avenue, Building 3, Suite 208
Costa Mesa
CA
92626
Jack L.
Arnold
714-549-8211
MSFC
NAS8-39326
144

08.07-8211
912416

Abstract:

Real-Time, Self-Contained, Image Motion Compensation for Spaceborne Imaging Instruments
This innovation is a densely packaged image motion compensation (IMC) processor on
the focal plane of imaging instruments, constructed using three-dimensional, focal
plane architecture. Image motion is sensed directly from the instrument images, and
compensation is achieved by electronically registering them to the initial frame
in the sequence prior to integration to build an image. The work is relevant to GEO
missions because of the extremely long integration times and  high resolution of
the imaging instruments. Program objectives are the analytical validation of the
approach effectiveness and the demonstration of a realizable design specification.
The effort will include a calculation of the effectiveness of the smear removal and
the design of focal plane components and a low-risk demonstration system to the level
of a detailed specification. The anticipated results are an analytical demonstration
of effectiveness and design specifications for realizable flight focal plane and
lab demonstration systems. NASA applications include any imaging system that requires
a stabilized platform such as earth observation, spaceborne astronomy, and interplanetary
imaging science.
Commercial applications are the fields of astronomy, astronomical navigation sensors
on moving platforms, robotic vision, and surveillance from moving platforms.
image motion compensation, image  registration, Z-plane, focal planes

Project Title:

Tunable, Infrared, Diode-Laser Arrays for High-Performance Spectrometers

08.08-3666
910319
Tunable, Infrared, Diode-Laser Arrays for High-Performance Spectrometers
Electro-Optek Corporation
3152 Kashiwa Street
Torrance
CA
90505
C.F.
Huang
213-534-3666
JPL
NAS7-1184
146

08.08-3666
910319

Abstract:

Tunable, Infrared, Diode-Laser Arrays for High-Performance Spectrometers
Double heterojunctions (DH) PbS/PbSSe/PbS diode laser arrays will be developed as
tunable infrared radiation sources covering the 3 to 5 mm waveband. Using molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE) bandgap engineering, the PbSSe epitaxial layer will be tailored
for a specific wavelength and engineered as an active well region sandwiched between
two PbS cladding layers. The injected electron-hole pairs will be confined to this
well region for higher operating temperature and lower threshold current in lasing.
Two PbS/PbSSe superlattices, also fabricated by MBE, will be used as distributed
Bragg reflectors (DBR), sandwiching the DH laser to form the resonance cavity. Thus
the laser will emit radiation perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, allowing
a simple configuration for structuring a two-dimensional array of lasers emitting
from the surface. The multiple-layer growth will be made on a silicon (Si) substrate
buffered with a mixed-fluoride epitaxial layer to match the lattices of Si and PbS/PbSSe/PbS
laser structure. Lattice matching between the DBR and the DH structures will be made
by controlling the periodicity and composition of the interfacial defects, junction
leakage, and nonradiative carrier absorption, leading to an increase in lasing efficiency
and device yield. Phase I will model and design the DH structure; design the MBE
sources and fixtures needed for epitaxy; demonstrate the feasibility of buffer epitaxy;
and demonstrate the feasibility of PbSSe epitaxy on buffered Si. Phase II will be
devoted to the development of the DBR and the  fabrication of the DH laser structure.
Applications may result in electronic countermeasures, active imaging, missile guidance,
optical computing, and designators.
laser array, tunable laser, PbSSe, double heterojunction, surface emitting laser,
molecular epitaxy

Project Title:

A Tunable, Infrared Source for Molecular Spectroscopy Using Room-Temperature Diode

08.08-9500
911897
A Tunable, Infrared Source for Molecular Spectroscopy Using Room-Temperature Diode
Lasers
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica
MA
01821
Roger S.
Putnam
508-663-9500
JPL
NAS7-1171
147

08.08-9500
911897

Abstract:

A Tunable, Infrared Source for Molecular Spectroscopy Using Room-Temperature Diode
Lasers
Laser sources currently available for molecular spectroscopy in the 2 to 30 micron
region are lead-salt diode lasers cooled to liquid-helium temperatures. They typically
produce ten modal frequencies at once. These problems require a monochromator just
to clean up erratic tuning behavior of the laser source and a $60,000 system for
closed circuit cooling, electrical control, and optics. Despite these problems, the
importance of these wavelengths in detecting trace species as diverse as greenhouse
gases such as methane from swamps to nitrous oxide from combustion processes has
forced many researchers to use these unwieldy laser sources. The opportunity here
is to apply inexpensive, tunable, room-temperature diode lasers; these are now readily
available with enough power to directly drive a nonlinear difference-frequency infrared
generator when previously $35,000 dye lasers were required. The fact that the new
diode lasers produce enough power, are available with 10 MHz linewidths without an
external cavity, are tunable, and are remarkably efficient make this application
an immediate opportunity. The objectives involve the basic demonstration of generating
tunable infrared radiation in the 2.5 micron region using a diode laser and a KTP
crystal, and the measurement of the resulting optical linewidth. The anticipated
results from Phase I include a rudimentary demonstration of gas-phase nitrous-oxide
or hydrofluoric-acid detection.
An inexpensive tunable source of narrowband infrared will permit the construction
of air monitoring equipment for a wide variety of pollutants. The market for this
instrument already exists in this period of increased social awareness and government
regulations.
infrared laser, nonlinear optical, molecular spectroscopy, difference frequency

Project Title:

Tunable, Liquid-Crystal Filters for Remote Sensing Applications

08.09-2627
910530
Tunable, Liquid-Crystal Filters for Remote Sensing Applications
Cambridge Research & Instrumentation, Inc.
21 Erie Street
Cambridge
MA
02139
P.
Miller
617-491-2627
JPL
NAS7-1170
148

08.09-2627
910530

Abstract:

Tunable, Liquid-Crystal Filters for Remote Sensing Applications
Recent advances in liquid-crystal technology have enabled construction of tunable,
birefringent filters with bandwidths between 1 nm and 26 nm. The center wavelength
of these filters can be selected electronically in a few milliseconds with no moving
parts. These liquid-crystal tunable filters (LCTF's), together with existing CCD
detectors, make possible a new generation of lightweight, rugged, high-resolution
imaging spectrophotometers. Such instruments would be interesting for remote sensing
applications on a variety of aircraft and satellite platforms. Important advantages
exist in the aperture, image stability, power consumption, size, weight, and absence
of high-drive frequencies, compared with current instruments used or considered for
multispectral scene analysis. Evaluation of these filters for NASA remote-sensing
applications will be conducted. A filter will be built, and measurements and literature
studies will be carried out to characterize the spatial and spectral imaging quality,
thermal sensitivity, achievable spectral range, and level of space hardening for
comparison with NASA requirements.
Commercial applications would apply to microscopy, medical imaging, astronomy, and
stage lighting.
liquid crystal, filters, spectrometers

Project Title:

Airborne Multispectral Polarization Imager

08.10-5649A
910262
Airborne Multispectral Polarization Imager
Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
P.O. Box 1869
Ann Arbor
MI
48106
Steven D.
Cech
313-769-5649
ARC
NAS2-13507
150

08.10-5649A
910262

Abstract:

Airborne Multispectral Polarization Imager
This effort will investigate the feasibility of designing and fabricating a passive,
airborne, multispectral polarization imager. This system will operate in a pushbroom,
line-scanner mode using multiple, linear, silicon arrays to acquire scene polarization
data. This system will acquire enough information to allow the determination of the
first three Stokes parameters of the reflected scene energy. To date, multispectral
polarization data has been collected using single-point profilers or film-based analog
image recording techniques. The innovation of the proposed instrument will be to
extend the power capabilities of airborne, digital scanner systems to include polarization
selective detection. A polarization scanner system has shown potential in the determination
of leaf area index, as well as plant development stage, leaf water content, and crop
damage or disease.
It is anticipated that this instrument will find application in all commercial remote
sensing programs involving precise measurements of reflected or emitted electromagnetic
fields.
polarization, imager, multispectral, airborne, vegetation

Project Title:

Versatile, Holographic, Optical Element for High-Resolution Spectroscopy

08.10-8442
911471
Versatile, Holographic, Optical Element for High-Resolution Spectroscopy
Applied Research Corporation
8201 Corporate Drive, Suite 1120
Landover
MD
20785
Hemant H.
Dave
301-459-8442
GSFC
NAS5-31918
151

08.10-8442
911471

Abstract:

Versatile, Holographic, Optical Element for High-Resolution Spectroscopy
Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometers are routinely used to measure upper atmospheric
wind velocities, temperature differences, and weak emissions from astronomical objects.
For a given wavelength, etalon plate spacing, and index of refraction of medium between
the plates, the output is an interference pattern of concentric rings. The conventional
method utilizes only the central portion of the Airy-disk pattern. Theoretically
each ring carries the same light intensity; therefore it is obvious that the throughput
of the system will increase dramatically if one utilizes many rings. Conventional
ways of using multiple annular apertures or multiple detectors and thick focusing
lens do not offer any extra benefits. A holographic optical element (HOE) will be
developed to replace the lens, aperture, and filter in a FP interferometer. The new
HOE is expected to enhance performance dramatically.
The successful completion of this project will result in a new generation of imaging
lenses for high resolution spectroscopy. Potential applications exist in plasma research,
monochromators, astronomy, remote sensing, x-ray microscopy, and neutron imaging.

Project Title:

A High-Sensitivity, Charge-Coupled-Device Readout Technique

08.11-1112
911430
A High-Sensitivity, Charge-Coupled-Device Readout Technique
Q-Dot, Inc.
1069 Elkton Drive
Colorado Springs
CO
80907-3579
David W.
Gardiner
719-590-1112
GSFC
NAS5-31924
152

08.11-1112
911430

Abstract:

A High-Sensitivity, Charge-Coupled-Device Readout Technique
The low-noise performance of charge-coupled-device (CCD) imagers and signal-processing
devices is presently limited by the performance of the associated charge-sensing
amplifiers. Typical amplifiers show noise levels of 100 to 200 electrons/packet and
gains of 1 to 5 V/electron. The transverse floating-gate FET investigated in this
project will circumvent the gain-limiting stray capacitance and permit the development
of amplifiers with 100 to 200 V/electron gain with noise levels of less than five
electrons. The design of the device involves the integration of a PNP FET directly
above the active buried-channel region of the CCD. The PNP drain current travels
across the surface of the CCD channel and is modulated by passing the buried-channel
CCD charge packets under the FET. The doping profile of the device is designed to
isolate the holes in the transverse FET current from the electrons in buried-channel
CCD charge packets. The operating frequency of the device is limited by the width
of the CCD channel, but is expected to provide operation at 1 - 10 megasamples (Ms/s)
per second with 10,000 electron charge capacity.
The high gain and low noise of the proposed transverse floating-gate transistor is
applicable to virtually all high-performance CCD devices. In addition to improving
the sensitivity of CCD amplifiers, the device is an excellent building block for
the development of charge-mode analog-to-digital converters with 10 to 20 electron
least-significant-bit performance.
CCD, amplifier, FET, charge sensing

Project Title:

High-Tc Superconductor Bolometer Arrays

08.11-2033
911498
High-Tc Superconductor Bolometer Arrays
Energy Science Laboratories, Inc.
6888 Nancy Ridge Drive
San Diego
CA
92121-2232
James R.
Clinton
619-552-2032
GSFC
NAS5-31913
154

08.11-2033
911498

Abstract:

High-Tc Superconductor Bolometer Arrays
The project objective will be to advance recent developments that apply high-Tc superconductor
films to infrared bolometric detectors. If such detectors are to be useful, 1/f noise
must be minimized, and improved thermal isolation methods must be developed. Superconductor
films and improved metal contacts will be deposited by ion-beam sputtering. To lower
the heat capacity of the detector structure, a new technique that the firm has developed
will be utilized for substrate processing. The technique produces ultrathin but sturdy
membranes. This concept is compatible with subsequent development of linear or rectangular
detector arrays.
The primary application is to infrared radiation detection in spaceborne and ground-based
instruments. Potential applications will initially utilize single-element detectors
and later utilize linear and rectangular arrays.
bolometer, superconductor, infrared detector, arrays

Project Title:

Long-Wavelength, Gated, Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride, N+N-P, Photodiodes for Heterodyne

08.12-6000
912004
Long-Wavelength, Gated, Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride, N+N-P, Photodiodes for Heterodyne
Applications
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730-2396
Nasser H.
Karam
617-275-6000
GSFC
NAS5-31930
156

08.12-6000
912004

Abstract:

Long-Wavelength, Gated, Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride, N+N-P, Photodiodes for Heterodyne
Applications
High-sensitivity, wide bandwidth, photomixers operating at 15 to 30 microns are of
great interest for applications that range from the detection of molecular species,
both within the atmosphere and in outer space, to the determination of wind velocities
and distribution from satellite-based systems. HgCdTe photodiodes are the detector
of choice because of their tunable band gap. Previous investigations in this area
concluded that better surface passivation and material quality were required to improve
device performance. By applying state-of-the-art CdTe passivation to a gated N+N-P
detector structure on MOCVD HgCdTe, control of the surface leakage currents that
can degrade device performance will be achieved. Phase I will demonstrate the photodetector
structure on CdTe substrates and will determine its heterodyne sensitivity by analysis
of variable temperature data. Phase II will apply the same structure to HgCdTe grown
on GaAs and/or GaAs on Si substrates by MOCVD. Selective area epitaxy will be utilized
for the fabrication of monolithic HgCdTe photomixers and preamplifiers for faster,
more compact, lighter detectors with superior performance and radiation resistance.
Improved and more producible long wavelength photomixers will find their way into
a variety of instruments in which heterodyne radiometry is applied. These will include
infrared spectrometers, gas analyzers for field use, and LIDAR systems for the detection
of localized atmospheric disturbances (such as wind shear).
heterodyne, HgCdTe, CdTe, GaAs, MOCVD, photodiodes, preamplifiers

Project Title:

A One-Gigahertz, 256-Channel, Low-Power, Single-Chip, CMOS Digital Correlator Spectrometer

08.14-0126
910029
A One-Gigahertz, 256-Channel, Low-Power, Single-Chip, CMOS Digital Correlator Spectrometer
Spaceborne, Inc.
742 Foothill Blvd, Suite 2B
La Canada
CA
91011
C.
Timoc
818-952-0126
JPL
NAS7-1167
159

08.14-0126
910029

Abstract:

A One-Gigahertz, 256-Channel, Low-Power, Single-Chip, CMOS Digital Correlator Spectrometer
The innovation is based on the recognition that order-of-magnitude improvements in
the performance-to-cost ratio of digital correlating spectrometers can be achieved
with a combination of systolic architecture, pipelined differential logic (PDL) circuits,
a low-skew clock distribution network, and the standard 0.8 m CMOS fabrication process.
The objectives of Phase I are to design, simulate, lay out, fabricate, and evaluate
the performance of a 1 GHz, 16-channel, CMOS correlator, which is anticipated to
provide a factor of three increase in the performance-to-cost ratio relative to existing
correlators. It is anticipated that this project (Phases I and II) will result in
a digital correlator spectrometer with the following features: 1 gigasample per second;
256 channels; a 32-bit counter providing up to four seconds integration time at 1
GHz; 40 milliwatts of DC power per channel; and extremely small weight and size.
Digital correlators are used in commercial applications such as  global positioning
satellite navigation receivers, wireless area networks, low-power commercial spread-spectrum
communications (in three 1 W FCC bands), and cellular and cordless telephones.
digital correlator, autocorrelator, correlator spectrometer

Project Title:

Two-Gigahertz-Bandwidth, 2000-Channel, Acousto-Optic Bragg Cell and Spectrometer

08.14-8181
911040
Two-Gigahertz-Bandwidth, 2000-Channel, Acousto-Optic Bragg Cell and Spectrometer
Photonic Systems, Inc.
1800 Penn Street, Suite 4B
Melbourne
FL
32901-2625
Dennis R.
Pape
407-984-8181
JPL
NAS7-1177
160

08.14-8181
911040

Abstract:

Two-Gigahertz-Bandwidth, 2000-Channel, Acousto-Optic Bragg Cell and Spectrometer
Radiometer spectrometers are used in millimeter-wave radio astronomy for the spectral
measurement of molecular rotational transitions. The spectrum of interest spans tens
of GHz, and the measurement time to obtain a useful signal-to-noise ratio is large.
The low power per channel and simplicity of acousto-optic technology has led to the
current development of acousto-optic spectrometers (AOS) with 1 GHz bandwidth and
1000 channels. Additional AOS bandwidth and channelization is needed to increase
spectral coverage and to reduce overall data acquisition time. The project objective
is to develop a 2 GHz bandwidth, 1 MHz frequency resolution acousto-optic Bragg cell
with properties, including low-optical scatter using a shear acoustic mode, required
for stable AOS systems. Since other AOS components are already capable of supporting
this bandwidth and channelization, the development of this new Bragg cell will result
in the immediate development of a 2 GHz bandwidth, 2000 channel spectrometer, a significant
advancement over current performance.
Acousto-optic systems designed for applications such as real-time spectrum analysis,
seismic processing, and medical imaging would benefit from the advanced performance
offered by the new device described here. New developments in acousto-optic Bragg
cell design can also be applied to a variety of devices used in commercial scanning
technology.
acousto-optic Bragg cell, radiometer spectrometer

Project Title:

A High-Power, Wide-Band, Synthesized Source for 90 Gigahertz

08.14-8551G
911154
A High-Power, Wide-Band, Synthesized Source for 90 Gigahertz
Millitech Corporation
South Deerfield Research Park, P.O. Box 109
South Deerfield
MA
01373
Chandra
Gupta
413-665-8551
JPL
NAS7-1160
161

08.14-8551G
911154

Abstract:

A High-Power, Wide-Band, Synthesized Source for 90 Gigahertz
Very wide-band, electrically tuned sources with coverage of at least 1000 GHz are
needed for future space missions. While it is likely that these will use a chain
of varactor multipliers, the driver oscillator for this chain is problematic. One
approach might be to use a Gunn oscillator in the 80 GHz to 100 GHz range, but this
has severe problems in achieving a wide electrical bandwidth at the required power
level. An alternative driver consisting of a high-power millimeter wave amplifier
near 44 GHz followed by a doubler specially designed to handle the high input power
will be analyzed. This amplifier may be driven in turn by a microwave synthesizer
followed by a low-order multiplier. Wide bandwidth should be readily achieved with
this approach, while tuning becomes much easier. The power consumption appears competitive
with the Gunn oscillator approach and should approach the 5 W to 10 W goal. Size
and weight will be small, and reliability should be excellent. The firm will design
for the 90 GHz doubler with a goal of producing over 100 mW output over a 10 percent
fractional bandwidth, and study the suitability of present millimeter wave power
amplifiers as drivers and the problems related to the synthesizer such as spectral
purity and linewidth.
The application is as a key component in a wideband submillimeter local oscillator
system. The system may also be used as a frequency-agile transmitter in the 90 GHz
range, as a high-power swept test source, and as a driver for submillimeter radar
cross section modeling systems or submillimeter materials measurement systems.
submillimeter sources, multiplied sources, high-power millimeter wave sources, frequency
agile millimeter wave sources, frequency agile millimeter wave sources

Project Title:

A Spectrometer for In Situ Ocean Optical Measurements

08.16-9621
910117
A Spectrometer for In Situ Ocean Optical Measurements
American Holographic, Inc.
P.O. Box 1310
Littleton
MA
01460
J. Thomas
Brownrigg
508-486-9621
GSFC
NAS5-31932
163

08.16-9621
910117

Abstract:

A Spectrometer for In Situ Ocean Optical Measurements
Accurate measurements of upwelling radiance from marine waters are needed to calibrate
air- or satellite-borne sensors used to measure ocean optical properties. Submersible
monochromator or filter instruments built for this purpose have several drawbacks:
loss of accuracy due to mechanical wear, slow data acquisition rates, and inability
to monitor several sources simultaneously. An instrument will be developed that incorporates
a spectrometer with a two-dimensional, CCD array detector and permits simultaneous
measurement of several sources that use optical fibers. Chlorophyll concentrations
will be estimated from laser-excited chlorophyll fluorescence. The entire system,
including data processing and telemetry, will be housed in an enclosure deployable
from ship or buoy.
This instrument would be applicable to process monitoring: on-line measurement of
color, moisture, and polymer composition (visible and near-infrared); alloy composition
and plasma process monitoring by element analysis; and medical diagnostics, including
use of fiber-optic sensors.
ocean, marine, spectrometer, spectroradiometer, fluorometer, optical properties,
color

Project Title:

High-Precision Spectrometer Movement

08.17-0540A
911685
High-Precision Spectrometer Movement
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge
MA
02139-4507
Richard L.
Hockney
617-661-0540
GSFC
NAS5-31922
164

08.17-0540A
911685

Abstract:

High-Precision Spectrometer Movement
Many spacecraft optical/mechanical applications such as spectrometers require high
levels of precision in positioning, precision that is unobtainable with conventional
approaches. Extremely high reliability is also required. A high-precision movement
for spacecraft spectrometers and other optical applications that will satisfy both
of these requirements will be developed and demonstrated. The device will use a two-stage
mechanism combining a novel locking, electromechanical coarse stage with a piezoelectric
fine-pointing stage. The movement has complete rotational freedom about the yaw axis
and allows 5 degrees of motion about the pitch and/or roll axes. Optical components
can be aligned quickly to any orientation within the allowed range of angular motion
with a precision greater than .0007 arc-seconds in roll, pitch, and yaw, and held
in that position indefinitely with negligible power consumption. The coarse stage
combines a novel angular contact ball bearing with spherical symmetry, a spherical
toque motor, and a piezoelectric locking mechanism. The fine stage is based on an
extremely simple six-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric actuation system. Phase I will
include design definition of the device. Phase II will construct, test, and evaluate
a prototype system.
A high-precision optical positioning system combining precision with small-size,
low-noise, low-friction, high-stiffness, and low-consumable requirements would find
immediate acceptance for both instruments and process devices in many specific industrial
and military applications.
spectrometer, gimbal, ultraprecision, optical, interferometer, adaptive, control

Project Title:

Integrated Filter-Detector Elements

08.17-7513
911175
Integrated Filter-Detector Elements
Barr Associates, Inc.
2 Lyberty Way
Westford
MA
01886
Thomas A.
Mooney
508-692-7513
GSFC
NAS5-31933
167

08.17-7513
911175

Abstract:

Integrated Filter-Detector Elements
Performance of present and planned electro-optical sensors could be significantly
improved with the incorporation of filters deposited directly onto detector elements.
The use of ion-assisted deposition and ion-beam sputtering in the fabrication of
detector filter coatings will be investigated. These processes can be carried out
at a low temperature and can be used to deposit a wide variety of optical coating
materials. Issues such as process, filter and detector material compatibility, patterning
techniques, and risk reduction will be addressed.
Principal initial applications will be in space-based sensors, in which ultimate
performance, power and weight savings, and reliability are critical. Later applications
include spectroscopic detector arrays with integral order sorting filters and low-cost
disposable filters and sensors for patient monitoring.
ion-assisted deposition, ion-beam sputtering, filter-on-detector, detector coating

Project Title:

Photodiode Scintillation Detector for Anti-Coincidence Shielding

08.19-1167A
911028
Photodiode Scintillation Detector for Anti-Coincidence Shielding
Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc.
44 Hunt Street
Watertown
MA
02172
Gerald
Entine
617-926-1167
GSFC
NAS5-31929
170

08.19-1167A
911028

Abstract:

Photodiode Scintillation Detector for Anticoincidence Shielding
An important goal of space research is to understand the physics involved in the
activity of stars and the interactions of the sun with Earth and other planets. Increasing
our understanding of solar activity can only be achieved by improving the tools and
methods used to study the sun and other astronomical phenomena. Measurement of the
electromagnetic emissions of the sun and stars are the primary techniques used to
study them. Gamma ray and x-ray measurements are the key to understanding the internal
processes of the sun. These important measurements are difficult because of the large
flux of ionizing particles present in space. The interference of this particle background
can be reduced using an anticoincidence shielding technique. This project will investigate
a detector that can significantly improve gamma and x-ray measurements by improving
anticoincidence instrumentation.
Nuclear detectors are used in scientific, industrial, safety, and medical instrumentation.
The market for them is tens-of-millions of dollars; phototubes represent the major
portion of this market. Avalanche photodiodes would gain a large share of the phototube
market because of the photodiode's compactness, sensitivity, and reliability.
avalanche photodiodes, anticoincidence detectors, gamma ray astronomy

Project Title:

Determination of the Microstructure Distribution of Aerogels in Cherenkov Detectors

08.19-9500
911792
Determination of the Microstructure Distribution of Aerogels in Cherenkov Detectors
Using High-Resolution Spectroscopy
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
45 Manning Road
Billerica
MA
01821
Michael L.
Burns
508-663-9500
GSFC
NAS5-31945
171

08.19-9500
911792

Abstract:

Determination of the Microstructure Distribution of Aerogels in Cherenkov Detectors
Using High-Resolution Spectroscopy
Through the novel applications of tunable diode laser spectroscopy, the microstructure
size distribution of an aerogel that is being used as a threshold medium for a Cherenkov
detector will be determined. Cherenkov detectors will be used in the Large Isotope
Spectrometer for Astromag (LISA). The yield of Cherenkov photons due to traversal
of a relativistic particle through the aerogel is affected by the optical dispersion
and absorption length of the aerogel. The microstructure size distribution characterizes
the nonuniformities in the aerogel that will affect Cherenkov photocounts. The project's
objectives are to perform an experiment that demonstrates the line broadening of
a gas perfused in an aerogel and to extract information about the microstructure
size distribution from line measurements. Anticipated results are the realization
of a spectrometer that measures the absorption line shape of a gas and the development
and verification of an inversion algorithm for inverting absorption line shape measurements
to find the microstructure size distribution of an aerogel sample. Expected benefits
are a simple means of measuring the microstructure size distribution of aerogel in
a Cherenkov detector that affects the yield of Cherenkov photocounts.
Applications exist as a process control instrument for testing aerogels to be used
in Cherenkov detectors.
aerogels, Cherenkov detectors, microstructures size distribution, tunable diode laser,
spectroscopy

Project Title:

High-Growth-Rate, Atomic-Layer-Epitaxy Reactor for III-V Materials

08.20-6000
911825
High-Growth-Rate, Atomic-Layer-Epitaxy Reactor for III-V Materials
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730-2396
Naser H.
Karam
617-275-6000
JPL
NAS7-1169
172

08.20-6000
911825

Abstract:

High-Growth-Rate, Atomic-Layer-Epitaxy Reactor for III-V Materials
A new atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) reactor capable of growth rates exceeding 1 m/hr
will be designed and tested. The reactor will use continuously flowing, yet spatially
separated, gas streams and a moving substrate to expose the wafer surface to alternating
Group III and Group V fluxes. Its unique feature is the incorporation of both structural
and gas-curtain barriers to ensure fast and efficient removal of excess reactants
and reaction products. This will permit deposition to approach the very high speed
inherent in the adsorption/monolayer-coverage process that could, in principle, achieve
growth rates in the order of tens of micrometers each hour. Mechanical boundary layer
shearing coupled with efficient hydrogen purging will prevent gas-phase mixing and
degradation of ALE performance. Phase I will fit an existing reactor to a simplified
reaction chamber to demonstrate high-growth rate (> 1m/hour) ALE of gallium arsenide.
Phase II will expand the system to four independent reactants and four hydrogen purge
channels, making possible superlattice structures and doped alloys.
The reactor's high growth rates will make it possible, for the first time, to grow
complete, multi-micron thick device structures entirely by ALE. This may allow reproducible
growth of uniform, strained-layer quantum wells and make possible diode lasers that
emit at any desired wavelength in the range 0.5 m to 5.
atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), MOCVD, GaAs, AlGaAs

Project Title:

Broad-Tuning-Range, Stabilized, Diode-Laser System

08.20-6100
911645
Broad-Tuning-Range, Stabilized, Diode-Laser System
Deacon Research
2440 Embarcadero Way
Palo Alto
CA
94303
David
Deacon
415-493-6100
JPL
NAS7-1185
173

08.20-6100
911645

Abstract:

Broad-Tuning-Range, Stabilized, Diode-Laser System
There is a market for stabilized, tunable diodes--provided the principal advantages
of the diode laser (i.e., low cost, compactness, and high reliability) are maintained.
Recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing technology have led to an explosion
in diode laser availability across a wide wavelength range. This situation has created
a market opportunity for a plug-replaceable, stabilized diode laser device. The firm
has demonstrated tunable diode laser sources with high stability, compactness, and
low cost. By adding the ultrastable fine alignment unit required by replaceable source
lasers, the firm will extend the tuning range of a single system to cover the entire
accessible wavelength range from 0.63 microns to 2 microns and beyond. The objective
of Phase I will be to modify one of the stabilized prototypes to include the alignment
unit, to demonstrate that stabilized operation can be obtained for different diodes,
and to measure its vibration response spectrum in order to evaluate its stability
performance. Phase II will incorporate these technologies into a broadly tunable
package that can be used by NASA for a wide range of spectroscopic applications.
The commercial applications of this device will initially be in research. There are
many low-power spectroscopy applications that will use this source directly. For
high-power applications such as remote sensing of the atmosphere, this device can
be used to injection seed a Ti:sapphire laser.
diode laser, tunable, single-mode, stabilized, plug-replaceable, diffraction grating

Project Title:

Simulation Testbed for Planetary Vehicle Imaging

08.21-0094
912091
Simulation Testbed for Planetary Vehicle Imaging
Vexcel Corporation
2477 55th Street
Boulder
CO
80301
W.
Kober
303-444-0095
JPL
NAS7-1165
174

08.21-0094
912091

Abstract:

Simulation Testbed for Planetary Vehicle Imaging
A prototype vision simulation testbed will be developed for use in the investigation
of future planetary vehicle scenarios, such as Mars-Rover. This prototype testbed,
to be delivered at the end of Phase II, will involve software for simulating the
processes of navigation, local terrain reconstruction, and image compression. It
will also interface to hardware elements such as digital cameras and to a "sand model"
for planetary terrain such as Mars. The innovation will be to integrate the separate
functions of navigation, terrain reconstruction, and image compression by using compact,
analytical descriptions of the terrain and to support the concept of "imaging in
a teacup." The objectives of Phase I concern proof-of-concept issues related to using
such analytical terrain descriptions for these tasks. The results of Phase I will
show the feasibility of this approach, as well as a requirements specification for
the testbed to be developed in Phase II. The benefits to NASA will include a testbed
to explore a unified approach for more efficient and accurate navigation, terrain
map updating, and image prediction and compression, resulting in more efficient use
of available communication bandwidth.
A potential commercial application of this type of technology is in the domain of
hazardous environments. One example involves sending robots into areas denied to
humans because of prohibitively high radiation levels in nuclear power plants.
navigation, terrain, reconstruction, image, compression, analytic, surface, planetary

Project Title:

High-Power, Single-Mode, Diode Lasers Operating at 1.047 Microns to 1.064 Microns

08.22-8827
912269
High-Power, Single-Mode, Diode Lasers Operating at 1.047 Microns to 1.064 Microns
Northeast Semiconductor, Inc.
767 Warren Road
Ithaca
NY
14850
Michael S.
Frost
607-257-8827
GSFC
NAS5-31941
176

08.22-8827
912269

Abstract:

High-Power, Single-Mode Diode Lasers Operating at 1.047 Microns to 1.064 Microns
High-power, single-mode diode lasers are of considerable interest for optical sources
and solid-state lasers systems components because of their performance and reliability.
Currently, these devices are in production in Japan using molecular beam epitaxy
(MBE) to service the compact-disk laser market. These structures use AlGaAs and operate
below 860 nm. A reasonably straightforward extension of AlGaAs quantum well materials
using pseudomorphic GaInAs can be made with MBE to extend the wavelength range into
the IR up to 1.07 m. This program addresses the materials growth and fabrication
technology to develop high power (100 mW) single-mode diode lasers at the wavelengths
of 1.047 m and 1.064 m. The epitaxial structures required for these emission wavelengths
require that MBE be used to exploit the extreme edge of the pseudomorphic limits
of the AlGaAs/GaInAs system. The uniformity in thickness and alloy composition of
MBE growth will be used in conjunction with low-cost laser fabrication methods to
result in prototype quantities of hermetically sealed single-mode laser devices at
the completion of Phase I. The range of applications in solid-state laser systems
for NASA include frequency doubled YLF pump sources (a Phase II objective) and injection-locking
sources for YAG laser systems.
Application for this technology would be in YLF pump sources, injection locking sources,
and low-power YAG replacements.
quantum well, laser diode, 1.047 nm - 1.06 nm, single-mode

Project Title:

Intelligent Receiver

08.23-0800
911909
Intelligent Receiver
Center For Remote Sensing
P.O. Box 9244
Mclean
VA
22102
Suman
Ganguly
703-848-0800
GSFC
NAS5-31928
177

08.23-0800
911909

Abstract:

Intelligent Receiver
A versatile state-of-the-art receiving system will be developed. The system will
be able to reconfigure itself both through ground command and also through on-board
intelligent processing of the radio environment. The intelligent processing unit
will be able to discriminate the background information (noise, interference, etc.)
from the signal of interest. This will allow an extremely low-telemetry rate and
will reduce the workload of the scientists. Options for manual intervention of the
interesting data will be available. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of the
intelligent processing scheme and will deliver approaches for hardware implementation
of the complete system. Actual construction and test will be performed during Phase
II.
Intelligent receivers will have large-scale direct commercial applications in various
plasma science areas required by DOD and by university and other research and commercial
entities. This scheme will be extended for efficient utilization of radio channels
and will have a major impact on future radio receivers.
intelligent receiver, adaptive receiver, digital  receiver

Project Title:

Codeless, Global-Position-System, Attitude-Determination System

09.01-7640B
911384
Codeless, Global-Position-System, Attitude-Determination System
Ithaco, Inc.
P.O. Box 6437
Ithaca
NY
14851-6437
Stephen J.
Fujiwaka
607-272-7640
GSFC
NAS5-31931
178

09.01-7640B
911384

Abstract:

Codeless, Global-Positioning-Satellite, Attitude-Determination System
This project will define a spaceborne attitude determination system based on Global-Positioning-Satellite
(GPS) signals. This specific innovation involves processing GPS signals without knowledge
of the digital codes required for conventional GPS receivers, making the system immune
to performance degradation resulting from the DOD policy of selective availability
and antispoofing. Precision determination of attitude (0.05 deg) and rate (0.05 deg/sec)
can be achieved at up to 10 Hz. This project addresses the need for a low-cost, low-power,
and low-mass attitude determination system for use aboard small satellite missions.
The systems engineering tasks are requirements definition for the on-board radio
system electronic design; requirements for the satellite hardware suite; attitude-determination
flight-software specifications; ground support segment definition; and planning for
a ground-based proof-of-concept demonstrator to be executed under Phase II. The expected
benefits to NASA are numerous, with the current trend toward development of small,
low-cost, multi-mission satellites. As GPS systems become a reality, they can be
expected to make traditional attitude determination systems and hardware obsolete.
As an additional benefit, this system is easily adaptable for precision orbit determination.
This attitude determination system will be marketed to prime contractors and other
private concerns that need low-cost, precision, attitude determination. The system
is also adaptable for precision orbit determination.
GPS, CGADS, attitude, satellite, systems, spacecraft

Project Title:

A Superconducting, Ultra-Precision Multi-Sensor

09.04-0540
911672
A Superconducting, Ultra-Precision Multi-Sensor
Satcon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge
MA
02139-4507
Timothy J.
Hawkey
617-661-0540
LaRC
NAS1-19543
184

09.04-0540 
911672

Abstract:

A Superconducting, Ultra-Precision Multi-Sensor
To meet the need for improved sensor technology for the control of large space structures,
a novel, six-degree-of-freedom, superconducting, multi-sensor will be developed.
The configuration features a superconducting proof-inertia suspended by magnetic
forces in a rebalance configuration with tunneling-tip microscopes providing angstrom-level
position information. The extremely accurate position information and reduced thermal
noise at cryogenic temperatures allow very high precision linear and angular acceleration
measurements to be made. Additional advantages are small size and very low power
consumption. Phase I of the program will involve analytical studies, the establishment
of technical feasibility, and the development of a baseline design for the superconductor,
control system, electronics, sensors, and actuators. Phase II will include detailed
design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype unit.
A successful ultra-precision accelerometer would have many aerospace and commercial
applications in inertial guidance and control units improving the performance and
safety of aviation guidance systems. Series configurations could be used for gravity-gradient
measurement and surveying. Ultra-precision acceleration and angular rate measurements
would also be useful in vibration isolation systems for chip fabrication. 
superconductivity, scanning-tunneling microscope, accelerometer

Project Title:

Vacuum-Break Safety of Liquid Hydrogen and Helium Tanks

09.05-6010
911390
Vacuum-Break Safety of Liquid Hydrogen and Helium Tanks
Cryogenic Technical Services, Inc.
3445 Penrose Pl, Suite 230
Boulder
CO
80301
Glen E.
Mcintosh
303-444-6010
LeRC
NAS3-26543
186

09.05-6010
911390

Abstract:

Vacuum-Break Safety of Liquid Hydrogen and Helium Tanks
The safety of vacuum-jacketed, cryogenic vessels depends on sizing the vent line
and the relief devices to handle vapor generated due to high heat transfer resulting
from the loss of vacuum. Vacuum jackets of hydrogen and helium tanks can experience
very high air in-flow rates, especially if air condenses on the inner shell. Existing
guidelines from the Compressed Gas Association do not adequately predict vapor flow
under these conditions. There is little experimental heat transfer data to provide
a basis for designing safe venting systems, particularly for dewars insulated with
multi-layer-insulation (MLI). The focus of this project is the development of general
criteria for MLI and alternate tank coatings that prevent air condensation under
vacuum-break conditions. Phase II involves an experimental vacuum-break program with
specially designed hydrogen and helium vessels.
The MLI optimization software and test results would improve the performance and
safety of cryogenic equipment, pipelines, and stationary and mobile cryogenic vessels.
hydrogen, helium, MLI, vacuum-break, heat transfer

Project Title:

Cryogenic Pump for Space Applications

09.05-8111
911646
Cryogenic Pump for Space Applications
Barber-Nichols, Inc.
6325 West 55Th Ave
Arvada
CO
80002
Kenneth E.
Nichols
303-421-8111
LeRC
NAS3-26544
187

09.05-8111
911646

Abstract:

Cryogenic Pump for Space Applications
This project concerns a pump designed to handle liquid, vapor, or two-phase flow
in a microgravity environment. The pumping element is a mixed-flow design with a
large axial inducer to reduce approach velocities. This element incorporates vapor
extraction in the eye to prevent vapor blockage of the pump under two-phase flow
conditions. The vapor extraction is accomplished by an ejector design using a small
portion of the pumped fluid for the motive energy. The pumping unit, complete with
motor, can be used in-line or submerged in cryogen for mixer modes or for high-pressure
rise, high-flow transfer modes. The pumping element efficiency should be 85 to 87
percent, and the high power motor, 90 percent. The unit incorporates low-loss rolling
element bearings. The objective of Phase I is to test a pumping element to demonstrate
performance using a two-phase fluid. Motors will be analyzed and a preliminary pump
design completed. The developed pump should perform well at high efficiency with
low parasitic losses. The pumps can be used for mixing or transfer where high efficiency,
low-heat leak is important. The pumps will be compatible with liquid and slush hydrogen
and with other cryogens.
The pumping concept will find applications for circulating and transferring cryogens,
as an industrial process pump handling very low NPSH or two-phase flow applications,
and in seal-less pumps, a rapidly growing segment of the commercial pump business.
cryogenic pump, submersible, two-phase, mixer, transfer

Project Title:

Joule-Thomson Cooler with Non-Clogging, Active Flow Control

09.06-6708
912358
Joule-Thomson Cooler with Non-Clogging, Active Flow Control
APD Cryogenics, Inc.
1833 Vultee Street
Allentown
PA
18103
Ralph C.
Longsworth
215-791-6768
JPL
NAS7-1163
188

09.06-6708
912358

Abstract:

Joule-Thomson Cooler with Non-Clogging, Active, Flow Control
Space-based sorption compressors require high-efficiency, multistage Joule-Thomson
(JT) heat exchangers with adjustable flow control that will not clog if small amounts
of contaminants are present. This project investigates an innovative means of providing
active flow control by using a pneumatically actuated JT valve coupled to an external
control unit that also is connected to a temperature sensor at a key point in the
heat exchanger. The control can regulate the size of the JT orifice to minimize compressor
power input and also to clear blockages from the orifice, if they occur. Phase I
includes heat exchanger design studies and fabrication and testing of a two-stage
unit with N2 contaminated with NO2  to demonstrate the operation of the flow-control
mechanism and its ability to tolerate contaminants in the gas.
JT refrigerators are strong contenders in providing cryogenic cooling to a wide range
of emerging cryogenic-electronic applications. A reliable active-control mechanism
that is tolerant of some contaminants is vital to the success of JT cooler technology.
sorption compressor, JT refrigerator, non-clogging, active JT flow control

Project Title:

Diaphragm Actuator for a Stirling Micro-Refrigerator

09.07-2221
911140
Diaphragm Actuator for a Stirling Micro-Refrigerator
Sunpower, Inc.
6 Byard Street
Athens
OH
45701
Lyn
Bowman
614-594-2221
GSFC
NAS5-31940
189

09.07-2221
911140

Abstract:

Diaphragm Actuator for a Stirling Micro-Refrigerator
The innovative compressor for this closed cycle cryogenic cooling system is a silicon
diaphragm actuator. This project addresses development of a compressor for a novel
Stirling micro-refrigerator for cold electronics. The micro-refrigerator concept
exploits the material properties, mechanical designs, tiny dimensions, and batch
fabrication processes of silicon micro-machining technology. One preliminary design
of a micro-refrigeration with a volume of one cubic centimeter predicts 0.73 W of
heat lifting capacity from 100 K to 350 K with a mechanical input power of 3.2 W
at 1 kHz. The inertial of the vibrating actuator is only 10-4g. A critical component
of the micro-refrigerator is this electromechanical actuator that drives the Stirling
cycle. This project combines the high-Q mechanical properties of resonant silicon
microstructures, the actuators of silicon micro-valves, and the ability of corrugated
diaphragms to undergo large deflections to compress, displace, and expand the working
fluid in the micro-refrigerator. Phase I will design a corrugated, silicon diaphragm
actuator, capable of undergoing the required deflection, and will evaluate the capability
of alternative electromechanical transduction techniques for exciting vibrations
in the diaphragm. In Phase II, diaphragms will be fabricated and tested. These low-vibration,
electrically powered micro-refrigerators would be ideal for providing tight closed-loop
cryogenic temperature control for instruments and facilities at dispersed locations
in future unmanned spacecraft.
The commercialization of Stirling micro-refrigerators would increase the speed of
computer processors and memories; reduce noise in radio and microwave detectors,
amplifiers, and filters; reduce the bulk of infrared detection and imaging systems;
and facilitate the commercialization of high-Tc superconducting electronics.
compressor, cooling, Stirling, micro-machining, silicon

Project Title:

Utilization of Low- to Medium-Temperature Waste Heat

09.07-8200
910376
Utilization of Low- to Medium-Temperature Waste Heat
Chronos Research Laboratories, Inc.
4186 Sorrento Valley Blvd, Suite H
San Diego
CA
92121
Randall B.
Olsen
619-455-8200
GSFC
NAS5-31927
192

09.07-8200
910376

Abstract:

Utilization of Low- to Medium-Temperature Waste Heat
Recent advances in pyroelectrics have provided materials that may be useful in the
direct conversion of heat into electrical energy in space systems. These materials
will be manufactured at a low cost and will provide an ultra-lightweight means of
generating electrical power from a system with no moving solid parts. A relatively
new technology, pyroelectric conversion has the potential for high reliability and
efficiency. Phase I will measure the useful lifetime of pyroelectric conversion material
with a newly fabricated, experimental apparatus. The properties of this advanced
material will be followed for extended time periods since it is subject to the thermal
and electrical cycling conditions that will exist in pyroelectric energy converters.
In addition to space power systems, pyroelectric converters are expected to convert
low temperature heat economically into electrical energy in terrestrial systems with
payback times of less than 2 years.
pyroelectric, direct conversion, lightweight power sources, batteries

Project Title:

Cryocooler for Direct Circulation of Refrigerant to Instruments, Shields, and Dewars

09.08-1856
910757
Cryocooler for Direct Circulation of Refrigerant to Instruments, Shields, and Dewars
General Pneumatics Corporation, Western Research
7662 East Gray Road, Suite 107
Scottsdale
AZ
85260-6910
Woody
Ellison
602-998-1856
MSFC
NAS8-39321
193

09.08-1856
910757

Abstract:

Cryocooler for Direct Circulation of Refrigerant to Instruments, Shields, and Dewars
A multistage Stirling cryocooler will be developed to circulate coolant directly
to spaceborne instruments, shields, and storage dewars without need for an intermediate
heat exchanger, separate cryogenic pump, or for any hazardous fluid. The proposed
refrigerator has two expansion states producing refrigeration at 90 K and 56 K. Later
development is anticipated for the addition of a third stage operating at 20 K. Simplified,
single-stage versions could also be derived for more utilitarian cooling needs over
the range of 80 K to 270 K. The machine will incorporate several innovative features
to achieve an especially compact arrangement with high thermodynamic efficiency and
long-life operation. One innovative feature is the use of the controlled ingress
and egress of the helium-working fluid itself from within the refrigerator to the
external coolant transfer loop to directly convey refrigeration to the point of need.
Also incorporated is a new concept for precisely tailored, high-effectiveness, thermal-composite
heat exchangers. The drive mechanism provides straight-line piston motion to minimize
side forces, wear, and vibration and to facilitate incorporation of positive seals
to preclude contamination of the working fluid.
This cryocooler would apply in the long-term cryogenic cooling of spaceborne instruments
and stored cryogens and in applications such as superconductors and supercooled computers,
magnetic resonance imagers in medical research, materials research, and development
of freon-free refrigeration.
Cryogenic refrigerator, multiple expansion stages, direct coolant transfer

Project Title:

Ultra-Lightweight Unfurlable Radiator

09.08-6551B
912232
Ultra-Lightweight Unfurlable Radiator
Thermacore, Inc.
780 Eden Road
Lancaster
PA
17601
Nelson J.
Gernert
717-569-6551
JSC
NAS9-18674
195

09.08-6551B
912232

Abstract:

Ultra-Lightweight Unfurlable Radiator
Lunar and Mars manned bases being considered by NASA will need to reject in excess
of 100 kw of thermal power. Current state-of-the-art aluminum-ammonia, heat-pipe
space radiator technology being developed for Space Station Freedom is too heavy
and voluminous to be used for these future space missions. Accordingly there is a
need for a revolutionary advanced space radiator system. This project outlines an
effort to satisfy that need through the development of a collapsible, multiple-heat-pipe
radiating system that is extremely light weight (0.43Kg/m2). This system is about
sixteen times lighter than a conventional radiator's weight of 7 Kg/m2. The feature
of collapsibility will allow the system to be compactly rolled or folded, easily
stowed for transit to space, and unfurled to present a large radiating surface. The
radiator panel will be fabricated from a 0.006-inch thick heat-sealable, extremely
flexible polymer and metal film laminate that is divided into several independent
heat-pipe cells. These multiple cells add redundancy to the system, which in turn
yields increased reliability. The technical feasibility of the proposed innovation
will be demonstrated through the design, fabrication, and test of a proof-of-concept
polymer and metal-film laminate, heat-pipe radiator panel.
The applications of a reduced-weight heat rejection system will extend to NASA, military,
and commercial spacecraft, as well as for use on future lunar and planetary bases.
A lightweight heat pipe radiator may have significant economic benefits due to the
reduced payload weight and volume.
heat pipe, radiator, deployable radiator, unfurlable radiator

Project Title:

Nitinol Refrigerator

09.08-8200A
910454
Nitinol Refrigerator
Chronos Research Laboratories, Inc.
4186 Sorrento Valley Blvd, Suite H
San Diego
CA
92121
Randall B.
Olsen
619-455-8200
JSC
NAS9-18702
196

09.08-8200A
910454

Abstract:

Nitinol Refrigerator
An advanced refrigerator and/or heat pump based on the elasto-caloric effect of Nitinol
is proposed. Nitinol (Nickel Titanium alloy developed at Naval Ordnance Laboratory)
has one of most energetic solid-state phase transitions known. Nitinol has been widely
studied for prime-mover heat engines, but not for refrigeration. The Nitinol technology
offers safety, high efficiency, high reliability, long life and no chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) release problems. The objective of Phase I is to demonstrate refrigeration
and heat pumping using Nitinol as the thermodynamically active medium and to design
and to estimate the performance of the Phase II Nitinol refrigerator.
In addition to refrigeration, heat pumping, and air conditioning systems, Nitinol
materials are expected to convert low-temperature industrial waste heat into electrical
energy economically with payback time of less than two years.
elastocaloric, direct conversion, lightweight, compact refrigeration

Project Title:

Real-Time Monitor of Particle Depositions on Surfaces

09.09-1791
912438
Real-Time Monitor of Particle Depositions on Surfaces
EOS Technologies, Inc.
606 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 700
Santa Monica
CA
90401
Robert J.
Champetier
213-458-1791
GSFC
NAS5-31946
197

09.09-1791
912438

Abstract:

Real-Time Monitor of Particle Depositions on Surfaces
This project is a passive device that can, on command, sense and measure the amount
of dust and other contamination accumulated on its sensitive surface. The principle
used is to illuminate the surface at grading incidence with light from a diode laser.
The surface consists of a glass plate exposed to the environment of interest. Discrete
particles collected on the plate scatter some of the light, and a portion of the
scattered power is detected by a large area silicon sensor beneath the plate. Additional
diode lasers and features make it possible to measure separately the scatter caused
by dust, molecular films, and erosion and to do this while exposed to the sun. The
initial concept has a smooth, washable, exposed surface with no protrusions and a
device package about the size of a small, thick book. The basic principles have been
demonstrated, and the sensitivity should extend from MIL-STD-1246 levels below 100
to above 700.
There are two types of applications. One is for devices geared for spacecraft use
with emphasis on low weight and ruggedness. The other is for routine use in vacuum
test or production systems with emphasis on convenience, software interface, standardized
design, and low cost.
contamination, detection, particulate, autonomous, sensor, molecular, real-time,
scattering

Project Title:

Spacecraft, Hypervelocity-Impact-Protection, Ceramic-Based Shielding

09.10-8500B
912415
Spacecraft, Hypervelocity-Impact-Protection, Ceramic-Based Shielding
Interferometrics, Inc.
8150 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1400
Vienna
VA
22182-2799
Joan F.
Cartier
703-790-8500
JSC
NAS9-18680
199

09.10-8500B
912415

Abstract:

Spacecraft, Hypervelocity-Impact-Protection, Ceramic-Based Shielding
The goal of this project is to show the effectiveness of improved spacecraft shielding
that can be realized through the transfer of ceramic and advanced armor technology
from military research and development programs. A material selection, design, and
optimization program will result in a significant improvement in the mass efficiency,
effectiveness, and cost benefits of spacecraft shielding. Measures of effectiveness
will include optimized dispersion of projectile momentum and energy, and a tolerance
for extreme environmental conditions during launch and in orbit. Additionally, shielding
optimization models developed in this research will allow user agencies to modify
spacecraft shield designs to meet evolving requirements. Cost and weight trade-off
and benefit models will ensure that shielding remains within realistic constraints.
This project represents an approach to increasing satellite protection with a clear
appreciation of cost and weight constraints. Lightweight armors designed through
this program may also find use in ground-based applications.
spacecraft, shielding, debris, ceramics, hypervelocity, cost weight benefit

Project Title:

Silicon-Based, Full-Color, Flat-Panel Display

09.11-6000
912000
Silicon-Based, Full-Color, Flat-Panel Display
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Pk
Bedford
MA
01730-2396
Fereydoon
Namavar
617-275-6000
JSC
NAS9-18678
200

09.11-6000
912000

Abstract:

Silicon-Based, Full-Color, Flat-Panel Display
This project will lead to fabrication of full-color, flat-panel displays entirely
on silicon substrates. This may be feasible by recent advancements in fabricating
bright, visible light-emitting silicon quantum wires. The firm has produced photoluminescent
(PL) silicon quantum wires with red, orange, yellow, green, and blue emission by
electrochemically etching bulk silicon under different conditions. Although electroluminesence
(EL) of these wires has not yet been demonstrated, we have observed emission similar
to PL results from the samples immersed in an H20: NaCl electrolyte with an applied
electric field. In Phase I, the firm will fabricate silicon quantum wire test structures
and demonstrate EL performance. Based on the results, multipixel monochrome silicon
EL displays will be fabricated, and fabrication of full-color silicon EL display
panels will be explored in Phase II. The above-mentioned findings, combined with
mature silicon technology, offer a rare opportunity for a major advance in flat-panel
displays. This new approach will make it possible to integrate monolithically the
light-emitting elements of a panel display and the associated electronics on the
same substrate. Such a development would result in significant reduction of fabrication
steps and therefore cost. In addition, this technique will circumvent problems associated
with flat-panel displays using dissimilar materials, such a zinc-sulfide-on-glass,
which require chip-on-glass technology or an external driver circuit.
This project could lead to low-cost, high-efficiency, silicon-based display panels
with integrated driver circuits. These panels will have immediate applications in
a broad range of technologies, from aerospace to medical; later applications could
include high-definition television.
displays, porous silicon, TFEL, anodic etching, quantum wire

Project Title:

Sulfur Heat Pipe for 600 Kelvin, Space Heat-Rejection System

10.01-6551A
911195
Sulfur Heat Pipe for 600 Kelvin, Space Heat-Rejection System
Thermacore, Inc.
780 Eden Road
Lancaster
PA
17601
John H.
Rosenfeld
717-569-6551
LeRC
NAS3-26325
204

10.01-6551A
911195

Abstract:

Sulfur Heat Pipe for 600 Kelvin, Space Heat-Rejection System
There is a need for a heat pipe working fluid in the 600 K temperature range for
use in low-mass, heat-rejection radiators for future spacecraft that may include
the SP-100 nuclear reactor space power system. No suitable fluids have been identified.
Sulfur had been rejected for heat pipe service because of excessive viscosity. The
addition of 3-10 percent iodine can reduce the viscosity by three orders of magnitude
to a useful level. This project's objective is the characterization of sulfur-iodine
mixtures as heat pipe fluids. Specific measurements of thermal conductivity and compatibility
with wall and wick materials will be conducted in order to qualify these materials.
Phase II will result in development of full-scale radiator heat pipes using sulfur-iodine
working fluids.
A significant non-governmental market exists in high-temperature, heat-recovery heat
exchangers.
heat pipe, spacecraft radiator, sulfur, working fluid

Project Title:

Insoluble Coatings for Stirling-Engine, Heat-Pipe Condenser Surfaces

10.01-6551B
912235
Insoluble Coatings for Stirling-Engine, Heat-Pipe Condenser Surfaces
Thermacore, Inc.
780 Eden Road
Lancaster
PA
17601
Peter M.
Dussinger
717-569-6551
LeRC
NAS3-26324
205

10.01-6551B
912235

Abstract:

Insoluble Coatings for Stirling Engine, Heat-Pipe Condenser Surfaces
Dish Stirling systems are one of the most promising applications of the Stirling
engine technology. Solar energy is concentrated by a parabolic reflector and is directed
to a liquid-metal, heat-pipe receiver that delivers concentrated solar energy at
a uniform temperature to the Stirling engine. One issue raised in the design phase
of heat-pipe receivers was the solubility of the Stirling engine heater-head materials
in the liquid metal working fluid, typically sodium, potassium, or NaK. Phase I evaluates
candidate coating materials, applied to nickel heater-head materials, that are practically
insoluble in sodium, potassium, or NaK. Recent developments in coatings and coating
application technology, developed for wear and surface damage resistance in liquid-metal,
nuclear reactor systems, are also demonstrating corrosion resistance. The rate of
corrosion is two orders of magnitude less than nickel-based superalloys. The majority
of the solubility data in the literature was collected in pumped loop environments.
To establish the reliability of Stirling engine receivers and heater heads, a testing
program to determine corrosion rates in heat pipes operating at simulated Stirling
engine conditions with insoluble coatings will be developed.
This technology can be incorporated into terrestrial Stirling thermal power systems,
space Stirling power systems, and ultimately will be used for any long-life, high-reliability,
liquid-metal heat pipe applications.
Stirling engine, heat pipe, corrosion, solubility, solar thermal

Project Title:

Zero-Gravity Condensate-Management Device for AMTEC Cells

10.03-3800
910196
Zero-Gravity Condensate-Management Device for AMTEC Cells
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover
NH
03755
Christopher J.
Crowley
603-643-3800
JPL
NAS7-1175
207

10.03-3800
910196

Abstract:

Zero-Gravity Condensate-Management Device for AMTEC Cells
The goal of this project is to create an innovative condenser component which will
enable technology for alkali-metal thermal-to-electric conversion (AMTEC). AMTEC
devices are strong candidates for space power applications, such as radioisotope
generators, because of high conversion efficiency, low mass, modularity, redundancy,
and reliability (absence of moving parts). This novel condenser component would enable
the AMTEC technology to achieve two critical goals: microgravity fluid management
and a conversion efficiency greater than 20 percent. Conversion efficiency is presently
less than ten percent in laboratory tests without this condenser. With this condenser
component, it is expected that the efficiency of AMTEC power conversion will exceed
20 percent and, with improved electrode technology, possibly approach 25 to 30 percent.
This project will experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the capillary fluid
management with this innovative condenser design through separate effects tests.
Phase II will complete the condenser development by building a working AMTEC cell
(including the condenser) and demonstrating its operation--fluid management, high
conversion management and high conversion efficiency--at normal gravity.
AMTEC power conversion systems coupled with radioisotope heat will provide a power
unit one-fourth to one-half as massive as alternative approaches, thereby saving
millions of dollars in launch costs. Applications of interest include NASA space
probes and rovers, Air Force and SDIO space missions, and solar-powered or combustion
systems for Earth applications.
AMTEC, condensation, microgravity

Project Title:

Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide, Photovoltaic, Space-Laser Energy Converters

10.04-6696
911179
Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide, Photovoltaic, Space-Laser Energy Converters
Kopin Corporation
695 Myles Standish Boulevard
Taunton
MA
02780
Mark B.
Spitzer
508-824-6696
LaRC
NAS1-19527
208

10.04-6696
911179

Abstract:

Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide, Photovoltaic, Space-Laser Energy Converters
This project addresses the development of a space-based, laser energy converter for
power transmission. The unique and innovative aspects include increasing the operating
range of the converter to high power densities, on the order of 100 watts/cm2, by
using a series-connected array approach to reduce series resistance. A substrate
removal approach will reduce thermal impedance between the active semiconductor layer
and heat sink. To make this improvement possible, direct gap materials must be used.
Phase I will consist of work to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. In
Phase II, a prototype device will be demonstrated.
Applications are in the conversion of space-based laser light to electrical energy
and in conversion of light from an optical fiber into electrical energy over a broad
energy density range. Additional applications include power transmission via tamper-resistant
and EMI-resistant optical cables.
photovoltaics, energy conversion

Project Title:

Hardened, Thin-Film Aluminum-Galium-Arsenide Solar Cells with Specific Power Over

10.05-6696
911180
Hardened, Thin-Film Aluminum-Galium-Arsenide Solar Cells with Specific Power Over
700 Watts/Kilogram
Kopin Corporation
695 Myles Standish Boulevard
Taunton
MA
02780
Ronald P.
Gale
508-824-6696
JPL
NAS7-1187
209

10.05-6696
911180

Abstract:

Hardened, Thin-Film Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide Solar Cells with Specific Power Over
700 Watts/Kilogram
There is currently a need for space power systems which are both lightweight and
able to survive the hostile radiation environment of space orbit. The objective of
this project is to develop a large-area, thin-film AlGaAs solar cell that is over
20 percent efficient (one-sun, AM0 @ 28C) with a specific power over 700 W/kg with
a 4-mil coverglass. By using AlGaAs as the absorber material, the end-of-life efficiency
will be improved over that of GaAs cells. Phase I will investigate the growth and
fabrication of thin-film AlGaAs solar cells with a bandgap of 1.5 eV. The material
will be grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition, and solar cell structures
will be deposited on bulk substrates. Bulk cells will be fabricated and tested with
comparisons made to predicted cell performance from theoretical models. Thin-film
cell structures will then be fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
The Phase I goal is the delivery of AlGaAs cells with specific power of 700 W/kg,
an area of 8 cm3, and a beginning-of-life efficiency of 19 percent. Phase II will
include radiation testing and end-of-life optimization of the cells, increasing the
cell area to 24 cm2, and integration of the cell into state-of-the-art array technologies.
This product will extend the lifetime of many satellites, allow for payload capacity,
and will be applicable in both military and commercial satellites and planetary missions.
photovoltaics, aluminum gallium arsenide, specific power, space power, solar cells,
radiation resistance.

Project Title:

A Regenerative, Solid-Ionomer, Alkaline, Membrane Fuel Cell

10.06-7270
910613
A Regenerative, Solid-Ionomer, Alkaline, Membrane Fuel Cell
Giner, Inc.
14 Spring Street
Waltham
MA
02254-9147
John A.
Lisek
617-899-7270
LeRC
NAS3-26329
210

10.06-7270
910613

Abstract:

A Regenerative, Solid-Ionomer Alkaline, Membrane Fuel Cell
An efficient, lightweight, compact electrochemical storage system is important to
the success of many future NASA missions. Regenerative fuel cell systems have a high
potential, but with the currently available technologies, a single-unit regenerative
fuel cell is not practical. An advanced single-unit regenerative fuel cell (RFC)
that features a solid-ionomer alkaline membrane (SIAM) like the electrolyte, in conjunction
with novel bifunctional oxygen catalysts and electrode structures, will be evaluated.
This RFC is expected to combine the best features of alkaline electrolyte and proton
exchange membrane (PEM) technology. The anticipated advantages of the SIAMRFC include:
 improved system efficiency, increased stack lifetime, significant weight, volume,
and cost reductions, and improved reliability. The program includes development and
testing in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes of modified SIAMs and bifunctional
oxygen catalyst-electrode structures in a single-unit RFC. A goal is to obtain projected
performance in both modes comparable or superior to that of the corresponding dedicated
alkaline cell.
Some potential commercial applications for the SIAM include power sources for transportation,
peak power shaving, and energy storage in conjunction with nuclear, solar, wind,
tide, or river power.
rechargeable fuel cells, solid-ionomer alkaline membranes, bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts,
space applications

Project Title:

Lithium Ion Batteries with Improved Carbon Anodes

10.07-9450A
912019
Lithium Ion Batteries with Improved Carbon Anodes
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood
MA
02062
K.M.
Abraham
617-769-9450
JPL
NAS7-1162
211

10.07-9450A
912019

Abstract:

Lithium Ion Batteries with Improved Carbon Anodes
This project is intended to provide a safe alternative to secondary lithium cells
that use lithium metal as the anode by improving the performance of carbon anodes
for cells having the configuration C//liquid electrolyte//LiNi02. Controlled modification
of the surface groups on carbons with graphite-like structure will be related to
electrochemical performance. Such modification is intended to maximize cell capacity
and limit parasitic side reactions between the anode and the electrolyte.
Commercial applications for a practical cell are computers, televisions, camcorders,
cameras, hand-held tools, and computer memory backup.
secondary lithium batteries, carbon anodes

Project Title:

Intrinsically Safe, Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries for Space Station Freedom

10.08-1140
910242
Intrinsically Safe, Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries for Space Station Freedom
Covalent Associates, Inc.
52 Dragon Ct
Woburn
MA
01801
Victor R.
Koch
617-938-1140
JSC
NAS9-18705
212

10.08-1140
910242

Abstract:

Intrinsically Safe, Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries for Space Station Freedom
Safe, high-energy-density, rechargeable batteries are required for a wide variety
of applications on board Space Station Freedom as well as for EVA excursions around
it. Lithium and sodium-based technologies offer high specific energies, but safety
and reliability are problematic, especially in a closed, manned environment. Preliminary
work has shown that the intrinsically safe magnesium electrode can be reversibly
cycled against a high-energy, transition-metal-oxide, solid cathode. This cell manifested
little polarization in a highly conductive non-aqueous electrolyte. Phase I will
evaluate three high-energy-density cathode materials against magnesium. These materials
afford theoretical specific energy densities approaching 1000 Wh/kg and practical
energy densities of 200 Wh/kg, about six times higher than state-of-the-art NiCd
cells.
Safe, reliable, high-energy-density, rechargeable Mg batteries will find use in satellites,
deep space probes, portable communications equipment, and other consumer products
currently employing NiCd batteries.
rechargeable, magnesium, battery, nonaqueous, electrolyte

Project Title:

Rechargeable, Sealed Zinc-Oxygen Cells

10.08-9450
912236
Rechargeable, Sealed Zinc-Oxygen Cells
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood
MA
02062
Gerhard L.
Holleck
617-769-9450
JSC
NAS9-18708
213

10.08-9450
912236

Abstract:

Rechargeable, Sealed Zinc-Oxygen Cells
NASA requires rechargeable electrical energy storage for manned applications. Batteries
need to be safe, compact, and of high specific energy. This will be achieved by development
of hermetically sealed zinc-oxygen cells with bifunctional-oxide-catalyzed cathodes
and long-cycle-life zinc anodes. Phase I includes design, tradeoff studies, prototype
fabrication, and testing of cells to demonstrate system feasibility and establish
component and design parameters for optimization during Phase II. After development,
it is expected that a practical rechargeable Zn-O2 cell of approximately D-size will
have a specific energy of 120 to 150 Wh/kg, an energy density of 150 to 250 Wh/l,
and a life exceeding 200 cycles. This represents a three- to four-fold increase in
specific energy over NiCd cells. Sealed rechargeable Zn-02 batteries would be suitable
power supplies for cameras, tools, scientific instrumentation, and life support backpacks.
The rapidly expanding variety of portable electronic and electromechanical products
places a high demand on light-weight rechargeable batteries. Sealed Zn-02 will be
particularly useful for weight-sensitive applications such as commercial and military
space missions, for hand-held tools and devices, and for electric automobiles.
zinc, oxygen, sealed, rechargeable, alkaline, perovskite

Project Title:

A Rechargeable Solid-State Battery

10.08-9450A
912238
A Rechargeable Solid-State Battery
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood
MA
02062
K.M.
Abraham
617-769-9450
JSC
NAS9-18676
214

10.08-9450A
912238

Abstract:

A Rechargeable Solid-State Battery
A rechargeable solid-state battery for powering equipment used in manned space activities
will be developed with a mid-discharge voltage of about 3V, a specific energy of
greater than 120 Wh/kg, and a volumetric energy density exceeding 250 Wh/l. The battery
will be safe and is expected to have a discharge rate and cycle-life capabilities
surpassing the needs of the application. Solid-state construction based on electrode
and electrolyte laminates will allow facile scale-up of the battery in a variety
of sizes and shapes.
Potential commercial applications of rechargeable solid-state batteries include portable
radios, televisions, camcorders, computers, telephones, hand-held tools, and ultimately
electric vehicles.
solid electrolytes, rechargeable battery

Project Title:

High-Density, Long-Life, Radionuclide, Voltaic Energy Source

10.09-6000
912001
High-Density, Long-Life, Radionuclide, Voltaic Energy Source
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730-2396
Charles C.
Blatchley
617-275-6000
MSFC
NAS8-39342
215

10.09-6000
912001

Abstract:

High-Density, Long-Life, Radionuclide, Voltaic Energy Source
This project will develop a radioisotope-powered, indium-phosphide voltaic cell that
can achieve energy densities over ten thousand times greater than that of the best
chemical batteries. The power attained in past attempts to develop radioisotope-powered
voltaic cells (beta-voltaic cells) was severely limited because of radiation damage
to the silicon semiconductor material used in them. The marked radiation damage resistance
and annealing properties of indium phosphide remove this fundamental limitation and
permit consideration of high-energy beta and alpha emitters resulting in a cell with
almost no detectable external radiation. Efficiencies are expected to be twice that
of radionuclide-powered thermoelectric generators.
High-efficiency, maximum energy density, and long operating life promise superiority
over other compact power technologies, especially for space applications, cardiac
pacemakers, printed-circuit memory maintenance, and remote instrumentation. These
devices could replace chemical batteries in many settings.
beta cells, semiconductor, radionuclides, space power, batteries, electricity, p-n
junction, energy conversion

Project Title:

A Distributed, Autonomous, Coordination Architecture for Functionally Redundant Intelligent

10.10-3633
911547
A Distributed, Autonomous, Coordination Architecture for Functionally Redundant Intelligent
Systems
Symbiotics, Inc.
725 Concord Avenue
Cambridge
MA
02138
Richard M.
Adler
617-876-3635
MSFC
NAS8-39343
216

10.10-3633
911547

Abstract:

A Distributed, Autonomous, Coordination Architecture for Functionally Redundant Intelligent
Systems
Automation is critical to minimize human requirements for managing operations of
complex distributed networks such as the power management system for Space Station
Freedom. Intelligent systems are successfully automating individual control tasks
such as fault diagnosis and configuration management. However, further increases
in automation will require the development of autonomous control models that coordinate
heterogeneous, distributed operations support applications to work together cooperatively.
Functionally redundant systems represent an interesting problem. These systems provide
overlapping, complementary, or duplicate problem-solving capabilities, such as rule-based,
model-based, and neural network technologies, for fault diagnosis. Functionally redundant
systems offer opportunities for knowledge synthesis, hypothesis confirmation, and
fault-tolerant behavior. This effort will develop innovative group-based models and
neural network technologies for fault diagnosis. Functionally redundant systems offer
opportunities for knowledge synthesis, hypothesis confirmation, and fault-tolerant
behavior. This effort will develop innovative group-based models for autonomous coordination
to achieve these synergistic benefits. Specific goals will be to investigate generalized
interaction models for competitive, consensual, cooperative, and duplicate activities;
and to design an autonomous control architecture that unifies and applies these interaction
models to coordinate functionally redundant, heterogeneous, distributed intelligent
systems. These advanced control capabilities will enable NASA to increase automation
and safety in both space-based systems and ground control centers.
Intelligent distributed control architectures are broadly applicable to operations
and decision support for complex communication, computer, power and transportation
networks, and for process control in manufacturing and office automation domains.
distributed systems, cooperating knowledge-based systems, intelligent coordination,
redundancy, fault-tolerance, group-based models

Project Title:

An Interactive Tool for Discrete Phase Analysis in Two-Phase Flows

11.01-0333A
911582
An Interactive Tool for Discrete Phase Analysis in Two-Phase Flows
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 1058
Glastonbury
CT
06033
Jayant S.
Sabnis
203-659-0333
MSFC
NAS8-39337
218

11.01-0333A
911582

Abstract:

An Interactive Tool for Discrete, Phase Analysis in Two-Phase Flows
Multi-phase flow effects in liquid and solid propulsion systems have profound implications
on performance and durability. For example, the dynamics of a aluminum oxide particulates
in solid rocket motor affects the slag accumulation, thereby affecting the performance.
Particulate impingement on the motor casing and nozzle affects the durability via
its influence on the thermal load on the insulator. The effect of the discrete phase
on performance and durability can be significant even when the concentration of the
discrete phase is too low to alter the continuous-phase flow-field in a significant
manner. An innovative workstation-based analysis tool that can be used by analysts
and designers to assess the discrete phase effects during the development and testing
of rocket propulsion systems will be developed. The workstation-based software will
use Lagrangian analysis for the discrete-phase motion and will include a graphical
interface allowing the user to change the relevant parameters to conduct parametric
studies interactively.
The analysis of discrete phase effects applies to a variety of applications that
involve two-phase flows, for example liquid and solid rocket propulsion systems,
sand/particle separators, and fans and compressors operating in a dusty environment.
two-phase flows, graphical user interface, discrete phase analysis, rocket propulsion
systems

Project Title:

Conjugate Heat-Transfer Analysis for Solid Rocket Motors

11.02-2008
910812
Conjugate Heat-Transfer Analysis for Solid Rocket Motors
Seca, Inc.
3311 Bob Wallace Avenue, Suite 203
Huntsville
AL
35805
Jon A.
Freeman
205-534-2008
MSFC
NAS8-39338
220

11.02-2008
910812

Abstract:

Conjugate Heat-Transfer Analysis for Solid Rocket Motors
Complex heat-transfer processes occur in a solid rocket motor between the particle-laden
exhaust gases, ablative nozzle inserts and liners, case insulation, and metallic
walls of the motor. These are critical to the thermal design, the base heating and
signature of the motor and the launch-stand heating caused by the motor. A computational
fluid dynamics analysis of these conjugate heat-transfer processes will be developed
as a thermal design tool for solid rocket motors. The high particle loading of the
exhaust gases and the ablative behavior of the thermal protection system require
major material evaluations and new code development. This design tool constitutes
an analytical technique for thermal design of solid-rocket-motor nozzles, including
the critical throat region, and all insulation materials. If the motor cases and
insulation are made of advanced composite materials, the analysis will indicate the
critical thermal properties that must be experimentally determined to effect a valid
thermal design.
Applications would be within NASA, DOD, and/or their prime contractors for use in
analyzing advanced and solid propellant motors.
thermal analysis, ablator response to multi-phase flows

Project Title:

Semi-Rigid, Tailorable, Cost-Optimized, National Launch System Heat Shield

11.02-8581
910503
Semi-Rigid, Tailorable, Cost-Optimized, National Launch System Heat Shield
Remtech, Inc.
3304 Westmill Dr
Huntsville
AL
35805
Richard E.
Somers
205-536-8581
MSFC
NAS8-39335
222

11.02-8581
910503

Abstract:

Semi-Rigid, Tailorable, Cost-Optimized, National Launch System Heat Shield
An innovative thermal protection system (TPS) is proposed for the base region National
Launch System. This TPS would use certified materials, be designed to be semi-rigid,
and would be adaptable to the contours of critical areas and components in the base
region. The TPS will use a screen as the structural member to which RTV and/or metal
foils and blankets could be attached. Different regions could use different compositions
of the basic design depending on the anticipated heat load. Preliminary designs and
thermal analyses of the base region with particular emphasis on the engine nozzles
will be developed. The firm will also investigate manufacturing and application methods.
Cost data will be input to a cost model to make preliminary assessments of the cost-effectiveness
of various configurations. Phase II will further develop the TPS; test the various
concepts thermally and structurally; and recommend specific designs, application
techniques, and manufacturing processes.
The thermal protection system (TPS) could be used on any number of future space vehicles.
It could also be used as a replacement for bulkier, more expensive TPS on extant
vehicles.
thermal protection system, blanket insulation

Project Title:

Spray Combustion Stochastic Modeling Coupled with Laser Diagnostics

11.03-6688
912239
Spray Combustion Stochastic Modeling Coupled with Laser Diagnostics
Aerometrics, Inc.
550 Del Rey Avenue, Unit A
Sunnyvale
CA
94086
Alejandro Brena
De La Rosa
408-738-6688
MSFC
NAS8-39303
223

11.03-6688
912239

Abstract:

Spray Combustion Stochastic Modeling Coupled with Laser Diagnostics
This project will investigate the parallel development of a novel stochastic model
for drop and/or spray combustion and the development and implementation of sophisticated
laser diagnostics to provide the necessary data to test and validate the numerical
spray model. Stochastic methods have the potential of providing deep insight into
the physical phenomena occurring in spray combustion, i.e., evaporation, mixing diffusion,
chemical reaction, and the large fluctuation of the parameters which influence them.
The objectives of Phase I are to develop a one-dimensional Monte Carlo model of drop
and/or spray combustion; design and develop a test facility for burning single fuel
drops; implement Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) and rainbow thermometry (RT)
experimental techniques to measure the velocity and the temperature of the liquid
drops, respectively; investigate the feasibility of integrating the LPT and RT techniques
for simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature of the droplets; perform
preliminary experiments with iso-octane and n-heptane to test the LPT and RT techniques;
and compare with the predictions of the stochastic Monte Carlo model. Phase II will
expand the model to a three-dimensional version with complete, finite-rate chemistry,
turbulence modeling, and liquid-gas interphase coupling. A two-dimensional LPT system
will be developed. The RT system will be used with the firm's PDPA for testing and
validation purposes.
The stochastic spray model would have wide applications in the R&D and design of
gas turbine engines, liquid rocket engines, incinerators, and other practical combustion
systems.
stochastic spray modeling, spray combustion laser diagnostics

Project Title:

Holographic Depth Contouring

11.04-5649
910591
Holographic Depth Contouring
Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
P.O. Box 1869
Ann Arbor
MI
48106
Karl G.
Wesolowicz
313-769-5649
SSC
NAS13-482
225

11.04-5649
910591

Abstract:

Holographic Depth Contouring
This innovation integrates the well-developed theories of two-color holography and
light striping with three new technological opportunities. These new technologies
include easily-tunable pulsed lasers, high-frame-rate digitizing electronic cameras,
and high-performance digital signal processors. Phase I will investigate the feasibility
of integrating the above theories and technologies into a three-dimensional imaging
system for non-intrusive measurement of deformation, vibration, stress, and nozzle
thrust vector. This project applies to health monitoring sensors for solid-rocket-motor
1/components and interfaces. Critical proof-of-principle experiments will be carried
out in an electronic holography laboratory and the resulting holographic image analyzed
on a vision system using light-stripe analysis software. Phase I will produce a rudimentary
design, performance model, and technical risk analysis.
The holographic depth-contouring technology has two main areas of commercial potential:
imaged three-dimensional metrology and imaged vibration analysis. End uses would
be by firms manufacturing automobiles, aircraft, aerospace components, and audio
speakers and other firms in which metrological and vibration imagery is important.
two-color, electronic holography; three-dimensional imaging; optical metrology

Project Title:

High-Performance Sapphire Windows

11.07-9806
912150
High-Performance Sapphire Windows
Advanced Fuel Research, Inc.
P.O. Box 380343
East Hartford
CT
06138-0343
Stephen C.
Bates
203-528-9806
LeRC
NAS3-26330
228

11.07-9806
912150

Abstract:

High-Performance Sapphire Windows
The environment in the combustion chamber of a liquid rocket is too extreme to allow
the use of large optical ports made from conventional materials. These ports are
crucial for the non-intrusive  measurements of combustion processes using advanced
laser diagnostics that require high-quality, wide-aperture access. Specially processed
and mounted sapphire windows will be developed to provide this optical access. Through
surface treatments and proper consideration of thermal stresses, single crystal sapphire
can be a mechanically equivalent replacement for high-strength steel. A prototype
sapphire window design will be developed that uses processing of the exterior sapphire
surface to achieve a reliable, large increase in mechanical strength. A simple high-pressure,
high-temperature window test facility will be assembled and used to test processed
sapphire samples and demonstrate the feasibility of the strengthening technique.
Coupling strengthened sapphire windows with high-temperature mounting techniques
will greatly expand capabilities for optical access to extreme environments, making
laser diagnostics more flexible and possibly leading to entirely new diagnostic applications.
Strengthened sapphire windows will lead to optical access for diagnosis of extreme
environments. This is an enabling technology for broad research in combustion that
has extensive commercial application for engines, burners, and furnaces.
single crystal sapphire, strengthening, window, optical access

Project Title:

Highly Accurate, Adaptive Techniques for Damage Modeling and Life Prediction of Aerospace

11.08-0618
911939
Highly Accurate, Adaptive Techniques for Damage Modeling and Life Prediction of Aerospace
Structures
Computational Mechanics Company, Inc.
7701 North Lamar, Suite 200
Austin
TX
78752
W. Wojtek
Tworzydlo
512-467-0618
MSFC
NAS8-39311
229

11.08-0618
911939

Abstract:

Highly Accurate, Adaptive Techniques for Damage Modeling and Life Prediction of Aerospace
Structures
In the design of components of aerospace structures, such as Space Shuttle Main Engine,
reliability considerations and life prediction are extremely important. There are
several damage and fatigue theories designed to estimate reliability and life span
of aerospace materials. The objective of this project is to combine these theories
with adaptive finite-element methods in order to create a reliable and computationally
efficient tool for the design of aerospace structures. Adaptive finite-element methods,
based on rigorous error estimates, automatically adjust the structure of the computational
mesh to provide the best solution at minimum computational cost. In practical applications
this enables very large simulations to be conducted with a minimal number of degrees
of freedom. The focus of this project is to couple adaptive methodologies with continuum
damage theories and nonlinear constitutive material models in a three-dimensional
finite-element code for predicting micro-crack nucleation and growth, and ultimate
life expectancy for geometrically complex bodies subjected to complex time-dependent
loadings. This code will be designed in a modular format to allow easy implementation
and testing of constitutive theories and damage models. The final product will be
a computational tool which functions on unstructured meshes and provides numerical
results with a quantifiable level of accuracy and reliability.
Advanced finite-element analysis of structural components with damage and fatigue
modeling will be applicable not only to NASA's development of aerospace vehicles,
but also in general engineering analysis of critical machine elements operating at
high stress levels.
adaptive finite-element, damage, life prediction, fatigue, crack

Project Title:

Magnetic Suspension Bearings for Space Shuttle Main-Engine Turbopumps

11.09-0250
911453
Magnetic Suspension Bearings for Space Shuttle Main-Engine Turbopumps
Avcon-Advanced Controls Technology, Inc.
19151 Parthenia Street, Unit G
Northridge
CA
91324
Crawford R.
Meeks
818-886-0250
MSFC
NAS8-39307
230

11.09-0250
911453

Abstract:

Magnetic Suspension Bearings for Space Shuttle Main-Engine Turbopumps
The reliability and performance of Space Shuttle main engines (SSME) are critical
to mission launch success and safety. Currently, SSME reliability and performance
are limited by turbopump bearing failure, both in the high-pressure liquid-oxygen
and high-pressure fuel turbopumps (HPOTP and HPFTP). Current bearing limitations
are related to high stresses and wear as well as to harsh (temperature and corrosion)
environments. Magnetic bearing (MB) suspension technology can alleviate these problems
because the MB actuator, sensor, and control system can compensate for uneven loading,
suffer no wear, tolerate or seal-off corrosive agents. The applicability of MB to
SSME has been limited by the MB size, weight, and power draw, as well as eddy current
and hysteresis losses (which drastically limit practical RPMs). The company has a
new class of MB designs that concurrently reduces size, weight, power draw, plus
eddy current and hysteresis losses. The methodology of this new class of MB design
is applied to SSME turbopumps designs. Near-term designs are based on state-of-the-art
permanent magnets and high-efficiency magnetic materials. Far-term designs are based
on high-temperature superconducting materials.
This innovative technology would apply to radial and thrust  bearings for military
and commercial turbine engines; spindle and linear translator bearings of optical
data storage disks; ultraprecision bearings for scanning spectrometers; replacement
for air bearings in long-term, unattended applications; and bearings for heavy duty,
low-maintenance compressors, and turbopumps.
Space Shuttle main engine, magnetic suspension bearing, homopolar, turbopumps, permanent
magnet bias, eddy current/hysteresis losses

Project Title:

Monolithic, Noble-Metal Catalysts for Hydrogen-Oxygen Thrusters

11.10-0236
911955
Monolithic, Noble-Metal Catalysts for Hydrogen-Oxygen Thrusters
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima
CA
91331
Robert H.
Tuffias
818-899-0236
JSC
NAS9-18698
232

11.10-0236
911955

Abstract:

Monolithic, Noble-Metal Catalysts for Hydrogen-Oxygen Thrusters
Catalytic igniters offer the potential for excellent reliability and simplicity for
use with the diergolic bipropellant hydrogen and oxygen. State-of-the-art catalytic
beds--noble metals on granular pellet carriers--are currently limited by carrier
stability, which limits the hot-fire temperature, and by poor thermal response due
to the large  thermal mass. Questions remain with regard to longevity and reliability
of these catalysts. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating monolithic
catalysts beds that overcome the limitations of current catalytic igniters. The approach
is an innovative combination of unique developments in chemical- vapor-deposition
iridium coatings and chemical-vapor- infiltration refractory ceramic foams. Successful
development of monolithic catalytic igniters would greatly improve upon the state-of-the-art,
enhancing performance and reliability while reducing cost and weight. Reduced weight
is the principal advantage of catalytic ignition over other alternatives, such as
spark torch or hypergolic ignition. For small thrusters, such as auxiliary propulsion,
the igniter weight is critical, but larger engines that make use of multiple igniters
in a baffled configuration and upper stage engines with multiple restart capability
would also realize a weight savings benefit from this technology.
A simple, reliable, lightweight igniter for hydrogen and oxygen can be applied to
a wide range of engine sizes, from relatively small auxiliary propulsion and vernier
control thrusters to large, baffled, multiple igniter engines, and upper stage, multiple
ignition engines.
monolithic catalysts, igniters, rocket engine, iridium, ceramic foam, chemical vapor
deposition/infiltration (CVI), hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2)

Project Title:

Hydrocarbon-Liquid-Oxygen Monopropellants

11.10-5307
912083
Hydrocarbon-Liquid-Oxygen Monopropellants
Wickman Spacecraft & Propulsion Company
P.O. Box 7179
Citrus Heights
CA
95621-7179
John W.
Wickman
916-728-5307
LeRC
NAS3-26323
233

11.10-5307
912083

Abstract:

Hydrocarbon-Liquid Oxygen Monopropellants
Liquid oxygen monopropellants may be part of an emerging propulsion technology. This
project will research how to make monopropellants from low-cost, high-performance
fuel sources. Coal, kerosene, and natural gas will be some of the candidate fuels
to be mixed with liquid oxygen.
Potential applications include Shuttle II, new launch vehicles, and sounding rockets.
Commercial launch vehicles using these rocket engines and monopropellants could help
bring the cost of access to space resources to a profitable level.
liquid oxygen, monopropellants, metallized, hydrocarbon fuels, gelled, rocket engines

Project Title:

Inflight Ammonia Monitor

12.02-7770
910959
Inflight Ammonia Monitor
Umpqua Research Company
P.O. Box 791
Myrtle Creek
OR
97457-0118
James R.
Akse
503-863-7770
JSC
NAS9-18683
240

12.02-7770
910959

Abstract:

Inflight Ammonia Monitor
Conventional methods for ammonia analysis depend on wet chemical techniques or ion-selective
electrodes which are unstable. The innovation to be developed in this project is
a sequential process for determining the ammonia concentration in an aqueous stream
which may contain other contaminants. This process contains three major steps. Volatile
species such as carbon dioxide which may interfere with the later selective segregation
of ammonia are eliminated. Second, a liquid-liquid exchange across a vapor channel
in a microporous membrane will equilibrate the aqueous stream's ammonia level with
that in the analytical cell. Dependant on the ammonium species present, a solid-phase
metal-oxide base may be incorporated to shift any equilibrium towards ammonia. The
final step is a conducto-metric measurement or an electrochemical, oxidation-reduction
probe to determine the ammonia concentration in the analytical stream. This analytical
technique will offer a reliable interference free method.
Applications may include use as an industrial on-line ammonia monitor or laboratory
ammonia analyzer.
ammonia monitor, sensor, on-line, membrane, conductivity, electrochemical

Project Title:

Hybrid Processor for Physiological Artifact Detection

12.03-3474
911341
Hybrid Processor for Physiological Artifact Detection
Charles River Analytics, Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge
MA
02138
Greg L.
Zacharias
617-491-3474
ARC
NAS2-13532
242

12.03-3474
911341

Abstract:

Hybrid Processor for Physiological Artifact Detection
Phase I will evaluate the feasibility of developing a hybrid physiological artifact
detection system from two complementary artificial intelligence (AI) technologies:
 artificial neural networks (ANNs) and knowledge-based expert systems (ESs). By hybridizing
these two technologies, computer-based pattern recognition (via ANNs) will be combined
with a human expert's knowledge of physiological signal recording characteristics
(via ESs). This hybrid detector will be developed within the existing NueX software
development environment which supports synergistic interaction between ANNs and kbESs.
The envisioned prototype artifact detection processor will support dynamic updating
of the physiological signal knowledge base, via the artifact recognition capabilities
of the ANN, and result in continuous learning by the ANN, via the recording paradigm
knowledge stored in the ES. Feasibility will be evaluated by defining the scope of
the problem and identifying candidate solutions; designing and implementing a prototype
hybrid detector; demonstrating and evaluating detector performance; and specifying
hardware and software system design requirements for Phase II implementation of a
real-time system.
Commercial potential exists for the end product itself, a generic physiological artifact
detector, and for the hybrid software environment used to develop it. The hybrid
processor holds promise for inclusion in a wide range of existing physiological instrumentation
systems. The development software can serve as the basis of such other signal detection
and/or isolation applications as exist in the area of fault detection and/or isolation
and safety monitoring.
physiological signal processing, artificial neural networks, expert systems

Project Title:

Advanced, Intermediate-Temperature, Electrolytic Cell for Oxygen Generation from

12.04-1583A
910082
Advanced, Intermediate-Temperature, Electrolytic Cell for Oxygen Generation from
Martian Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Eltron Research, Inc.
4260 Westbrook Drive
Aurora
IL
60504
Anthony F.
Sammells
708-898-1583
JSC
NAS9-18688
243

12.04-1583A
910082

Abstract:

Advanced, Intermediate Temperature Electrolytic Cell for Oxygen Generation from Martian
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
This project will investigate solid-state electrolytic cells for the direct removal
of oxygen from CO2 over the temperature range of 400 to 600C. Effective separation
between the cell cathode, where carbon dioxide becomes reduced to carbon monoxide,
and the anode, where oxygen evolution occurs, will be achieved by utilizing O2- conducting,
brownmillerite, solid electrolytes that have demonstrated significantly higher ionic
conductivities than those with materials based upon the stabilized zirconias. This
will permit electrolytic cell operation at intermediate temperatures. Electrocatalysis
for enhancing the kinetics of electrochemical CO2 reduction will be achieved using
brownmillerite-based cathodes of general stoichiometry A2-xAxB2O5, where A = Ba or
Sr, A = Ce or Dy, and B = Co, Ni or Cu which will be expected to provide favorable
CO2 adsorption characteristics while at the same time possess the required high ionic
(O2-) and electronic conductivities at intermediate temperatures. The overall electrolytic
cell will permit high electrochemical rates to be achieved for the efficient removal
of oxygen for breathing from CO2 under Martian atmospheric conditions. The carbon
monoxide effluent from electrochemical cells can then be utilized in the reduction
of iron ores present in large quantities on the Martian surface to metallic iron.
This electrolytic technology would provide a viable process for the extraction of
oxygen from carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere for the maintenance of life.
The separated cathodic reaction product (CO) could also be used either directly or
indirectly as a reducing agent on the Martian surface for Martian ore refining.
carbon dioxide, oxygen extraction, perovskite electrocatalysis, solid electrolytes

Project Title:

Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon-Dioxide Using a Novel Electrode System

12.04-1980
911715
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon-Dioxide Using a Novel Electrode System
Materials & Electrochemical Research
7960 South Kolb Road
Tucson
AZ
85706
Raouf O.
Loutfy
602-574-1980
JSC
NAS9-18690
244

12.04-1980
911715

Abstract:

Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon-Dioxide Using a Novel Electrode System
Newly discovered C60 carbon exhibits unique electrochemical behavior. Its properties
will be investigated to evaluate its ability to reduce CO2 electrochemically and
produce oxygen for air revitalization in manned space stations. Electrolytes appropriate
for the catalytic electrochemical reduction will be investigated. The electrochemical
behavior of C60 electrodes will be established using cyclic voltammetry. A two-ampere
laboratory electrochemical cell will be operated to establish the feasibility of
the concept. Phase I will establish the optimum cathode material, anode efficiency,
cell voltages, operating current density, and material balance by operating a five-ampere
cell for extended time periods. The definition of these variables will lead to the
determination of the economics of the overall process.
A new class of electrochemical reactions made possible by C60 could further expand
to other electrochemical synthesis reactions and fuel cells for power generators.
C60, electrodes, CO2 reduction, electrochemistry, cathodic reaction

Project Title:

Removal of Nitrogen from Carbon-Dioxide-Rich Streams

12.04-2228
910202
Removal of Nitrogen from Carbon-Dioxide-Rich Streams
Membrane Technology & Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road, Suite 103
Menlo Park
CA
94025
Richard W.
Baker
415-328-2228
JSC
NAS9-18695
245

12.04-2228
910202

Abstract:

Removal of Nitrogen from Carbon-Dioxide-Rich Streams
The objective of this project is to develop a membrane process for removing nitrogen
from carbon-dioxide-rich gas streams. Manned space vehicles on long missions must
use regenerative life-support systems. Although a variety of techniques  exist for
converting carbon dioxide back into oxygen, they require that the nitrogen content
of the carbon dioxide feed stream be reduced to less than 0.2 percent. Current separation
techniques are energy-intensive and unsuited for spacecrafts because of their bulk,
weight, and complexity. A membrane process would be compact and lightweight, and
use less energy. The membrane process to be developed is based on composite membranes
prepared with rubbery materials like the perm-selective layer. The selective materials
of choice will have a low permeability for nitrogen and a high permeability for carbon
dioxide. The composite membranes will be tested with pressurized mixtures of carbon
dioxide and nitrogen. In preliminary work, a membrane has already been established
that has a selectivity value for carbon dioxide from nitrogen of 60 and a carbon
dioxide normalized flux of 3x10-4cm3(STP)/cm2 sec cmHg. These values would make a
small, lightweight membrane system that could deliver purified carbon dioxide at
a recovery rate of 97.5 percent possible. Phase I will prepare and evaluate membranes,
first as discs in laboratory cells, later as small spiral-wound membrane modules.
Based on the results, an engineering analysis of the nitrogen removal process will
be performed, and its suitability for development into a prototype system in Phase
II program will be determined.
Besides its use in spacecraft, a membrane system that could separate carbon dioxide
efficiently from other gases would have an enormous potential in natural gas processing.
air regeneration, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, membrane spacecraft

Project Title:

High-Solids, Packed-Bed, Plug-Flow, Microbial, Solid-Waste Processing Module for

12.04-3200
912112
High-Solids, Packed-Bed, Plug-Flow, Microbial, Solid-Waste Processing Module for
Space Applications
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02154-1196
Harris
Gold
617-890-3200
JSC
NAS9-18667
247

12.04-3200
912112

Abstract:

High-Solids, Packed-Bed, Plug-Flow, Microbial Solid-Waste Processing Module for Space
Applications
Future space missions, such as Space Station Freedom, the Lunar Base, and Mission
to Mars, will involve prolonged life in space, placing new demands on closed loop
environmental control and life-support system technology. Regenerative systems, which
have already been developed for air and water management because of the magnitude
of resupply requirements, will also be required for solid waste management. In particular,
bio-regenerative systems become necessary as mission duration and resupply distances
increase. An innovative bioreactor will be developed incorporating a high-solids,
packed-bed, plug-flow design operating in micro- or partial-gravity environments.
The system provides high levels of biological stabilization of organic waste, while
minimizing reactor volume, residual solids storage, and energy input requirements.
This unique bioreactor design concept, specifically adapted for space applications,
overcomes equipment size and mass transfer limitations associated with biological
systems in space.
Applications include: modular industrial waste treatment for high-suspended-solids
streams; production of specialty chemicals from agricultural residues and biomass;
and micro-packaged waste treatment processes (marine, RV applications).
waste processing, solid waste processing, microbial systems

Project Title:

Electrochemical Ozone Generator for In Situ Sterilization of Potable Water and Wastewater

12.04-3291B
910726
Electrochemical Ozone Generator for In Situ Sterilization of Potable Water and Wastewater
Life Systems, Inc.
24755 Highpoint Road
Cleveland
OH
44122
Ronald J.
Davenport
216-464-3291
JSC
NAS9-18699
248

12.04-3291B
910726

Abstract:

Electrochemical Ozone Generator for In Situ Sterilization of Potable Water and Wastewater
The electrochemical ozone generator (EOG) can generate and dispense ozone (O3) to
sterilize potable water and wastewaters. Ozone is generated by electrochemically
oxidizing water at ambient temperature using no expendables or coolant and little
power. The EOG is unique because it contains no hazardous materials; it does not
contain the lead oxide (PbO2)electrodes or acidic electrolytes used in other electrochemical
O3 generators. Other advantages include the fact that O3 sterilizes more effectively
than most other biocides. Ozone does not degrade the taste of potable water or form
halogenated organics. Unlike solid biocides such as oxone, ozone can be dispensed
easily and accurately. The amount of O3 dispensed can be readily controlled by adjusting
the current to the EOG. The EOG contains no biocide when it is not operating, so
transportation and maintenance procedures are simple and safe, even in a zero-G environment.
Commercial applications would apply to such uses as water disinfection, accelerated
ozone testing hardware, organic contamination removal, and odor elimination.
ozone, ozonation, electrochemical, water, waste, wastewater, sterilization generation

Project Title:

Lightweight, Fiber-Optic, Gas Sensor for Monitoring Regenerative Food Production

12.05-3088
912496
Lightweight, Fiber-Optic, Gas Sensor for Monitoring Regenerative Food Production
Physical Optics Corporation, R&D Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance
CA
90501
Edward
Schmidlin
213-320-3088
ARC
NAS2-13517
250

12.05-3088
912496

Abstract:

Lightweight, Fiber-Optic Gas Sensor for Monitoring Regenerative Food Production
This project addresses an innovative system, based on porous optical fibers impregnated
with sensor dyes, that can monitor of gases in regenerative food production facilities.
The firm has been involved in commercializing this new technology for approximately
a year. Essentially, porous fibers provide an immobilization substrate for chemical
indicator dyes in this novel "optrode" style sensing technique. The porous optrode
is attached to a conventional optical fiber and illuminated at a wavelength, or set
of wavelengths, characteristic of the selected indicator dye. As a gaseous substance
diffuses into the porous structure and interacts with the sensor dye, a change in
optical absorbance, wavelength lifetime, or fluorescence intensity is observed. This
optical change can be monitored using simple fiber optic components and inexpensive
photodetectors. Advantages of fiber optic sensor systems when used in spacecraft
include low weight, small size, high reliability (all solid-state components), and
low power usage. In addition, porous fiber sensors are easy to produce, potentially
very rugged, well-suited to the measurement of O2, CO2, humidity, and other gaseous
chemical species, and should be unaffected by low-gravity situations.
The fiber-optic gas sensor has the potential to detect nearly any gas for which an
indicator dye exists, so there are many potential applications for this technology.
Sensors developed specifically for this program would have immediate applications
in the food processing and biotechnology industries.
optrode, porous, gas, sensor, compact, food monitoring

Project Title:

In Situ Sensors for Plant Growth Experiments

12.05-7070A
912521
In Situ Sensors for Plant Growth Experiments
Geo-Centers, Inc.
7 Wells Avenue
Newton Center
MA
02159
Mary Beth
Tabacco
617-964-7070
KSC
NAS10-11861
251

12.05-7070A
912521

Abstract:

In Situ Sensors for Plant Growth Experiments
This project will utilize chemical optrode technology combined with distributed sensing
and multiplexing techniques to create a system to monitor potentially toxic vapors
in situ and in real time. Chemical optrode technology has been demonstrated for highly
sensitive detection of chemical species important in plant growth and respiratory
gas exchange experiments. Distributed sensing and multiplexing techniques are under-utilized
in chemical detection systems. The goal of this project is to develop a multi-sensor
system for monitoring low levels of gaseous species important in plant growth experiments.
Phase I will further develop and test ethylene and ammonia sensors in a field application
and distributed sensing and multiplexing techniques will be reviewed and conceptual
designs generated for complete monitoring systems. A prototype multi-sensor, trace-gas
monitoring system will be developed and field evaluated in Phase II. The expected
result is a simple, cost-effective, and integrated approach to trace-gas monitoring
and control.
Ethylene optrodes would have commercial potential wherever harvested crops are stored
or transported and in greenhouses. Ammonia optrodes could be used to monitor agricultural
runoff and to manage fertilizer application in real time. A multi-sensor, trace-gas
monitoring system would find broad application wherever there is a potential for
low levels of potentially toxic vapors to accumulate, such as chemical laboratories,
chemical manufacturing facilities, aircraft, and spacecraft.
chemical optrodes, ethylene sensor, ammonia sensor, distributed sensing

Project Title:

Nonstandard Functional Limb Trajectories

12.07-2040
911238
Nonstandard Functional Limb Trajectories
Moco, Inc.
P.O. Box A
Scituate
MA
02055
Ruth A.
Maulucci
617-545-2040
JSC
NAS9-18692
253

12.07-2040
911238

Abstract:

Nonstandard Functional Limb Trajectories
The goals of this project are to investigate experimentally the effect of nonstandard
conditions on functional limb movements and to use the acquired data to develop generalized
theoretical models. The project objectives are to examine  functional limb movements,
such as reaching, kicking, or ambulating, under such nonstandard conditions as limb
loading, muscle fatigue, external perturbations, path obstacles, and environmental
changes. The innovation's focus is on movements that are embedded in non-ideal circumstances
commonly found in natural daily living activities, and in the culmination of a mathematical
model that will permit empirical results to be generalized for unique situations.
The work should prove relevant to human factors for space crews since the biomechanical
data encompasses crew performance in spaceflight conditions and the dynamic model
can serve as an applied design model for enhancing human productivity in space. The
results will be implemented in an interactive software system with which design engineers
can examine the effects of different nonstandard conditions on limb trajectories.
The software system resulting from this project will have commercial application
for design engineers who must consider human factors, specifically limb trajectories,
in their designs. The results will also have applications in rehabilitation, where
arm loading and fatigue are concerns in therapeutic intervention and perturbations
and path obstacles are issues in prosthetics and orthotics.
limb trajectories, nonstandard, functional tasks, biomechanical data, dynamic mode,
interactive software, human performance, productivity

Project Title:

Space Station Stowage Management System

12.10-8100A
910833
Space Station Stowage Management System
Aptek, Inc.
1257 Lake Plaza Drive
Colorado Springs
CO
80906-3578
Jerry L.
Udy
719-576-8100
JSC
NAS9-18684
255

12.10-8100A
910833

Abstract:

Space Station Stowage Management System
This innovation will provide NASA with a computer database management system and
schematic graphical user interface (GUI) for space station stowage configuration
control. This system will be used to support the determination of Space Station Freedom
(SSF) mission stowage configurations. The DBMS and GUI will be linked with software
that facilitates the placement of three-dimensional objects into individual stowage
trays and then produces the stowage-configuration control drawings. When completed
and linked with the three-dimensional and configuration control drawing databases,
the system will provide NASA personnel with a tool for placing or finding items anywhere
in the SSF. This innovation is needed because no system currently exists for the
purpose of determining SSF stowage configurations. NASA personnel have recognized
that this is needed and that it is the next logical step to the work currently underway.
Stowage database management systems would be beneficial in most operations where
stowage, storage, inventory management, and tracking are important.
space station, stowage, inventory management, configuration control drawings

Project Title:

Material with Exceptional Properties for Extravehicular Thermal Management

12.11-1622
911365
Material with Exceptional Properties for Extravehicular Thermal Management
Rasor Associates, Inc.
253 Humboldt Court
Sunnyvale
CA
94089
Jean-Louis
Desplat
408-734-1622
ARC
NAS2-13506
257

12.11-1622
911365

Abstract:

Material with Exceptional Properties for Extravehicular Thermal Management
A new class of micro-structural material, K-Max, has been developed with exceptional
heat transfer properties that can relieve or accommodate many of the constraints
of space suit thermal management. The local thermal conductivity of K-Max can be
varied rapidly from that of a good insulator to many times greater than that of a
metallic conductor. A compliant K-Max body covering can automatically maintain constant
local body temperature when the local heat flow and heat rejection temperature vary
widely. K-Max can be formed into virtually any shape with a wide variety of compositions.
Phase I will survey space suit needs and define specific applications that can benefit
from the use of K-Max, including both passive and active body cooling. A specific
K-Max spacesuit component will be selected for detailed analysis and evaluation,
and for comparison of the K-Max component with conventional components. A detailed
program plan will be prepared for Phase II development and preprototype demonstration.
A deliverable mock-up demonstrator will be prepared in Phase I to demonstrate credibility
of the novel heat transfer process to be employed in Phase II.
The project will develop novel know-how and technology that will have wide applicability
to a family of temperature-regulating body coverings for aerospace and other commercial
applications.
temperature, material, space suit, K-Max, regulation, heat cooling

Project Title:

A Subcritical Liquid Oxygen System

12.11-3200
912099
A Subcritical Liquid Oxygen System
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham
MA
02154-1196
David H
Walker
617-890-3200
JSC
NAS9-18666
258

12.11-3200
912099

Abstract:

A Subcritical Liquid Oxygen System
The present primary life-support system (PLSS) utilizes high-pressure gaseous oxygen
for operation. This presents a  significant safety risk and potential logistics problems
for future missions. The use of subcritical, liquid oxygen for the PLSS offers many
advantages, but previous attempts at using LOX have not succeeded due to such problems
as pressurization and dealing with a two-phase flow in a microgravity environment.
A subcritical LOX system that is capable of addressing these problems has been devised
while delivering the benefits of reduced system weight and volume (28 and 79 percent,
respectively) and eliminating the hazards of high-pressure oxygen systems. This system
employs a cryogenic tank equipped with a flexible bladder constructed from a liquid
crystal polymer (LCP) material, and a helium gas spring that maintains the LOX in
a subcooled state, preventing vapor formation, maintaining system pressure, and making
the tasks of metering and inventory measurement relatively easy.
Liquid oxygen is often used in military aircraft where the proposed system would
be an improvement over those now in use. Other mobile applications, such as underwater
activities, fire fighting, or medical emergencies, may benefit from this technology.
liquid oxygen, primary life-support, EVA, cryogenic

Project Title:

A Frequency-Tunable, Three-Octave Radar to Monitor Vehicle Exhaust Plumes and Toxic

13.01-0655
911250
A Frequency-Tunable, Three-Octave Radar to Monitor Vehicle Exhaust Plumes and Toxic
Substances
American Research Corporation of Virginia
P.O. Box 3406
Radford
VA
24143-3406
M.G.
Niimura
703-731-0655
KSC
NAS10-11854
261

13.01-0655
911250

Abstract:

A Frequency-Tunable, Three-Octave Radar to Monitor Vehicle Exhaust Plumes and Toxic
Substances
Techniques for sensing electrical characteristics of vehicle exhaust plume and forecasting
diffusion of toxic substances are required. This project suggests the use of a frequency-tunable,
extremely wideband radar that is operable even during the precipitation period and
gives excellent spatial resolution. Neither conventional microwave radar nor lightwave
radar (LIDAR) can achieve these two features at the same time. This project's innovation
is the use of the multi-frequencies available from a novel high-power radar that
measures electrical as well as physical characteristics of the light-emitting (plasma-state)
exhaust. The novel radar will be based on the orbitron maser whose frequency is voltage
tunable for three-octaves (1 GHz-1 THz). The output power is significantly higher
than solid-state sources and multi-channelization is straight forward. The device
is rugged, battery-powered, and field-usable, making it suitable for monitoring vehicle
exhaust from the liftoff to ascent phases. The Phase I objective is to establish
the feasibility of the novel radar as an ionized plume and toxic substances monitor.
Anticipated results include correlations between the electrical characteristics of
ionized plumes and lightning threat, a multi-channel radar system with pertinent
signal processing electronics, and a family of data from simulated plumes and toxic
substances.
The hand-held, frequency-scannable, rugged radar system will find commercial applications
in areas such as airport and harbor surveillance and control; precision geological
mapping; traffic safety; remote sensing of clouds, smoke, pollutants, toxic substances,
precipitation, and snow and ice thickness; mm-wave scattering; spectroscopy experiments
in the laboratory; short-range communication; and NDE of structural integrity.
millimeterwave radar, vehicle exhaust plume, toxic substance monitor

Project Title:

MUSIC Thunderstorm Location from Spatio-Temporal Electric Field Mill Data

13.01-5509
911901
MUSIC Thunderstorm Location from Spatio-Temporal Electric Field Mill Data
Scientific Applications & Research Associates
15206 Transistor Lane
Huntington Beach
CA
92649
John C.
Mosher
714-373-5509
KSC
NAS10-11857
263

13.01-5509
911901

Abstract:

Multiple Signal Classification Thunderstorm Location from Spatio-Temporal Electric
Field Mill Data
The Kennedy Space Center is high on the isokeraunic curve (i.e., number of days per
year with thunderstorm activities), and this frequency of activity influences all
operations. An accurate determination of the distribution and strength of storm cells
with respect to their ability to produce triggered lightning is needed. This project
will adapt an innovative and proven localization technique that the firm recently
developed for applications in electromagnetic source localizations for the brain.
This technique, soundly based on multiple signal classification (MUSIC) eigen analysis,
will allow scanning in three-dimensional space to search for multiple electromagnetic
sources. This technique will significantly enhance the ability to characterize charge
distributions in cloud formations in real time and, thus, enhance the ability to
determine the probability of triggering lightning with launch vehicles.
Safety from lightning effects is of concern to the commercial sector. Use of an accurate
storm cell identifier will aid such diverse organizations as commercial airports,
construction companies, the U.S. Forestry Service, and golf courses in determining
conditions that are appropriate for standard operations.
triggered lightning, eigenanalysis, electric field mill, charge distribution, inversion
algorithm, MUSIC

Project Title:

A High-Sensitivity, Real-Time, Non-Volatile Residue Monitor

13.03-6239
910747
A High-Sensitivity, Real-Time, Non-Volatile Residue Monitor
Femtometrics
1001 West 17th Street, Suite R
Costa Mesa
CA
92627
William D.
Bowers
714-722-6239
KSC
NAS10-11865
265

13.03-6239
910747

Abstract:

A High-Sensitivity, Real-Time, Nonvolatile Residue Monitor
The accepted method to measure non-volatile residue (NVR) on payload and orbiter
critical surfaces is the use of a one-square-foot witness plate to collect NVR over
a period of several weeks. The weight of the solvent-wash residue from the witness
plate is reported as NVR mass flux in units of mg/0.1 m2/month. This method is tedious
and time-consuming; it does not give a real-time measurement of NVR originating from
activities near the payloads and orbiter. An innovative approach is to measure NVR
in real time using a temperature-controlled surface acoustic wave (TCSAW) resonator.
The unparalleled stability and high mass sensitivity of the 200 MHz SAW resonator
enables NVR measurements down to 6 x 10-5 mg/0.1 m2 or 0.06 nanograms/cm2. The high
performance of the 200 MHz SAW resonator is realized by comparison to a 10 MHz temperature-controlled
quartz crystal microbalance that can measure NVR levels down to 1.3 x 10-2 mg/0.1
m2 or 13.3 nanograms/cm2. The 200 MHz TCSAW meets the 0.05 micrograms/cm2 detection
requirement for NVR.
A highly sensitive, real-time NVR monitor would be useful in government and industry
for monitoring surface contamination during the manufacturing, processing, and storage
of payloads, orbiter and space station components, and any other sensitive surfaces
in instrumentation and manufacturing processes.
SAW sensor, nonvolatile residue, real-time, piezoelectric crystal, microbalance

Project Title:

Modular Cryogenic Insulation

13.04-2888
911412
Modular Cryogenic Insulation
Aerospace Design & Development, Inc.
P.O. Box 672
Niwot
CO
80544-0672
H.L.
Gier
303-530-2888
KSC
NAS10-11856
266

13.04-2888
911412

Abstract:

Modular Cryogenic Insulation
Many cryogenic storage vessels utilize powdered insulation materials. When these
vessels are filled with cryogens, the pressure vessel contracts, causing the powder
to settle and voids to form in the insulation. Subsequent thermal cycling can compress
the insulation, leading to decreased thermal performance and possible catastrophic
failure of the vessel. Use of multilayer insulation (MLI) in small pieces or contained
in packets can provide a high level of insulation, can be retrofittted to existing
storage tanks, and will not cause structural failure due to thermal cycling. Due
to its resistance to compaction, the MLI will expand to fill the space created by
the contracting cryogen vessel, thus preventing the insulation from settling to the
bottom of the annulus. Phase I will investigate various methods of packaging the
MLI. The ease and cost of manufacturing and retrofitting as well as thermal performance
of the various packaging concepts will be compared to determine which are most feasible.
From the various methods investigated, two will be chosen for preliminary laboratory
thermal performance testing. In Phase II, a preferred MLI concept will be designed,
produced, and installed in an existing powder insulated tank.
Candidate applications include tank farms at cryogenic production facilities and
cryogen transport trailers, as well as end users of cryogens ranging from industry
to the scientific and medical communities.
cryogenic insulations, thermal insulations, cryogenics, cryogenic systems safety

Project Title:

Production of High-Purity Liquid Amonia

13.04-3550
910951
Production of High-Purity Liquid Amonia
Mainstream Engineering Corporation
200 Yellow Place
Rockledge
FL
32955-5327
Clyde F.
Parrish
407-631-3550
KSC
NAS10-11863
267

13.04-3550
910951

Abstract:

Production of High-Purity Liquid Ammonia
Phase I will determine the feasibility of using an innovative combination of molecular
sieves in the gas phase and then in water solution for the purification of refrigeration-grade
ammonia. The purified product will then be compressed to the liquid phase with an
oil-less compressor. This will result in a high-purity grade of liquid ammonia that
surpasses the requirement of the current shuttle-grade of anhydrous ammonia (fluid
specification SE-S-0073). This project will build a laboratory processing unit and
verify its ability to produce high-purity liquid ammonia from refrigeration-grade
material. Information gained from Phase I will be used in Phase II to build a pilot-plant-scale
production unit at the Kennedy Space Center, sized to meet the current requirements
of 3000 lb per year.
The firm will be able to market their design for the production of high-purity liquid
ammonia. Applications of the design could include small metal-finishing shops.
liquid ammonia, shuttle-grade ammonia, purification

Project Title:

High-Frequency, Magneto-Optic Eddy-Current Imager for the Detection of Shallow Cracks

13.09-0056
911281
High-Frequency, Magneto-Optic Eddy-Current Imager for the Detection of Shallow Cracks
Physical Research, Inc.
25500 Hawthorne Blvd, Suite 2300
Torrance
CA
90505-6828
David
Thome
310-378-0056
KSC
NAS10-11864
272

13.09-0056
911281

Abstract:

High-Frequency, Magneto-Optic Eddy-Current Imager for the Detection of Shallow Cracks
The purpose of this project is to improve substantially the capabilities of magneto-optic
eddy-current imaging (MOI) technology. This technology has recently been developed
for rapid inspection of surface breaking cracks near rivets and second-layer cracking
and corrosion in aluminum aircraft alloys. Commercial MOI instruments, geared to
the evaluation of aging aircraft, are now available and are suitable for the rapid
inspection of large, relatively flat surfaces. They are also useful for directly
imaging residual or induced magnetic fields in ferromagnetic materials, but are presently
limited to excitation frequencies of 100 kHz or less. Recent testing of graphite
composite honeycomb material bonded to an aluminum core also showed very promising
results for imaging and detection of delaminations. The technology offers the advantages
of rapid inspection, direct imaging, improved data presentation, and greater sensitivity
to detection of small surface cracks, such as those emanating from rivets. There
is a need to extend the range of these instruments for inspection of more complex
shaped components, using higher frequencies to detect and image shallow, tight surface
cracks. This may allow eventual replacement of present dye penetrant inspection techniques.
Development of magneto-optic, eddy-current imaging technology at higher frequencies
and power levels will open the door for use on titanium alloys and the rapid detection
of small, shallow, surface-breaking fatigue cracks, allowing better discrimination
between actual cracks and surface scratches. Non-destructive inspection will thus
be improved in the aerospace industry for both production and in-service evaluation.
nondestructive testing, magneto-optics, crack detection

Project Title:

An Innovative Approach for Solvent Selection

13.14-3550
910031
An Innovative Approach for Solvent Selection
Mainstream Engineering Corporation
200 Yellow Place
Rockledge
FL
32955-5327
Clyde F.
Parrish
407-631-3550
SSC
NAS13-484
278

13.14-3550
910031

Abstract:

An Innovative Approach for Solvent Selection
An innovative method for selection of a solvent, based on molecular structural properties,
is the objective of this project. Phase I is directed specifically to the selection
of solvents for cleaning and flushing piping components in gaseous and liquid oxygen
service associated with propulsion testing. This innovative method is based on the
use of a software package, ADAPT (automatic data analysis using pattern recognition
techniques), that correlates physical and chemical properties of molecules with their
structural properties. ADAPT uses pattern-recognition methods to develop structural-activity
relations (SARs) that are based on numerically encoded structural features. These
SARs are used to develop regression equations that can be used to quantitatively
predict properties of compounds where no data exist. This will allow examination
of a large number of compounds for which insufficient data exist for selection of
a freon replacement. This screening approach is much faster than laboratory techniques.
A database of information on all solvents studied in this investigation, the descriptors
that define the data set, and the regression models obtained form the ADAPT program
that can project properties similar to freons will be provided. Completion of this
effort will result in replacement solvents for freons and a regression model that
could be used to select replacements for other freons.
Development of ADAPT and the data sets for CFCs, HCFCs, and perfluorocarbons will
have many commercial applications for industrial cleaning applications beyond the
printed circuit board industry and heat-transfer working fluid applications.
freon replacement, solvent blends, computational chemistry, refrigerants, cleaning
solvents

Project Title:

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Printhead

14.01-8933
912142
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Printhead
Displaytech, Inc.
2200 Central Avenue
Boulder
CO
80301
Mark A.
Handschy
303-449-8933
JSC
NAS9-18679
280

14.01-8933
912142

Abstract:

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Printhead
A linear array of light sources that can be individually switched with low-voltage,
low-power electrical signals will be developed. The approach will be to fabricate
a linear array of pixels using ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC) that act as shutters
for a separate, unswitched light source. These fast-switching liquid crystals (50s
at 15 volts dc drive) can be pixelated with standard photolithographic techniques
to produce densities up to 500 pixels/inch for transmissive-mode and up to 4000 pixels/inch
for reflective-mode devices. For a long transmissive-mode device, utilization of
chip-on-glass technology or tape automated bonding will allow the driving electronics
to be mounted on the glass substrate used for the pixel electrodes, simplifying the
electrical interface. For a miniaturized reflective-mode device, implementation of
a hybrid spatial light modulator consisting of an FLC-layer coupled with a VLSI silicon
integrated circuit will eliminate the need for complicated electronic interconnects.
In either case, grey scale operation can be obtained by using a novel analog FLC
material or time-resolved addressing methods, and the use of color filters would
make full-color output feasible. Phase I will determine which linear array approach
is most feasible, demonstrate grey scale operation, and consider the options for
creating color hardcopy.
A linear array of 4096 individual light sources, with opportunity for both grey scale
and color operation, could be used to produce scanned, two-dimensional displays for
instrument panels, interactive terminals, and consoles. A specialized FLC/VLSI hybrid
array could also be used for a scanned two-dimensional private eye head mount display.
The FLC linear array would find use as the exposure unit in electrophotographic printing.
light source array, ferroelectric liquid crystals, spatial light modulator, printhead,
color hard copy, VLSI

Project Title:

Monolithic, Integrated, Heterodyne-Receiver Chip

14.03-6000
911998
Monolithic, Integrated, Heterodyne-Receiver Chip
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford
MA
01730-2396
H. Paul
Maruska
617-275-6000
JPL
NAS7-1161
283

14.03-6000
911998

Abstract:

Monolithic, Integrated, Heterodyne-Receiver Chip
A monolithically integrated semiconductor chip containing a tunable diode laser,
channel waveguides, and a tandem set of dual detectors will be developed to function
as the front end for a heterodyne communications receiver for deep space exploration
applications. The material of choice will be GaAs/AlGaAs, to match the wavelength
of the highest power diode laser presently available. The laser will serve as local
oscillator, to be mixed in the two-channel waveguide with the incident optical signal
flux. Phase I will concentrate on the design and implementation of the detector pair
and associated waveguides. The detectors must be connected in series electrically
to take advantage of the available 3 dB increase in signal intensity and cancellation
of excess diode laser noise. An unconventional growth sequence will be followed,
whereby one detector will be positioned above the other; coupling from the lower
to the upper waveguide will be provided by a set of distributed Bragg gratings. The
design of these gratings will allow complete lightwave transfer will be a major concentration
of effort. Phase II will be the design of an advanced tunable laser and the total
integration of the complete structure.
A functional heterodyne receiver chip can find extensive commercial use as the front
end for fiber systems delivering home entertainment to the public.
tandem dual detectors, waveguide coupling, tunable receiver chip

Project Title:

Silicon-Germanium-Heterostructure, Bipolar Transistors

14.05-0333
911542
Silicon-Germanium-Heterostructure, Bipolar Transistors
Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 1058
Glastonbury
CT
06033
Harold L.
Grubin
203-659-0333
LeRC
NAS3-26392
284

14.05-0333
911542

Abstract:

Silicon-Germanium-Heterostructure, Bipolar Transistors
This project addresses the design and fabrication of Si-GE heterostructure bipolar
transistors (HBT) for applications in communications. Emphasis will be placed on
low-noise, high-power and high-frequency performance. The innovation here is the
use of an advanced, device-physics-simulation computer code for the design of the
devices. Devices will be fabricated according to the design emerging from the analysis
because it will be more cost-effective and eliminate the trial-error effort normally
employed in fabrication procedures. The numerical simulation procedure has been well
tested in the design of AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs, InGaAs/InP HBTs, HEMTs, and PBTs.
Si-Ge HBTs have significant promises for high-speed circuits. There is a significant
commercial potential for the devices and analysis computer code.
Si-Ge, HBT, computer simulation, low-noise, high-frequency

Project Title:

A Distributed, Menu-Driven Software Tool for the Design of Traveling Wave Tubes

14.05-9392
911738
A Distributed, Menu-Driven Software Tool for the Design of Traveling Wave Tubes
Analatom, Inc.
1183 Bordeaux Drive, #1
Sunnyvale
CA
94089
Wolfgang
Mueller
408-734-9392
LeRC
NAS3-26390
285

14.05-9392
911738

Abstract:

A Distributed, Menu-Driven Software Tool for the Design of Traveling Wave Tubes
A software package will be developed for the design of traveling wave tubes (TWT)
. The package integrates a menu-driven, a graphical user interface, advanced networking,
and distributed processing among workstations and supercomputers in a single application.
This computational tool is geared toward the R&D engineer, with particular emphasis
on space communications applications. Phase I will concentrate on codes modeling
the interaction between the electron beam and radio-frequency fields in helical and
coupled-cavity TWTs. Provisions will be made to include additional codes for electron
gun and collector design in Phase II, such that complete device simulations will
become available. The efficiency of existing codes will be enhanced by code-specific
vectorization, optimization, and parallel-processing techniques. Advanced numerical
techniques from the environment of computational fluid dynamics research and present
modeling capabilities will be further refined. The final product will be an efficient,
user-friendly, interactive computational tool that will dramatically improve the
TWT simulation process and thereby reduce the development time and cost for advanced
electron devices.
Traveling wave tubes are major components in satellites for near-earth and deep-space
communications, high-resolution radar systems for air traffic control and weather
forecasting, microwave power transmission devices, and microwave instrumentation.
The developed tool would be used by the design engineer for device optimization before
hardware implementation.
traveling wave tubes, distributed processing, computer-based simulation and design,
menu-driven graphical user interface

Project Title:

Algorithm for Video Data Compression Based on Improved Moving Picture Experts Group

14.06-7733
911315
Algorithm for Video Data Compression Based on Improved Moving Picture Experts Group
Space Computer Corporation
2800 Olympic Boulevard, Suite 104
Santa Monica
CA
90404-4119
William B.
Kendall
213-829-7733
LeRC
NAS3-25935
287

14.06-7733
911315

Abstract:

Algorithm for Video Data Compression Based on Improved Moving Picture Experts Group
Efficient compression of image sequence data is a limiting technology for many digital
video transmission and storage systems. Emerging video compression techniques such
as those based on the preliminary moving picture experts group (MPEG) standard cannot
consistently achieve maximum performance because they utilize fixed image partitions
and simple motion compensation algorithms. Significantly higher compression ratios
will be obtained by using the video compression approach based on adaptive sub-pixel
motion prediction and multi-resolution image representations. These enhancements
result in two-fold or greater reductions in the number of bits required to encode
the prediction error and the motion description--the two major components of the
MPEG inter-frame transmission. Phase I will integrate sub-pixel motion prediction
and multi-resolution descriptions within the framework of the emerging MPEG video
compression protocol, and will develop a software tool for off-line testing on actual
video data. Phase II will refine and select a final set of video compression algorithms,
and investigate their implementation in special-purpose VLSI hardware.
There would be markets in digital high-definition television, video conferencing,
video telephone, video training, video surveillance, video games, and video archiving.
video-image compression, MPEG video coding standard, predictive-image coding, motion
compensation, multi-resolution image representation

Project Title:

A Flat, Dual-Band Array at 20 and 30 Gigahertz for Small-User Communication Terminals

14.07-8551B
911158
A Flat, Dual-Band Array at 20 and 30 Gigahertz for Small-User Communication Terminals
Millitech Corporation
South Deerfield Research Park, P.O. Box 109
South Deerfield
MA
01373
Howard Y.
Jong
413-665-8551
LeRC
NAS3-26389
288

14.07-8551B
911158

Abstract:

A Flat, Dual-Band Array at 20 and 30 Gigahertz for Small-User Communication Terminals
A compact, lightweight and mass-producible, low-cost, flat, dual-band array antenna
will be developed. The antenna architecture is a multilayer, passive, planar array
at 20 GHz and 30 GHz. The array antenna consists of electromagnetically coupled elements.
A dual-frequency slot microstrip disc-tab and a circular polarized slot element will
be considered for the array.
The flat dual-band array antenna can be used on small-user communication terminals
to function with the advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) that can
provide diversified services, instant access to data bases, and intersystem connectivity.
array antenna, dual-band arrays, microstrip slot elements, electromagnetically coupled
elements

Project Title:

Novel, Moldable Antenna Concept for Personal Communications

14.08-6076
912516
Novel, Moldable Antenna Concept for Personal Communications
UBC, Inc.
8405-A Benjamin Rd
Tampa
FL
33634-1205
Mark T.
Moczynski
813-884-6076
JPL
NAS7-1178
290

14.08-6076
912516

Abstract:

Novel, Moldable Antenna Concept for Personal Communications
The goal of this project is to design and implement a moldable antenna concept for
20 and 30 GHz personal communications. Using the concepts of a solid body antenna
and PLASTEK componentry, a compact, rugged, high-performance, low-cost antenna assembly
can be demonstrated. These technologies are diverse, permitting pencil beam or monopulse
patterns, polarization diversity, etc. Specific objectives include study of dual-frequency
feed implementations, generation of circular polarization, development of a baseline
design, fabrication and test of a deliverable breadboard assembly, and generation
of a technical report summarizing activities. The hardware evaluation will quantify
accuracy of the design process and demonstrate the feasibility of the concept in
meeting established performance goals. Near-term benefits include the low cost implementation
of a novel antenna system for personal communication with long-term potential integration
of the transmitter and receiver into the antenna system.
These techniques offer a wide range of potential applications, both commercial and
military. They can be employed in most any system requiring compact, high-performance,
low-cost components such as in personal satellite communications and police radar
front ends. Military applications include terminal homing sensors and portable communication
systems.
dielectric waveguide, dielectric collimator, solid body antenna, injection molded
antenna, ruggedized components, miniature components

Project Title:

Space Processing of Biopolymers for Nonlinear Optical Applications

15.01-3184
910614
Space Processing of Biopolymers for Nonlinear Optical Applications
Cambridge Scientific, Inc.
195 Common Street
Belmont
MA
02178
Debra J.
Trantolo
617-484-3184
MSFC
NAS8-39308
292

15.01-3184
910614

Abstract:

Space Processing of Biopolymers for Nonlinear Optical Applications
Defect-free crystals that exhibit optical nonlinearities are of great interest. Recent
development of polymers with large second- and third-order nonlinear effects has
generated interest in the potential of polymeric nonlinear optical materials (NLOM).
The ideal NLOM would have a large nonlinear response, extremely low switching thresholds,
and rapid switching times, as well as amenability to defect-free fabrication. Crystals
grown in space have been shown to be of higher quality than Earth-grown crystals
because more defect-free specimens are obtained in the absence of gravity-driven
convection. Defect-free organic crystals are of interest because they can exhibit
high optical nonlinearities. However, they tend to be brittle and cannot be as easily
fabricated into thin films or fibers as can polymer analogs. The synthesis and fabrication
of polymeric material for NLO is currently an active area of research. However, little
attention has been paid to the growth of high-quality macromolecular films and/or
fibers in space. It is envisioned that polymers having a controlled supermolecular
structure and morphology could be even more promising candidates as NLOM. Phase I
will establish the feasibility of processing biopolymers, materials with known supramolecular
structure, under zero-gravity conditions in order to optimize optical nonlinearity
effects. The particular importance of understanding polymer-processing conditions
as well as new biopolymeric structures will be identified.
NLO materials have broad applications in opto-electronic interconnects, spatial light
modulators in optical computing systems, memory storage systems, and protection of
visual sensors. These applications are of immediate interest to NASA, telecommunications
industries, and advanced knowledge-based systems.
biopolymers, second harmonic generation, space processing, nonlinear optics

Project Title:

Moving-Temperature-Gradient, Heat-Pipe Furnace Element for Low-Gravity Crystal Growth

15.01-6551
912233
Moving-Temperature-Gradient, Heat-Pipe Furnace Element for Low-Gravity Crystal Growth
Thermacore, Inc.
780 Eden Road
Lancaster
PA
17601
Nelson J.
Gernert
717-569-6551
MSFC
NAS8-39345
293

15.01-6551
912233

Abstract:

Moving-Temperature-Gradient, Heat-Pipe Furnace Element for Low-Gravity Crystal Growth
This innovation is a single element furnace for implementing directional solification
by the Bridgeman method. The furnace generates a moving thermal gradient by expanding
a non-condensible gas in a heat pipe furnace liner. The non-condensible gas is used
to block the flow of hot heat-pipe working fluid to that region, thus creating the
gradient. This furnace concept is completely static. The crystal and the furnace
remain in fixed positions during the growth process. Since there is no motion involved,
the furnace is compact. It also will help reduce vibrations that have an adverse
effect on the growth process. The objective of Phase I is to demonstrate the feasibility
of a moving gradient heat-pipe furnace (MGHPF) for material processing in space.
Feasibility will be demonstrated through the design, fabrication, and testing of
a furnace element.
The variable temperature gradient heat-pipe furnace element could offer significant
advancement to materials processing on earth or in space. It could be used for Czochralski
and Bridgeman crystal growth methods since control and operation of the furnace would
be greatly simplified and the versatility of the growth system increased.
heat pipe, crystal growth, furnace

Project Title:

Zinc-Telluride: Vanadium for Optical Information Processing in the Wavelengh Range

15.01-7200
912011
Zinc-Telluride: Vanadium for Optical Information Processing in the Wavelengh Range
0.6 Microns to 1.3 Microns
Brimrose Corporation of America
5020 Campbell Boulevard
Baltimore
MD
21236
S.B.
Trivedi
301-931-7200
LeRC
NAS3-26505
294

15.01-7200
912011

Abstract:

Zinc-Telluride: Vanadium for Optical Information
Processing in the Wavelengh Range 0.6 Microns to 1.3 Microns
This project will produce a novel photorefractive material, vanadium-doped zinc telluride
(ZnTe:V). It has photorefractive sensitivity in the wavelength range 0.6m- to-1.3m,
which covers important coherent optical communication wavelengths. Its photorefractive
sensitivity range is compatible with existing low-power semiconductor laser wavelength
range, makeing it important for optical information processing applications. However,
application-grade crystals of ZnTe:V are very difficult to grow and are commercially
unavailable. Phase I will grow ZnTe:V crystals using physical vapor transport and
travelling heater methods. Material processing using both these techniques involves
fluid flow and is effected by buoyancy-driven convection. This approach will have
dual accomplishments: production of novel photorefractive materials, and understanding
of gravity-induced convection on the quality of this material.
The project will result in a superior photorefractive material useful for optical
information processing and for such optoelectronic devices as spatial light modulators,
optical limiters, differential amplifiers, and optical switches operating at visible
and near infrared wavelength.
optical information processing, low power semiconductor lasers, photorefractive materials,
ZnTe:V crystals, travelling heater method, physical vapor transport material processing
in space

Project Title:

Non-Disturbing, Gas-Fraction Meter for Two-Phase Flows in Microgravity

15.02-3800
910403
Non-Disturbing, Gas-Fraction Meter for Two-Phase Flows in Microgravity
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover
NH
03755
Christopher J.
Crowley
603-643-3800
LeRC
NAS3-26542
296

15.02-3800
910403

Abstract:

Non-Disturbing, Gas-Fraction Meter for Two-Phase Flows in Microgravity
Two-phase thermal management systems (TMS) and power systems are being developed
for spacecraft because their isothermality and low pressure drop characteristics
lead to significant savings in mass. However, a measurement of gas fraction (or quality)
is needed in order to understand crucial two-phase flow transients in these systems,
to control the system during operational transients, and to understand and model
steady two-phase flow behavior in microgravity. This need has been apparent during
developmental testing of several systems, including Air Force-sponsored research
with a unique two-phase system concept aboard a KC-135 and the pending "STARS Rocket"
microgravity experiment. No instrument presently exists to meet the need for spacecraft
applications. A rugged, reliable instrument based on the capacitance-measurement
approach will be developed. An innovative geometric design of the sensor and design
of high-sensitivity electronics can provide an instrument which can measure transient
gas fraction for fluids of interest under spacecraft microgravity conditions.
This instrument will benefit NASA, the Air Force, and aerospace contractors, enabling
confident design of advanced two-phase systems via measurement of transient fluid
distributions that are  crucial to design and operation.
instrument, two-phase, thermal management, quality meter, void fraction

Project Title:

Computation Simulation Methods for Particle Nucleation, Growth, and Transport During

15.03-3800
911282
Computation Simulation Methods for Particle Nucleation, Growth, and Transport During
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Creare, Inc.
P.O. Box 71
Hanover
NH
03755
James J.
Barry
603-643-3800
LaRC
NAS1-19523
297

15.03-3800
911282

Abstract:

Computation Simulation Methods for Particle Nucleation, Growth and Transport During
Chemical Vapor Deposition
The quality of thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) will be improved
by effectively utilizing the microgravity environment of space. Numerical modelling
tools that can predict important CVD process behavior would accelerate this improvement
through comparison of theory with Earth-based testing and early identification of
systems and processes for which costly space experimentation is warranted. An especially
important phenomenon in CVD, due to its usually detrimental impact on film quality,
is particle formation and growth in the precursor gas mixture. This project addresses
the development of an innovative numerical modelling tool  to predict nucleation
and subsequent growth of particles during CVD. The approach is based on a computational
fluid dynamics computer program called FLUENT developed to stimulate many phenomena
of interest to CVD. Phase I consists of implementing models for particle nucleation
and growth in order to demonstrate that FLUENT is a suitable framework for general
purpose modeling. Verification will be provided by comparison of results with previous
work from the literature. If results are favorable, the models will be generalized
during Phase II, yielding software for use by NASA scientists and others.
Uses include improved design of hardware by semiconductor equipment manufacturers
and optimum choice of process parameters for CVD hardware users. Other technology
areas to benefit include: CVD of thin films for optics; combustion with sooty flames;
mitigating the fouling in heat exchangers; and formation of preforms for optical
fibers using modified CVD.
chemical vapor deposition, CVD, computational fluid dynamics, CFD, particles, aerosols,
modeling

Project Title:

High-Temperature, Containerless, Thermophysical Property Measurements in Microgravity

15.05-1772
911215
High-Temperature, Containerless, Thermophysical Property Measurements in Microgravity
Intersonics, Inc.
3453 Commercial Avenue
Northbrook
IL
60062
J.K. Richard
Weber
708-272-1772
LeRC
NAS3-26574
298

15.05-1772
911215

Abstract:

High-Temperature, Containerless, Thermophysical Property Measurements in Microgravity
Predictive modeling of industrial processes such as casting, crystal growth, and
welding requires basic high-temperature property data for liquid metals, alloys,
and semiconductors. This modeling capability has advanced so much in recent years
that its applications are limited by the accuracy with which the property data are
known. Important data include: heat capacity, thermal and chemical diffusivities,
optical properties, viscosity, and surface tension. The focus will be on the use
of containerless experiments to achieve accurate material property measurements on
metallic liquids; determine materials, environments, purities, and operating temperatures
for which data are needed by industry; determine the properties that can be measured
by Earth-based methods; and establish the measurements requiring the extreme quiescence
possible in the low gravity environment of space. Only some of the property measurements
of interest will require the quiescence available in space-based experiments and
Earth-based capabilities for containerless measurement will be available for the
other properties. This will help achieve the important space-based measurements essential
to complete the material property compendium and enhance applications of predictive
modeling.
An integrated high-temperature thermophysical property measurement program will serve
two markets: hardware design and construction for NASA, and industrially sponsored
measurements of material properties at high temperatures to provide data for predictive
modeling of materials processing operations.
property measurements containerless, modeling, temperature, casting, melting, microgravity