NASA 1986 SBIR Phase 1 Solicitation

Project Title:

Solution Adaptive Mesh

01.01-0333C
Project Title:Solution Adaptive Mesh
Company:Scientific Research Associates, Inc.
Glastonbury, CT 06033
Principal Investigator:Ralph Levy

Abstract:

Solution of fluid dynamics problems by numerical finite difference techniques currently
produce cost effective design and analysis for the aerospace community for a variety
of problems.  For any given problem, the objective of the finite difference numerical
simulation is an accurate representation of the actual flow field.  Although choice
of the numerical technique as well as choice of difference operators play a major
role in solution accuracy, the grid upon which the governing equations are solved
also plays a major role.  As flow problems of interest become increasingly complex,
increasing demands are made upon the computational grid.  The innovation of this
proposed study is to utilize information from an analysis of the error terms in fluid
dynamic equations to generate solution adaptive meshes that produce the most error
free solution possible with given number of mesh points.  Since error terms differ
for different forms of the equations, several common fluid dynamic equations would
be investigated.  Solutions of a desired accuracy could be achieved with fewer grid
points than is currently possible.  Solution adaptive mesh will permit computational
fluid dynamics to address even more complex and realistic problems than can be addressed
on a practical basis with current techniques. 

Project Title:

Investigation Of Weis-Fogh Principle Of High Lift As Applied To Turbomachinery

01.01-0794
Project Title:Investigation Of Weis-Fogh Principle Of High Lift As Applied To Turbomachinery
Flows
Company:Vigyan Research Associates, Inc.
Hampton, VA 23666-1325
Principal Investigator:Sundaram, P.

Abstract:

The proposed research is directed towards a detail analytical and numerical study
of the unsteady vortex motion in the clap-fling motion, observed by Weis-Fogh, which
could yield lift coefficients of up to eight.  The application of the clap-fling
motion analogy to a compressor stage could, under certain circumstances, predict
a strong rotor-stator interaction which could yield an improved stage performance.
 The analytical study and the numerical implementation of the motion will involve
analyzing the unsteady vortex flow pattern obtained from the solution of the time
dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equation.  The proposed numerical method utilizes
efficiency that could be obtained by using this numericalmethod for a compressor
stage will be compared to that of a compressor stage employing the classical Kutta
rotor.  The effectiveness and advantage of this method for delaying the onset of
stall on turbomachineary blades that could result in a significant pratical advantage
over conventional machinary designed on the aerodynamic principles of non-interacting
rotor-stator concept will be established.  The effect of adding the viscosity on
the resulting vortex flow pattern will be studied.

Project Title:

Advanced Seal Materials by Ion Beam Enhanced Deposition

01.02-6000
Project Title:Advanced Seal Materials by Ion Beam Enhanced Deposition
Company:Spire Corporation
Bedford, Ma 01730
Principal Investigator:James K. Hirvonen

Abstract:

The use of ion as a means of enhancing the properties of  deposited thin films has
attracted considerable interest in the last few years.  The further development of
energetically-enhanced ion deposition techniques is expected to result in a new generation
of exotic coatings with superior adhesion, near-theoretical densities, very high
hardness, and, at the same time, capable of being deposited at low temperature. 
Spire Corporation proposes to develop a ion beam enhanced deposition technique for
creation of a super adherent hard coating of Si3N4.  In this approach a thin layer
of material (e.g.,Si) is sputtered onto a surface and concurently bombarded with
a steady beam of ions (e.g. Nitrogen).  Coatings produced by this novel technique
promise superior wear resistance and adhesion at low processing temperatures thus
avoiding distortion of precision RCE components.

Project Title:

Fiber Optic Photoelastic Pressure Sensor for High Temperature Gases

01.03-3383A
Project Title:Fiber Optic Photoelastic Pressure Sensor for High Temperature Gases
Company:Strainoptic Technologies, Inc.
Norristown, PA 19401
Principal Investigator:Alex S. Redner

Abstract:

Strainoptic Technologies, Inc., proposes to analyze, design, fabricate, and test
a fiber optic photowlastic pressure sensor for high temperature gases.  This work
will address the so-far virtually intractable problem of obtaining gas pressure data
at temperatures up to 1650 C.  This study will be based upon existing work in the
area of photoelastic sensors for use at room temperature.  Optical methods offer
an attractive sensing means both because the data can be transmitted bia optical
fibers (sapphire) and because useful optical sensor materials are will adapted to
high temperature use.  Principal questions for theoretical analysis include materials
properties, high-temperature polarizers, and background thermal radiation.  A feasibility
model sensor will be designed based on the theoretical results and on the considerations
of sapphire fiber mounting, capsule fabrication and stability, diaphragm thickness
appropriate to the intended pressure range, and access of a pressure source for testing.
 Following fabrication, high and low temperature testing, and data analysis, final
conclusions and recommendations will be formulated and submitted.

Project Title:

Durable, Fast-Response, Optical-Fiber Temperature Sensor Usable From

01.03-4500
Project Title:Durable, Fast-Response, Optical-Fiber Temperature Sensor Usable From
200 to 1700C
Company:Conax Buffalo Corporation
Buffalo, NY 14225
Principal Investigator:George W. Tregay

Abstract:

Conax Buffalo Corporation will use an industrial process control approach, rather
than a research lab approach, to develop a durable, fast-response, optical-fiber
temperature sensor.  Sapphire light guide sensors have been developed previously
but cannot provide erosion resistance and rapid response simultaneously.  Conax has
developed a probe geometry which will provide both rapid response and a hard shell
for durability.  Features of the probe include:  Ruggedized for gas turbine use/10-100
millisecond response time/Sustained operation up to 1700C/Inherent immunity to lighting
and other EMI.  Experience gained over 25 years with high-reliability temperature
sensors will be used by Conax to develop the probe element in Phase I.  The Phase
II effort will develop a prototype of the complete temperature sensor system including
microprocessor control unit and connector, seal and cable suitable for -55 to 260
C. 

Project Title:

Laser For Time-Average Holographic Interferometer

01.03-7373
Project Title:Laser For Time-Average Holographic Interferometer
Company:Candela Laser Corporation
Natick, MA 01760
Principal Investigator:Ceccon, Harry

Abstract:

Hetrodyne holographic interferometry and time-average holography with a frequency
shifted beam have been proposed foruse in the measurement and visualization of internal
transonic flows.  A long pulse flashlamp excited dye laser has been shown to produce
finges with a coherence length in the order of 30 cm.  Although temporal coherence
is good, spatial coherence over the laser beam aperature is poor.  A plan to increase
spatial coherence by improving the laser resonator design is proposed.  With this
change the long pulse flashlamp laser will be useful for time-average holography.

Project Title:

Hypersonic Propulsion Inlets For NSAP Applications

01.05-2036
Project Title:Hypersonic Propulsion Inlets For NSAP Applications
Company:VRA, Inc.
Blackburg, VA 24060
Principal Investigator:Lewis, Clark H.

Abstract:

Over the pase several years, it has been clearly demonstrated that development of
transatmospheric vehicles, such as the National Aerospace Plane (NASP), will be necessary
for a successful space-defense system.  It is accepted that the design and analysis
of such vehicles will rely heavily upon a data base generated using CFD techniques.
 Accurate predictions of the flowfield/chemistry leading up to and through the hypersonic
propulsion inlet will be essential for reliable performance/efficiency/trade analyses
of the propulsion cycle.  In Phase I of this effort, we will develop a three-dimendional
nonequilibrium PNS scheme for predicting the external flow over typical NASP-type
configurations.  This will 
provide a reliable prediction of the flowfield/chemistry entering the propulsion
inlet.  The basic solution algorithm is inherently stable and does not require any
sublayer approximation.  In Phase II of the effort we will extend this PNS scheme
to predict axially attached three-dimensional nonequilibrium internal inlet flows.

Project Title:

Unified Cycle Engine Continuously Operable From Static to Hypersonic

01.06-4490
Project Title:Unified Cycle Engine Continuously Operable From Static to Hypersonic
Conditions
Company:L.W. Fleckenstein 
Brookfield, WI 53008
Principal Investigator:Neil W. Hartman

Abstract:

The study proposed herein is of a novel propulsion system, continuously operable
from static sea-level conditions to high altitude hypersonic conditions.  This propulsion
system does not require a separate subsystem for takeoff and transonic acceleration.
 The system proposed is a cryogenicly fueled air-breathing engine with takeoff and
transonic in the 3000 to 5000 second range, with relatively high thrust/weight and
thrust/area ratios.  The object of this study is to parametrically explore the operational
envelopes of propulsion systems utilizing the proposed operating cycle.  Thrust,
weight, area, and fuel consumption parameters will be correlated with altitude and
flight mach number.  The effort to obtain the stated objectives will consist mainly
of refining a one dimensional computer model to include real gas and shock effects,
modification of a two dimensional Navier-Stokes solver to model portions of the cycle
on a Cyber 205 or Cray XMP, and analysis of the results.  It is anticipated that
this study will present a method of propulsion far superior to any yet proposed for
hypersonic vehicles. 

Project Title:

Detonation Duct Gas Generator Development

01.06-7332A
Project Title:Detonation Duct Gas Generator Development
Company:ISTAR Inc
Santa Monica, CA 90402
Principal Investigator:A. Wortman

Abstract:

It is proposed to investigate experimentally the performance of a detonation duct
gas generator which in theoretical studies of gas turbine performance was shown to
increase the efficiencey of a pressure ratio 5 gas turbine from 26% to 43%.  Transient
transverse detonation waves have been shown to effectively add heat isochorically
so that the effective cycle pressure ratio of a gas turbine is increased significantly.
 In the proposed program, a detonation duct gas generator will be built and its characteristics
will be determined through extensive pressure and temperature surveys.  Output of
the duct itself will be determined using high frequency pressure transducers and
thin film temperature gages.  Gas states at collector exit where the flow is mixed
and compressed by the detonation wave will be measured.  Maximum duct cycling frequency
and shock strengths in the plenum will be measured.  Performance data will be used
to assess the advantages of detonation ducts in actual gas turbines.  If clear advantages
can be shown then the data will be used to plan a much more detailed, fundamental
study of the phenomena involved.

Project Title:

The Use Of Variational Principles In Improving DFD Methodology

02.01-2008
Project Title:The Use Of Variational Principles In Improving DFD Methodology
Company:SECA, Inc.
Huntsville, AL 35805
Principal Investigator:Farmer, Richard C.

Abstract:

The development of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on variational
principles and used to simulate aerodynamic flows is proposed.  The CFD model will
be designed to describe turbulent, multi-dimensional, unstesdy flows, but the variational
formulation will be cast to automatically modify the solution procedure to efficiently
treat subclasses of these flows, such as laminar, inviscid, steady, adiabatic, etc.
 A new CFD model will be developed as a pratical design tool, and new methods of
evaluating the utility of existing computer codes will be established.

Project Title:

Robust Nonequlibrium Parabolized Navier-Stokes Code

02.01-4766
Project Title:Robust Nonequlibrium Parabolized Navier-Stokes Code
Company:Engineering Analylsis Inc.
Ames, IO 50010 
Principal Investigator:John C. Tannehill

Abstract:

The goal of this research is to produce a new, real gas, three-dimensional, parabolized
Navier-Stoles (PNS) code which is more robust, more accurate, and easier to use than
those presently in existence.  Most "current day" PNS codes (including the AFWAL
PNS code) are based on the noniterative implicit Beam-Warming finite-difference scheme.
 Unfortunately, codes of this type have proven to be unreliable at times as a result
of the central differencing and approximate factorization which are employed in the
numerical scheme.  In the proposed research, a new, real gas, PNS code will be developed
based on Toe's upwind scheme.  The natural dissipation associated with this scheme
is sufficiently adaptive to local flow conditions that no additional "smoothing"
is required even in the presence of very strong shock waves.  The new PNS code will
permit either perfect gas, equilibrium, or nonequilibrium calculations to be performed.
 For the nonequilibrium calculations, the finite-rate chemistry will be directly
coupled with the fluid dynamics in a noniterative manner.  During Phase I, a two-dimensional/axially
symmetric version of the code will be developed.  Utilizing the experience gained
from Phase I, a fully three-dimensional code will be produced in Phase II.

Project Title:

Generation Of Unstructured Grids In Three Dimensions

02.04-0794
Project Title:Generation Of Unstructured Grids In Three Dimensions
Company:Vigyan Research Associates, Inc.
Hampton, VA 23555-1325
Principal Investigator:Parikh, Paresh C.

Abstract:

Structured grids have been used in the CFD applications for over 20 years.  However,
in recent years, it has become apparent that structured grids are not flexible enough
for flows over very complex domains.  Unstructured grids are, therefore, receiving
considerable attention.  Although, the use of the unstructured grids removes the
geometrical restriction of structured grids, a problem that remains is the efficient
generation of these grids -particularly in three-dimensions.  It is proposed to develop
a grid generation capability which, combined with a fast near neighbor algorithm,
could reduce grid generation times by an order of magnitude compared to the presently
available methods.  It is also planned to develop a menu-driven grid generation algorithm
and fast interactive graphics.

Project Title:

Improved Turbulence Model for Aerodynamic Flows with Massive Separation

02.06-5123
Project Title:Improved Turbulence Model for Aerodynamic Flows with Massive Separation
and Wakes
Company:PEDA Corporation
Palo Alto, CA 94303
Principal Investigator:Jorge Bardina

Abstract:

We propose here a rational program of fundamental research to develop a more universal
turbulence model for aerodynamic flows with massive separation and wakes.  This program
is based upon the observation and demonstration by Bardina et al. that strain and
rotation have different effects on turbulence and to account for these effects separately
in modeling can produce improved agreement with experiment.  The present program
extends the cited work to the more general case of shear flows where nonlinear effects
of both strain and rotation determine the principal scales of the turbulence.  It
is shown in this proposal that most turbulence models do not account for the effects
of ratation; therefore, these models cannot be accurate models for the prediction
of shear flows, and fail more noticeably in flows where rotation is prominent such
as in separated and wake flows.  In Phase I of this program, we propose to extend
the model of Bardina et al to accurately account for the effects due to the combination
of rotation and turbulence production, by mean velocity gradient and by stretching
of turbuent vorticity.  The model will be developed based on higher-order rapid distorion
anhd theory and available information provided by full simulations at NASA-Ames Research
Center, and will be tested against experimental and full simulation results for homogeneous
shear flows.  In Phase II of this effort, we will extend the model to include diffusion
effects and test the model for the prdection of turbulent separated flows and wake
flows.

Project Title:

Analysis Of Flowfields Aroung Hypervelocity Vehicles In Low-To-High

02.07-0794
Project Title:Analysis Of Flowfields Aroung Hypervelocity Vehicles In Low-To-High
Density Flight Regime
Company:Vigyan Research Associates, Inc.
Hampton, VA 23666-1325
Principal Investigator:Gupta, R. N.

Abstract:

The hypersonic vehicles flying at high altitudes operate in a flow regime where the
noncontinuum effects near the surface and finite shock thickness due to low density
make the conventional continuum techniques grossly inadequate.  Chemical nonequilibrium
is also important under the low-density flow conditions.  Until recently not much
work has been done to evaluate deficiencies of the existing continuum techniques
to analyze the low-density flows and find means to remove them.  Recently completed
detailed work by the principal investigator suggests the ways and means to evolve
an efficient and practical continuum computational technique.  This technique would
be capable of handling chemical nonequilibrium, finite surface catalycity, and highly
temperature-dependent transport and thermodynamic properties for dissociated air
under the low-density flight conditions.  Due to the highly energetic nature of the
flows around some of the hypersonic vehicles, it becomes important to include radiation
also in these calculations with some allowance for thermal nonequilibrium.

The existing continuum techniques also perform poorly in predicting flows with real
gas physics around narrow-angle bodies at low altitudes (or higher densities).  The
suggested research overcomes this shortcoming as well.

Project Title:

Investigation of Hypersonic Rarefied Flow On A Spherical Nose

02.08-8581
Project Title:     Investigation of Hypersonic Rarefied Flow On A Spherical Nose
Of The AOTV
Company:Remtech, Inc.
Huntsville, AL 35805
Principal Investigator:G. Hamilton Woods

Abstract:

Aeromaneuvering and aerobraking vehicles, such as the Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer
Vehicle (AOTV), will maneuver and decelerate in the upper rarefied regime of the
atmosphere.  In the case of the AOTV, hypersonioc rarefied flow in the shear layer
from the forepart of the vehicle may impinge on the payload bay, resulting in excessive
heating and consequent damage to the structure.  It is proposed to investigate the
structure of the flow on the entire vehicle to determine the surface quantities,
such as pressure distribution, skin-friction, and heat transfer coefficients; and
to predict the wake closure and possible impingement of the shear layer from the
forepart of the vehicle on the payload bay.  This Phase 1 proposal covers the development
of the physical and mathematical models of the hypersonic rarefied flow on the forebody
of an AOTV with a spherical forebody.  Results from Phase 1 will provide the initial
conditions for numerically integrating the governing equations of the flow in the
aft part of the vehicle.  Efforts in Phase 1 and II will be based on the Navier-Stokes
model of the flow.

Project Title:

Measurement Of Vortex Flowfields

02.09-5630
Project Title:Measurement Of Vortex Flowfields
Company:Complere Inc.
Palo Alto, CA 94302
Principal Investigator:Owen, F. K.

Abstract:

Many supersonic aircraft generate vortices at highly-swept leading edges which generally
augment the lift.  However, our current understanding of vortex, viscous/inviscid
interactions is insufficient to allow computational design without recourse to experimental
documentation and confirmation.  The purpose of this proposal, submitted in response
to Subtopic 02.09 - Configuration Aerodynamics Including Vortices, is to develop
experimental methods and obtain data which will improve our knowledge of vortex dominated
flows.  The results will be used to develop empirical turbulence models and to validate
the most promising Euler and Navier-Stokes codes which are planned for use on future
computational designs of advanced technology, three dimensional wings.

Project Title:

Rotor Unsteady Airloads

02.10-9282
Project Title:Rotor Unsteady Airloads
Company:Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
Princeton, NJ 08543
Principal Investigator:Bilanin, Alan J.

Abstract:

Over the pase several years, under government and commercial support, Continuum Dynamics,
Inc. has made significant prograss in computing the unsteady wakes of fixed- and
rotary-wing aircraft.  This progress, for the most part, resulted from the successful
development of the Basic Curved Vortex Element as a fundamental wake element building
block and a novel generalized vorticity contour representation of the wake.  It now
appears that it is possible and practical to compute the convective evolution of
a vortex wake in forward flight and couple this wake to a blade dynamics and aerodynamics
model so that the reliabhle prediction of unsteady rotor blade loading would be possible.
 The Phase I research effort would assess the promose of a novel generalized vorticity
contour wake representation to form the basis of an advanced rotor aerodynamics analysis
for forward flight.

Project Title:

Diagnostic Technique To Identify Airborne And Structure Borne Noise

02.13-8165
Project Title:Diagnostic Technique To Identify Airborne And Structure Borne Noise
Components
Company:Astron Research and Engineering
Mountain View, CA 94043
Principal Investigator:Wilby, John F.

Abstract:

There is a critical need tomeasure structureborne noise trasmission in aircraft,
particularly those powered by the advanced turboprop.  It is proposed that a structureborne
intensity measurement procedure be formulated and developed for in-flight application.
 The procedure would include consideration of flexural, longitudinal and rotational
wave componenst,since they all contribute to the transmission of vibrational energy.
 Under Phase I, the basic formulations will be developed; simplifications and attendant
limitations will then be explored in order to achieve formulations that are compatible
with practical measurement procedures.  Then the approach will be evaluated by postulating
studies of typical aircraft configurations.  At the conclusion of Phase I the need
for additional simplifications of the analytical formulation will be identified;
the simplifications will be incorporated during Phase II of the program.  Measurement
procedures will then be specified for general use and the method demonstrated on
a typical airplane structure.

Project Title:

A Real Time Ice Detection System

03.01-5449
Project Title:A Real Time Ice Detection System
Company:Monat Associates
Centerport, NY 11721-1108
Principal Investigator:Uriel Vogel

Abstract:

Modern aviation requires all-weather capability.  One of the major problems involves
the reliable detection of ice formation on wings, engines and rotors, as well as
on aircraft runways.  At present, no system has been developed which positively detects
ice per se, and not merely potential icing conditions.  Our proposal is to develop
a device which will not affect the aerodynamic properties of wings, rotors, etc.,
and which will definitively report the presence and hazardous nature of ice, so that
icing procedures may be instituted at the proper time without wasting engine power
and fuel.  The objectives of our research will be to develop a small, relatively
inexpensive detecting device which can be easily installed in any aircraft or other
vehicle or engine needing such capabilities.  Basically, the device will measure
changes which occur in the transition period during which water changes to ice. 
These changes will be measured and forwarded to a recording or readout device, enabling
persons concerned to institute de-icing procedures at the proper time, without unnecessary
loss of engine power and fuel.

Project Title:

Airborne Weather Radar for Windshear Warning

03.02-7064
Project Title:Airborne Weather Radar for Windshear Warning
Company:Sierra Nevada Corporation
Reno, NV 89502

Numerous aircraft accidents have occured during takeoff and landing due to the strong
and unexpected winds diverging from a microburst outflow.  Extensive research has
indicated that it is possible to detect such winds by means of an doppler weather
radar.  A logical radar candidate is the unit carried by all air transports.  A problem
with the use of such installed radars in their low PRF (Pulse Repetition Rate) and
the associated aliasing associated with a direct measurement of wind velocity.  An
innovative approach to this problem is the measure the wind velocity gradient, which
measurement can utilize a much lower PRF (ten to one), specifically the PRF employed
by such installed radars.  It is intended to verify this concept via analysis of
existing windshear weather radar data.  This verification would then potentially
permit installed weather radars, with an affordable attached doppler processor to
provide a windshear warning.  A Phase II effort would fabricate such a complete warning
system for field testing.

Abstract:

Project Title:

Development Of An Expert Flight Systems Monitor

03.03-3200
Project Title:Development Of An Expert Flight Systems Monitor
Company:Expert-EASE Systems, Inc.
Belmont, CA 94002
Principal Investigator:Frogner, Bjorn

Abstract:

The objective of this proposal is to develop an Expert Flight System Monitor (EFSM)
for aircraft applications using an expert system tool.  The EFSM will monitor the
status of the flight and mission critical functions and propose recovery procedures
(i.e., success paths) that the flight crew can implement.  An approach based on monitoring
critical functions and success paths has deep justifications in human factors analysis.
 The key advantages are: a) it relates to a flight crew's cognitive thinking process,
i.e., it feels natural to the end user, b) it elevates the user from being distracted
by unrelated details to becoming more of a resource manager, and c) it is a sympton-oriented
approach that substantially simplifies the knowledge acquisition and makes real-time
application of an expert system approach more attractive.

Project Title:

A Quantitative and Qualitative Data Base For Display Content Format

03.03-4675B
Project Title:A Quantitative and Qualitative Data Base For Display Content Format
And Arrangement Factors
Company:Systems Technology, Inc.
Mountain View, CA 94043
Principal Investigator:Clement, Warren F.

Abstract:

A plan is proposed for developing an interactive computer-aided knowledge base for
aeronautical display content, format, and arrangement factors, both quantitative
and qualitative, in terms of prescribed critical flight mission phases and tasks.
 The plan addresses two topics:  (1) the role of expert systems and (2) the display
knowledge base itself.  The resulting improvements in accessibility and flexibility
of the display data base will facilitate communication and understanding among display
researchers, designers, systems integrators, evaluators, and users.  The significance
of this innovation is explained by reviewing the background and existing display
data base, describing the display content, format, and arrangement problems, and
introducing the role of expert systems in providing the anticipated benefits of the
innovation.

Project Title:

Airflow Monitor and Stall Warning Device

03.08-2413
Project Title:Airflow Monitor and Stall Warning Device
Company:MW Aerospace
Palm Beach, FL 33480
Principal Investigator:Alfred M. Worden

Abstract:

This proposal is a request for an evaluation of an airflow monitor and stall warning
device on a high performance aircraft exhibiting the characteristics of a modern
jet transport.  The device provides a method of sensing local airflow phenomena over
an aircraft wing, including the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, and using
this phenomena to predict the approach to a stall.  The device employes a hot-film
anemometer to sense total local airflow velocity.  The total airflow velocity is
then reduced to two components; the time average velocity field (u) and the root
mean square velocity fluctuations (urms).  The ratio of these components (urms/u)
has a simple correspondence to tubulence intensity which, in turn, is related to
the stall of an airfoil.  The significance of this system is that it provides a direct
measure of the local air velocity over an airfoil, and can thus sense turbulence
preceeding a stall regardless of the status of the wing, i.e.-ice or frost, leading
edge slats up or down, or any condition that changes the normal airfoil shape.  It
is a direct measure of stall conditions compared to secondary devices such as angle-of-attack
or stagnation point senors.  The purpose of this technical project is to evaluate
the hot film anemometer to allow determination of the parameters needed for a sensor
providing the same quantities, but more reliable in operational use.  The secondary
purpose  of the project is to gather pilot comments on the display to provide data
for analysis to determine the optimum method of displaying the information to the
pilot.

 

Project Title:

Innovative Cockpit Displays And Cueing System Concepts For Operation

03.08-9316
Project Title:Innovative Cockpit Displays And Cueing System Concepts For Operation
In An Extended Flight Envelope
Company:Eidetics International, Inc.
Torrance, CA 90505
Principal Investigator:Taylor, John H.

Abstract:

Modern close-in air combat, with all aspect missile, is extremely fast paces with
hard maneuvering to achieve the first point-and-shoot option.  Nose position at the
expense of energy conversation is often a tactical expediency, and some current aircraft
achieve this first shot option with transitory positioning maneuvers into an extended
post stall flight envelope.  Future fighters may be specifically designed to perform
these unconventional transients to angles of attack of 50-70 degrees while the aircraft
nose is optimally positioned through motions about any or all axes.  These extreme
conditions and maneuver options present the pilot with new and complicated situational
awareness problems which must be solved for effective utilization of the extended
flight envelope.  This proposal would identify the key flight parameters and the
current information deficiencies which must be presented to the pilot while operating
in tye post stall regime.  It would further suggest innovative display options and
substantiate that the required data requirements and processing capabilities are
available in state-of-the-art sensor suites and data procesors.

Project Title:

Supersonic Combustion Enhancement by a Nonequilibrium Plasma Jet

03.09-7070
Project Title:Supersonic Combustion Enhancement by a Nonequilibrium Plasma Jet
Company:AeroChem Research Laoratories Inc
Princeton, NJ 08542
Principal Investigator:Hartwell F. Calcote

Abstract:

It is proposed to determine the feasibility of using a nonequilibrium plasma jet,
developmet at AeroChem over the past quarter century, as a means of enhancing ignition
and flame stabilization in air-breathing engines and in supersonic combustion.  Specifically,
we will determine: if ignition of lean or low pressure mixtures can be made more
reliable; if flame holding limits can be broadened, e.g., to leaner mixtures or to
higher velocities; or if the classical mechanical flameholder can be replace or augmented
by a supersonic jet containing a high degree of nonequilibrium excitation and dissociation.
 The AeroChem nonequililbrium plasma jet is produced by passing a gas, e.g., or air
through a glow discharge and expanding it through a nozzle to produce a supersonic
stream.  Typically, 30% of the energy input is utilized to dissociate the feed gas,
producing a 1-4% concentration of atoms at a static temperature of less than 1000
k in a Mach 3 stream.  The Mach number should be readily extended.  This nonequilibrium
plasma jet should not be confused with the usual plasma jet based on an arc where
the chemical composition is determined by equilibrium at a very high temperature,
e.g., 3000 to 4000 k to obtain the above degree of dissociation and excitation.

Project Title:

Robotic Winding in a Plasma Spray High Temperature-Vaccuum Environment

04.01-8822
Project Title:Robotic Winding in a Plasma Spray High Temperature-Vaccuum Environment

105 Jordan Road
roy, NY 12180
Fabrication of advanced Composites includes many processess, some are automated,
others are entirely manual.  Robotic Winding Systems (ROWS) was invented by the Principal
Investor in an attempt to create an automated technique of laying up pre-impresgnated
material around a form with complex shape.  Conventional winding equipment requires
the mandrel to rotate while the material is dragged along the axis of symmetry. 
By maintaining a stationary mandrel, filament placement, as compared to dragging
filament, is a more precise process.  During development of this technique for pre-impregnated
thermosetting materials, the Principal Investigator was exposed to an exciting process
at the General Electric R&D Center of using a plasma-spray material deposition technique
in a high temperature vacuum vessel.  The innovation described in this proposal is
a marriage of the two processes.  ROWS offers a method of reinforcing structural
components with SIC and Si3N4 ceramic filaments while using metal materials processed
with rapid solidification plasma deposition.  This program will establish the feasibility
of this process by evaluating the process parameters.  By building a mechanism and
demonstrating reinforced materials being wound directly inside this high temperature
vaccuum environment, the innovative process will result in a technique to fabricate
complex shapes in void-free space under precisely controlled conditions.

Abstract:

Project Title:

A Controlled Interfacial Bond Strength Process for Carbon-Phenolic

04.02-2800
Project Title:A Controlled Interfacial Bond Strength Process for Carbon-Phenolic
and Carbon-Carbon Composites
Company:PDA Engineering
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Principal Investigator:H>M> Stoller

Abstract:

Carbon/phenolic composites suffer from low interfacial bond strengths, the result
of poor secondary bonding and the failure to develop covalent bonds at the fiber-matrix
interface.  The consequences are a composite material system with major limitations
due to low interfacial shear and transverse tensile strengths.  The conversion of
carbon/phenolic into a carbon/carbon material further reduces interfacial bond strengths.
 This limits the structural usages of carbon/carbon because of very low off-axis
mechanical properties.  Plasma treatment processes utilizing ammonia as a source
gas have demonstrated the capability of establishing reactive amine groups on aramid
and carbon fibers which can form covalent bonds with epoxy resins.  Mechanical testing
of the plasma-treated aramid/epoxy composites have demonstrated major increase in
off-axis mechanical properties and resistance to moisture absorption, confirming
the strengthening of interfacial bonds.  The feasibility of improving the interfacial
bond strength of a carbon/phenolic composit through a plasma treatment process will
be investigated.  Water vapor will be the plasma source gas to provide hydroxyls
for surface deposition on the carbon fibers.  The ability to control the hydroxyl
group concentration as a function of plasma treatment condition will be investigated.
 Mechanical testing of composites and fracture surface morphology studies will indicate
the degree of covalent bonding attained.  Maintenance of the covalent bonding through
a carbon/phenolic carbonization cycle will also be addressed via mechanical testing.

Project Title:

In-Situ Fiber Optic Sensor for FTIR Monitoring of Composite Cure Cycles

04.02-3200
Project Title:In-Situ Fiber Optic Sensor for FTIR Monitoring of Composite Cure Cycles
Company:Foster Miller Inc.
Waltham, MA 02254
Principal Investigator:John Mccoy

Abstract:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated in the laboratory is
a valuable technique for monitoring the cure cycle in advanced thermosetting composite
materials.  New infrared transmitting optical fibers together with recently developed
ruggedized FTIR instruments offer the promise that this laboratory technology can
be moved into a production environment to provide an in-situ, non-destructive evaluation
technique to determine the state of cure in thermoset composites in real time.  THis
program intends to demonstrate the feasibility of sensing and transmitting an IR
spectrum equivalent to those obtained by Young et al. at NASA Langley in the curing
cycle of a typical thermosetting resin using an optical fiber sensor transmitting
link and ruggedized FTIR analyzer.  The fibers used will be of a chalcogenide glass
capable of transmitting in the mid-IR wavelengths that will duplicate the spectral
bands analyzed ;by Young. Because of the relatively higher attenuation of light in
the chalcogtenide glasses, an alternative approach would be ;to use near-IR spectral
information in the 1 to 5 um region using very low attenuation heavy metal fluoride
glass fibers and FTIR-correlation techniques.  The Phase I program will conclusively
demonstrate whether IR transmitting optical fibers are technically and economically
feasible to provide in-situ measurements of state of cure in a thermoset composite
material.

Project Title:

RS ODS Titanium-Molybdenum Alloy

04.03-8080A
Project Title:RS ODS Titanium-Molybdenum Alloy
Company:Technical Research Associates, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT 84108
Principal Investigator:Weeks, Joseph K.

Abstract:

There is a need for lightweight alloys which are strong at elevated temperature and
which can be fabricated to sheet, foil or plate for use in aerospace vehicles.  The
new alloys should provide at least a 200F. advantage over present alloys.  In this
proposal the feasibility of a new RS ODS titanium-molybdenum alloy to meet these
requirements will be demonstrated.  The new alloy will have colloidal oxide particles
which are metallophilic, dispersed uniformly throughout its structure, and as a consequence
these dispersed particles will retard grain growth and preserve high temperature
strength.

Project Title:

Nonequilibrium Phase Chemistry in High Temperatures Structural Alloys

04.03-8500
Project Title:Nonequilibrium Phase Chemistry in High Temperatures Structural Alloys
Company:Flow Research Company
Kent, WA 98032
Principal Investigator:Rong Wang

Abstract:

This project will demonstrate a technique for rapid surveillance of the microstructures
and nonequilibrium phase chemistry obtainable through rapid solidification processing
of alloy systmes.  The method will allow an efficient identification and analysis
of the nonequilibrium phase chemistries established throughout the composition range
of interest and will in particular allow determination of bouding values for extended
solid solution of various elements.  Phase I will employ a high rate sputtering process
to produce continuously graded relatively thick samples of selected alloy systems.
 The process will provide quench rates on the order of 10  (to the 12) k/s, which
will provide an upper bound to materials achievable with current rapid solidification
technology.  The ability to efficiently quantify alloy systems for determining compositional
and nonequilibrium phase chemistry, beyond the present alloy systems produced with
conventional rapid solidification process, will allow accelerated development of
improved high-temperature materials and identification of possible new strengthening
mechanisms.  Phase I of this project will demonstrate the approach on a Ti-Al and
a Ni-Al alloy.  Metastable phases and fine-dispersoids formed in as quenched and
annealed conditions will be microstructually characterized and evaluated for nonequilibrium
solubility and high-temperature stability.  Phase II will utilize the technique to
identify compositions and establish rapid solidification processing parameters to
improve elevated temperature performance of alloy systems of interest to the sponsor.
 The evaluations should provide upper bound information on achievable material properties
with current or potentially near term RS technology.  

Project Title:

Feasibility Study Of A Transputer Based Finite Element Solver

04.04-5200
Project Title:Feasibility Study Of A Transputer Based Finite Element Solver
Company:SPARTA, Inc.
Laguana Hills, CA 92653
Principal Investigator:Favenesi, James A.

Abstract:

The introduction of a transputer technology into the computational community presents
new opportunities in numerical analysis.  Applications of this technology to finite
element analysis need to be identified and developed.

This Phase I study will define the requirements necessary to create a transputer
based finite element solver (TBFES).  Aspects of a TBFES which will be addressed
include algorithm requirements which exploit parallel processing, configuration of
transputers, and effectiveness in comparision with conventional finite element methods.

Project Title:

Thin-Walled Metal Matrix Composites for Spacecraft Applications

04.06-3200B
Project Title:Thin-Walled Metal Matrix Composites for Spacecraft Applications
Company:Foster-Miller Inc.
Waltham, MA 02254
Principal Investigator:RichardW. Lusignea

Abstract:

Graphite-magnesium and graphite-aluminum MMC's are ideal materials for spacecraft
applicaitons owing to their high strength and stiffness, light weight, no out-gassing,
good thermal and electrical conductivity, and resistance to the space environment.
 Continuously reinforced, thin-walled metal matrix parts will be particularly useful
in spacecraft as stiff, dimensionally stable structural members.  Thinner parts will
permit more efficient designs, resulting in reduced weight, increased payload, and
higher structural resonances.  Continuous reinforcement will allow design of zero
CTE structures for increased dimensional stability over wider temperature ranges
and more accurate pointing angles for reflectors and antennae.  To take full advantage
of MMC's, thin-walled continuously reinforced parts of complex shape are required.
 A particularly urgent need is for stiff demensionally stable joints for tubular
truss members in large space structures.  We propose a technique for producing such
MMC parts using very thin preforms, followed by pressure casting.  Phase I will evaluate
the feasibility of producing thin-walled tubular preforms  (0.005 in.) using spread
tows of graphite, then infiltrating the preform with an aluminum alloy using a specially
adapted presurized shell mold casting technique.  This work will form the foundation
for more complex joint structures, large components, and other alloys of aluminum
and magnesium.
.

Project Title:

ODS Solder

04.07-8080
Project Title:ODS Solder
Company:Technical Research Associates, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT 84108
Principal Investigator:Weeks, Joseph K.

Abstract:

This study will comprise an evaluation of an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS)
solder.  The degree of grain refinement and improvement in crack and creep of soldered
joints when thermally cycled will be studies.  Other cast ODS metal systems developed
at TRA have demonstrated grain refinement in the as cast products.

Project Title:

Intelligent Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Control

04.08-0960
Project Title:Intelligent Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Control
Company:Mid-South Engineering
Nashville, TN 37207
Principal Investigator:Barnett, Robert Joel

Abstract:

A research program is proposed to establish the feasibility of combining the comprehensive
rule-based of an expert gas tungsten arc welding system with sensory feedback, modeling,
and multivariable control algorithms to intially set and adaptively control the weld
process in a changing environment.  It will be the objective of the proposed research
to demonstrate the feasibility of accomplishing this for full penetration welds,
partial penetration welds, tack welds, and thin-section-to-thick-section welds. 
The Phase I feasibility research program proposed will pave the way toward an extensive
Phase II research program to develop a more fundamental understanding of the gas
tungsten arc welding process, and the creation of an intelligent Welding Process
Control System capable of adaptively adjusting to process stability, gas shielding,
consumable quality, workpiece contaminates, joint variations, etc.

Project Title:

Failure Prediction By A Novel Non-Destructive X-Ray Technique

04.11-5800
Project Title:Failure Prediction By A Novel Non-Destructive X-Ray Technique
Company:Brimrose Corporation of America
Baltimore, MD 21236
Principal Investigator:

Abstract:

A recent breakthrough in fatique failure prediction has been demonstrated by a method
known as  DARC (Digital Automated Rocking Curve) Diffractometry.  This method is
a non-destructive X-ray procedure which measures directly the accrued microstructural
damage, thus permitting an assessment of the remaining useful life.  This technique
is a departure from the conventional X-ray methods which are normally useful over
only the first 10-20% of component life.  DARC Diffractometry, by comparison, is
useful over the full range of fatigue lifetimes.  It is proposed here to broaden
the range of applicability of the DARC technique.  Preliminary work on the age-hardened
aluminum alloy 2024-T4 is extremely promising, and warrants further investigation.
 In the proposed study, alloys such as AA 2024, 7075, 7050 and 7150 which have wide
usage as structural materials will be investigated.  This technique can also be used
to study corrosion fatique failure in the above mentioned alloys.

Project Title:

4.12-1583B

04.12-1583B
Project Title:4.12-1583B
Company:Eltron Research Inc
Aurora, IL 60505
Principal Investigator:Anthony F. Sammells

Abstract:

This program is directed towards electrochemically characterizing a unique high temperature
electrolytic cell which simultaneously generaltes oxygen gas and liquid lithium using
the simulated lunar silicate material diopside as a molten salt electrolyte into
which lithium and potassium ions have been intentionally added.  The electrolytic
cell utilizes the oxygen vacancy conducting solid electrolyte, yttria-stabilized
zirconia, to effectively separate the oxygen evolving and lithium reduction half-cell
reactions.  Liquid lithium would be continuously removed in the finally engineered
cell evolving out of this three phase program.  Lithium formed in this manner would,
on the Moon's surface, be an effective reductant for the direct thermochemical refining
of lunar ores to their metallic state with lithium simultaneously extracting oxygen
to form Li20.  This Li20 would again be reintroduced into the electrolytic cell to
complete the overall system cycle.

Project Title:

broject Title:Ordered Polymer Films For Scientific Research Balloons

04.13-3200
broject Title:Ordered Polymer Films For Scientific Research Balloons
Company:Foster-Miller, Inc.
Waltham, MA 02254
Principal Investigator:Lusignea, Richard W.

Abstract:

Scientific Research Balloons are used to carry instrument payloads into the upper
atmosphere.  Improved materials and designs are needed to enhance the reliability
and performance of these balloons.  This Phase I program seeks to examine an ordered
polymer film, PBT (poly-p-phenylene benzobisthiazole), for application as a balloon
film material.  PBT is an expremely strong, stable, and relatively inert polymer
with good UV resistance and toughness at cold temperatures.  The proposed program
will examine the mechanical properties of PBT relevant to this application and determine
film characteristics which could be improved.  Using baseline film mechanical test
date, this Phase I effort also includes initial steps tomodify the film for balloon
applications. 

If Phase I shows promise, Phase II will develop and expand film fabrication techniques,
further develop sealing methods and establish an appropriate design for a prototype
PBT balloon.

Project Title:

Development Of A Three Dimensional Vision Algorithm For Direct Transformation

05.01-0520
Project Title:Development Of A Three Dimensional Vision Algorithm For Direct Transformation
From Image Space To Robot Joint Space
Company:Advanced Control Technologies, Inc.
Gallatin, TN 37060
Principal Investigator:Waggener, Mary S.

Abstract:

A direct transformation from image coordinates to robot joint coordinates will be
developed to serve as the basis for a binary vision system for six degree of freedom
robot control.  A system identification algorithm will enaable the system to be used
as a turn-key system with any robot which accepts joint coordinate input.  The direct
transformation from image space to robot joint space will be accomplished by developing
a nonlinear model of the robot joint coordinates as functions of the corresponding
image data from two image sensors.

Algorithms currently used in research and commercial applications transform image
data to object space.  The robots kinematic equations must them be solved to get
robot joint coordinates.  The direct transformation from image space to robot joint
space will eliminate this step, resulting in reduced computation time.  The system
idencification algorithm allows true turn-key operation which eliminates expensive
custom engineering and programming for an installation.

Project Title:

Novel Proportional Proximity Sensor For Autonomous, Space Based Robots

05.01-1167
Project Title:Novel Proportional Proximity Sensor For Autonomous, Space Based Robots
Company:Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc.
Watertown, MA 02172
Principal Investigator:Squillante, Michael, R.

Abstract:

Robotics is becoming an increasingly important field in research and manufacturing.
 Most robots, however, either perform repetitive preprogrammed operations or are
guided by a human operator.  This is not practical in man applications where autonomous
operation is required, and the most important improvements in future generations
of robots, especialy for space applications, will come in the areas of object recognition
and decision making.  To accomplish this, robot manipulator control will require
closed loop, sensor based systems to obtain and analyze information from the manipulator
about its neighborhood.  Progress in this area is at present limited partially by
sensor technololgy.

To address the limitations found in present proximity sensor systems, we propose
to investigate a novel approach to making a relatively simple but very precise proportional
proximity sensor which will be independent of the objects material or surface properties.
 Our approach involves the use of nuclear backscatter using small isotopic sources
and compact, lightweight sensors which can be contained within the manipulator. 
This approach is straightforward and requires relatively simple electronic circuity
and thus, if successful it could be readily implemented on the next generation of
robots.

Project Title:

Holographic Enhancement Of Telepresence In Space

05.01-4100
Project Title:Holographic Enhancement Of Telepresence In Space
Company:Analytics
Willow Grove, PA 19090
Principal Investigator:Glenn, Floyd A. III

Abstract:

In the space environment, many tasks must be performed through teleoperation of remotely
controlled devices.  Currently, operators transmit control commands to remote manipulators
while viewing the world on conventional TV monitors.  The monitors do not provide
a feeling of on-scene presence but instead produce a perception of remoteness because
of the loss of depth information combined with reduced resolution and contrast. 
Three-dimensional display technologies, such as holography and stereography, enhance
telepresence with the additional array of visual information.  Of these two technologies,
holography appears to be more suitable for the remote control task since it intrinsically
preserves motion parallax.  The primary objective of this innovative research effort
is to establish the feasibility of holographic imaging as a telepresence aid in a
space environment.  The investigation will focus on state-of-the-art holography,
NASA teleoperator control tasks, and NASA operating environments and culminate in
an analysis of the feasibility of holography for closed-loop, continuous control
with particular emphasis on display requirements for enhanced teleoperations.

Project Title:

Computer Controlled Telerobot Wrist Module

05.01-5860
Project Title:Computer Controlled Telerobot Wrist Module
Company:Ross-Hime Designs
St. Paul, MN 55116
Principal Investigator:Rosheim, Mark Elling

Abstract:

Disclosed in this proposal are plans to construct a patent pending wrist module with
computer control, configurable to form high-dexerity telerobotic arms for space station
construction, satellite maintenance, interplanetary exploration, walking robots,
and industrial robots.

Telerobotic arms replace or assist astronauts in the hazardous task of extravehicular
activity.  First disclosed at the NASA conference on Robotics and Flexible Automation,
Jan. l986, the Wrist Module presented features greater dexterity and simplicity than
previously obtained or proposed.  Compatible with greater range it complements the
NASA proposed Matin Marietta METR telerobot.

The technical description details the form, function, and features of the wrist Module.
 Computer control for robotic operation and teleoperation are described detailing
the use of "compliant control" for unpredictibly constrained environments.

Project goals are revealed stating the challenges posed by thisproposal.  A detailed
work plan is enumerated which reviews related research and development activities.
 Details such as resumes of participants, facilities to be exploited, and use of
a consultant are examined.  Relationship to future R&D, potential applications, a
budget, and corporate letters of interest conclude this proposal.

Project Title:

Technology Development For A Large-Scale, Space-Based, Compliant Manipulator

05.01-7741
Project Title:Technology Development For A Large-Scale, Space-Based, Compliant Manipulator
Company:Adaptive Machine Technologies, Inc.
Columbus, OH 43212
Principal Investigator:Ribble, Eric

Abstract:

The performance of large-scale, lightweight, space-based manipulators is currently
limited by the available control system technologies.  To achieve high performance
with a space-based manipulaort, a control system is required which does not undergo
performance degradation due to manipulator link flexture.

Research and development in the area of compliant manipulator control has been hindered
by two problems:  1) lack of an effective means of accurately measuring end-effector
position, and 2) inability to solve the inverse dynamic equations in real-time.

The objective of Phase I is to develop the basic technolog necessary for the development
of a large-scale, space-based, compliant manipulator using endpoint feedback system,
a control law using inverse dynamics, and the design of a high performance, single
board computer for real-time implementation of inverse dynamics.

Project Title:

Computing Range And 3-D Structure Of Rigid Objects Using Stereo And

05.03-3503
Project Title:Computing Range And 3-D Structure Of Rigid Objects Using Stereo And
Motion
Company:Multisignal Technology Corp.
Los Almatos, CA 90720
Principal Investigator:Nguyen, Thinh V.

Abstract:

This research project intends to solve the problem of determining the range and 3-D
structure of rigid objects using both stereo and motion.  The problem is of significant
importance in the development of autonomous OMVs for docking, servicing and repair
operations in space.  The innovation claimed in this research project includes the
development of efficient and reliable algorithms for range-finding and 3-D reconstruction.
 This can be achieved through the use of both stereo and motion to solve the correspondence
ambiguity problem.  A plan-guide scheme is also incorporated to improve reliable
search and to reduce processing time.  The objectives of this project include the
development of a basic framework for combining stereo and motion, the development
of fast and reliable algorithms for 3-D objects, and sensitivity analysis of system
performance in terms of several noise sources.

To test and evaluate the method, real and synthetic data will be employed.  The overall
effort will include the generation of data bases, algorithm development and test/evaluation.
 The approach can be extended to other 3-D imaging problems such as rigid objects
in motion with moving parts.  Commercial applications include robotics, autonomous
landing vehicles etc.

Project Title:

Generic Artificial Intelligence Expert System For Space Station Applications

05.04-8361
Project Title:Generic Artificial Intelligence Expert System For Space Station Applications
Company:Applications Research Corporation
Albuquerque, NM 87108
Principal Investigator:Joyce, Kathleen

Abstract:

The generic artificial intelligence expert system for space-station applications
will be user-friendly and will utilize a hierarchy of frames for data input, automatic
fault diagnosis and analysis and repair functions.  It will provide prompt diagnosis
and suggestions for system repair.  It will provide as much automation as possible
for repair functions.  The design will be appropriate for interfacing with robotic
maintenance capabilities.  The system will be capable of real-time automatic fault
diagnosis.  The system will also be structured so as to be ;useful as a training
tool for teaching fault diagnosis and repair skills to personnel.  The design for
the expert system will incorporate performance parameters and maintenance history
as an aid to diagnosis.  It will contain the 3 modules of a knowledge based system:
 situation data base, knowledge data base, and control section.  The system will
be designed for iterative growth of knowledge increments and for easy maintenance.
 Phase I will provide the design for the system and Phase II will involve the actual
implementation and testing of the system.

Project Title:

Innovative Architectures For Dense Multi-Microprocessor Computers

06.01-3200
Project Title:Innovative Architectures For Dense Multi-Microprocessor Computers 
Company:Expert-EASE Systems, Inc.
Belmont, CA 94002
Principal Investigator:Larson, Robert E.

Abstract:

This proposal addresses the development of a family of multi-microprocessor computers.
 These computers will yield supercomputer performance, but at a much lower cost and
with greater usability.  The proposal is based upon deriving a family of "chordal
ring" computer architectures.  these architectures are superior to those used in
other commercially available computers such as the "hypercube" upon which Intel's
iPSC is based.  Chordal ring computers will provide 50 times the power of a VAX-11/780
at about three times the cost of the VAX.

Project Title:

The Development Of Extremely Fast RISC-Based ALUs For Character String

06.03-4900
Project Title:The Development Of Extremely Fast RISC-Based ALUs For Character String
Processing
Company:Accelerated Processors, Inc.
Mountain View, CA 94043
Principal Investigator:Nissley, Has

Abstract:

General purpose processor Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) typically implement large
micro-coded instruction sets to provide system flexibility, with the ultimate goal
of supporting a wide base of applications.  The large number of instructions results
in a complex, relatively slow chip architecture.  In effect, by basing their systems
on general purpose ALUs, computer manufacturers trade-off speed of operations in
favor of flexibility.  However, there exist many applications for which flexibility
is not required, but for which speed is the main goal.  RISC-based systems aim for
this market niche.

This proposal addresses the development of ASP, the Accelerated String Processor.
 ASP utilizes a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture to provide processing
of character strings at rates in excess of 2,000 MCOPS (million character operations
per second).

Project Title:

Knowledge-Based Reusable Software Synthesis System

06.04-6510
Project Title:Knowledge-Based Reusable Software Synthesis System
Company:Software Productivity Solutions, Inc.
Melbourne, FL 32936
Principal Investigator:Grau, J. Kaye

Abstract:

Software Productivity Solutions, Inc. proposes an innovative approach for developing
mission software systems through the automated synthesis of reusable Ada components.
 The approach addresses the problem of reusability through a unique combination of
software engineering, database modeling and knowledge-based systems technologies.
 The plan describes the Phase I activities for developing the approach for an expert
system that will assist the software developer in synthesizing a system solution
during the requirements specification and design processes.  Specific objectives
for Phase I are:

1.  Define a reusable software synthesis methodology that integrates reusability
into the top-down development process.

2.  Investigate formal languages that would be applicable for specifying the interface
operation of reusable components and for specifying an application's requirements
to allow automated search for reusable components that meet those requirements.

3.  Investigate knowledge and database respresentations appropriate for organizing
and storing the reusable components, application domain knowledge and for knowledge
of the software development process.

4.  Develop the approach for an e xpert system to promote reusability and determine
its feasibility.  The expert system would interpret software requirements and design
structures to derive reuse potentials from these structures, search the component
database and synthesize asoftware solution from components.

Project Title:

Artificial Intelligence System For Applying Reuseable Software Components

06.04-8307A
Project Title:Artificial Intelligence System For Applying Reuseable Software Components
Company:Research Software
Cypress, CA 90630
Principal Investigator:Cooper, Richard

Abstract:

Reuse of software components is knowledge-intensive.  The Application Designer must
know:  which components are available; how to interconnect components to meet application
requirements; and how to debug application requirements, a sequence of software "builds"
leading to a completed program.  The component Cataloger must provide this knowledge
by encoding it into a knowledge base of components for laer use by various Designers.

The proposed effort will lead to a CAD/CAE workstation containing an automated catalog
of components, and a suite of expert system tools for maintaining and expanding the
catalog.  An explanation facility will be developed for helping the application Designer
understand how a prototype application is constructed.  The explanation facility
will capture performance information from the target system and will relate it to
structural information captured from the catalog.  One gaol is to help the Designer
understand how requirements relate to performance  of the prototype software, and
therefore allows the Designer to explore a wider choice of requirements and designs
to obtain better functionality than present technology supports.

ReSoft's commercial product - Artificial Intelligence Laboratory -will be used as
the foundation for Phase II development.  Phase I will result in the requirements,
design and feasibility study of the necessary extensions.

Project Title:

Knowledge-Based Process Control

06.05-3612
Project Title:Knowledge-Based Process Control
Company:Quintus Computer Systems, Inc.
Palo Alto, CA 94306
Principal Investigator:Stabler, Edward P. Jr.

Abstract:

There is a real need and market demand for intelligent Knowledge-Based Process Control
systems, but the computational demands on such systems are formidable.  Many process
require monitors to take corrective action when an abnormal condition arises, or
just to make ongoing adjustments to maximize efficiency.  In complex systems the
monitoring task can be tedious and sometimes overly demanding for human operators.
 Automated process control systems are also valuable even for very simple process,
to minimize the demands for human intervention.  This is particularly important when
a process is monitored in hazardous or inaccessible environments.  Quintus Computer
Systems proposes to meet this challenge by providing specialized process control
tools that will runeffectively in a multiprocessing environment that will support
the latest artificial intelligence technology.  Hooks for efficient transfer of data
structures from foreign software and sensors are provided, and the inference engine
proposed is a priority-based reasoning tool that can quickly recognize and respond
to significant events.  This system will provide an operator with the basis of valuable
monitoring and decision support system, and possible even eliminate the need for
substantial human intervention in some cases.

Project Title:

Phoneme Based Speech Recognition System For Mission Planning And Control

06.06-0881
Project Title:Phoneme Based Speech Recognition System For Mission Planning And Control
Company:Speech Systems Incorporated
Tarzana, CA 91356
Principal Investigator:Robinson, Peter

Abstract:

To the extent that mission planning and control needs an effective man-machine dialogue
which is not encumbered by excessive keyboard interaction, then a real-time continuous
speech recognition interface can solve this problem.

Current speech-recognition techniques are characterized by limited vocabulary, restricted
syntax, and work isolation.  Such restrictions make them enappropriate for prctical
applications.  This study will test the feasibility of applying an already developed
real time phoneme-based speech recognition system into a highly stressful and noisy
environment such as mission planning and control.

Project Title:

A Novel Approach For Designing Build-In Self-Testing VLSI Circuits

06.11-0126
Project Title:A Novel Approach For Designing Build-In Self-Testing VLSI Circuits
Company:Spaceborne, Inc.
La Canada, CA 91011
Principal Investigator:Timoc, Constantin C.

Abstract:

The main objective of the overall project (Phases I and II) is to research, develop,
fabricate, and evaluate a built-in self-testing multiplier-accumulator for spacecraft
applications.

Phase I is a research and development effort to demonstrate the feasibility of an
innovative structure that could offer significant advantages in the design of very
large scale integrated circuits capable of autonomous testing.  In order to evaluaate
the cost-effectiveness of the novel built-in self-testing structure, the proposed
work will focus on the research and development of an autonomous testing 16x16 bit
parallel multiplier.

Presently, most autonomous testing circuits are designed with linear feedback shift
registers used either as generators of stimuli or as compressors of responses.  Although
their layout is compact, they are inefficient in detecting certain types of faults
due to the psuedo-random nature of the stimuli and the compression of responses into
aliasing signatures.

The innovative structure proposed for constructing imporved generators or compressors
is obtained by the addition of a micro programmable logic array to the linear feedback
shift register.  The new combination could increase significantly the fauld detection
effectiveness of the stimuli within a shorter self-test time because the psuedo-random
resistant faults could be detected with a short sequence of deterministic stimuli
produced by the logic aray.  Because the logic array could store and compare multiple
signatures with the actual signatures generated by the feedback shift register, the
novel combination could avoid the aliasing problem.

Project Title:

Advanced Low Cost High Performance Optical Components for CD-ROM Applications

06.12-6642
Project Title:Advanced Low Cost High Performance Optical Components for CD-ROM Applications
Company:Microwave Monolithics Incorporated
Simi Valley, VA 93065
Principal Investigator:Ch'en, Daniel R.

Abstract:

Perfection of a new technology is proposed to simultaneously double or quadruple
optical memory capacity while reducing access time by an order of magnitude.  An
existing prototype optical device will be experimentally and theoretically evaluated
in program phase I, followed by optimization and refined implementation in program
Phase II.  The proposed device development is expected to revolutionize CD-ROM technology
for a wide spectrumof NASA related applications, and find uses well beyond those
currently envisioned.

Project Title:

A VLSI Digital Tester Based Upon A Single Custom Chip Per Individual

06.13-0402
Project Title:A VLSI Digital Tester Based Upon A Single Custom Chip Per Individual
Pin
Company:Bonneville Scientific, Inc.
Salt Lake City, UT 84105
Principal Investigator:Grahn, Allen R.

Abstract:

In this Phase I, six-month feasibility study we propose to generate a plan for a
system architecture for a digital VLSI chip tester.  The tester will e designed to
interface to the design workstation to allow interactive debugging of prototype circuits
and subsequent down loading of test patterns and expected results to a production
VLSI tester.  The tester will be low in cost because it will not perform analog testing
and because each individual pin of the device under test will be directly tested
by a dedicated testing integrated circuit.  The functional design of this testing
chip will be generated, the circuit will be ocmpletely designed using Path Programmable
Logic, and it will be simulated during Phase I.  The chip will be fabricated and
the complete tester system (hardware and software) will be completed in Phase II.

Project Title:

An Integrated Laser Ranger and Camera System

07.02-5000
Project Title:An Integrated Laser Ranger and Camera System
Company:Odetics Inc
Anaheim, CA 92802-2907
Principal Investigator:George B. Westrom

Abstract:

Present robot vision systems require either multiple cameras or a laser ranging/scanning
system to acquire visual information for characterizing scenes in three dimensions.
 The human eye with its associated intellilgence systems does a remarkable job of
constructing a three dimensional image without using a range sensor.  Attempts to
emulate the performance of the eye with CCD cameras and massive computing efforts
have not been too successful.  Laer ranging/scanning systems also have their limitations
in that they are currently mechanically scanned, low resolution and require a significant
amount of processing to produce an image.  The object of this research is to investigate
the feasibility of merging the data from a CCD camera or a focal plane processor
with the range and reflectance data from a laser ranger.  Phase I will consist of
developing the algorithms and expert rules for fusing laser and camera data and demonstrating
with a computer simulation.  It will also include a design approach for implementing
a camera itegrated with laser ranger.  WE anticipate that the Phase II effort will
result in a prototype laser ranging camera system controller by a rule based system.

Project Title:

Interferometric Tracking System For The Tracking And Data Relay Satellite

07.03-8500
Project Title:Interferometric Tracking System For The Tracking And Data Relay Satellite
(TDRS)
Company:Interferometrics, Inc.
Vienna, VA 22180
Principal Investigator:Ray, Jim R.

Abstract:

We propose to perform the design of a R&D satellite tracking system based on radio
interferometric principles.  The system will be designed in such a way to track very
pricisely NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS).  The tracking system
will be a passive opportunistic user of the Ku-band and S-band transmission from
the TDRS in its normal modeof operaion and the operation of the system will not require
scheduling of the TDRS or any other cooperation from NASA.  We propose to construct,
deploy, and operate this system in Phase II and the analysisof the data produced
and comparison of results with those from the operational TDRS tracking system will
demonstrate proof of the concept.

Project Title:

Application Of Expert Systems In Project Management Decision Aiding

07.06-4100
Project Title:Application Of Expert Systems In Project Management Decision Aiding
Company:Analytics
Willow Grove, PA 19090
Principal Investigator:Jochman, Dave

Abstract:

Advances in artificial intelligence, digital hardware minaturization, and computer
graphics are opening the door for the rapid evolution of human-computer systems in
which the computer performs an increasing share of the intelligent functions and
processing in a decision-making situation.  Thus, the human-computer relationship
is moving from that of an intelligent agent who is a "user" of a complex tool to
one of cooperating intelligent partners, in much the same way that a team of humans
work and interact to accomplish a particular goal.  Systems of this type are becoming
known as "distributed intelligence systems," and it is within this class of systems
that decision-aiding systems for NASA technical project managers would fall.  As
part of this innovative research effort, Analytics will investigate the feasibility
of developing an expert system-based project management decision aid to assist new
NASA technical project managers in the successful development of new and complex
projects.

Project Title:

High-Level Protocol-Oriented Network Monitoring

07.06-4878
Project Title:High-Level Protocol-Oriented Network Monitoring
Company:FTP Software, Inc.
Cambridge, MA 02140
Principal Investigator:Romkey, John L.

Abstract:

Existing Local Area Network analysis equipment is generally oriented towards low-level
monitoring, primarily for data integrity and low-level operational characteristics
at the pysical-link level.  Furthermore, a hardware-oriented design philosophy is
evident in most offerings, resulting in high per-unit costs.  This expense, and the
arcane knowledge necessary to interpret the low-level data stream discourages their
routine use in LAN installation and maintenance.

We propose to determine the feasibility and efectiveness of a software-and protocol-oriented
high-level LAN monitoring approach, based on a common microcomputer architecture
and commercial LAN interface hardware to minimize per-unit costs while providing
a simple user-extensibility.  Our intent is to attempt to aid the analysis and maintenance
of high-level protocols, network addressing, gateway behavior and routing.  Our initial
emphasis will be on the Department of Defense's TCP/IP protocol family, but the underlying
structure will be extensible to any protocols using standard transmisssion media
and encapsulation.

Project Title:

Control Of Manual Entry Accuracy In Management/Enineering Information

07.06-7103
Project Title:Control Of Manual Entry Accuracy In Management/Enineering Information
Systems
Company:Gamma Research, Inc.
Huntsvile, AL 35801
Principal Investigator:Woo, John Jr.

Abstract:

A growing national need exists for the development of a computer work station technology
which is interactive and assists the user in controlling the accuracy of manual data
entry tasks during data base preparation and during communication over local area
networks.  Such a technology would affect increasing numbers of NASA employees at
all levels as computer terminals become widely used inmanagement, engineering, and
accounting for decision-making, project and program control, and intra-agency communications.
 Data flow in networks produced by manual data entry at controlled levels of accuracy
would impact the management and technical performance of projects and programs and
would have a favorable impace on productivity.

This research project is directed toward developing a technology that can be used
for a more accurate manual data input syste for computer data bases.  An investigation
into the growing data base error problem indicates that the man/macine interface,
hence accuracy, can be significantly improved by an interdisciplinary approach. 
The Phase I efort will develop an experimental test program which will evaluate the
performance characteristics of personnel involved with data entry.  Gamma Research,
Inc. has also been developing methods which allow data accuracy to be controlled
in innovative and actively error-resistant ways.

Project Title:

A Portable, Low-Cost Image Processing Prototype For Use By Individual

07.07-3864
Project Title:A Portable, Low-Cost Image Processing Prototype For Use By Individual
Scientists
Company:MicroImages, Inc.
Lincoln, NE 68528
Principal Investigator:Unverferth, Michael J. and Miller, Lee D.

Abstract:

A ptorotype of a portable image processing system will be constructed using a laptop
microcomputer, an optical WORM disk, appropriate color display subsystem, and modifications
and additions to an existing software package written in C and currently running
on the desktop IMB PC, XT, and ATs.  The unit will aslo function as a Computer Aided
Image Processing (CAIP) station in a network or with a Massive Parallel Processor
(MPP).  The systems user interface will be designed so that it can easily be used
by non-computer scientists who are not interested in becoming involved in image processing
or remote sensing; but in employing satellite and other imagery to establish some
hypothesis of their own.

Additional effort will be expended to determine what portion of NASA/GSFC's LAS and
NASA/NSTL's ELAS software can be modified for direct use with this station.  An Algorithm
currently runningy on the desktop systems for rubber sheeting images via cubic convolution
and other interpolation schemes will be modified into an interactive technique for
co-registering non-congruent multisensor image on the station.  An algorithm for
clustering multivariable images based on their spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics
will be integrated into the station's software.  A raster oriented watershedsimulation
model will be added to demonstrate the total, systematic flow-through to an end product.

Project Title:

Advanced Pattern Recogintion Techniques In Image Analysis

07.07-5000
Project Title:Advanced Pattern Recogintion Techniques In Image Analysis
Company:Odetics, Inc.
Anaheim, CA 92802-2907
Principal Investigator:Kurrasch, Eleanor

Abstract:

The human visual system performs so effectively over a range of illumination for
greater that that which computer image processing systems are capable of operating.
 The automated analysis of visual data for pattern recogition and object identification
comparable to the human visual system has been one of the most challenging problems
of this era.

The problem addressed in this proposal is the development of basic techniques to
explore potential application of multispectral data for automatic pattern recognitions.
 This research willemphasize the use of both the spatial and spectral characteristics
of the data and will establish the effectiveness of using the IDS process and a rule
based system to perform the objectives using spacecraft sensor data.

Project Title:

Reverse Engineering For Information Systems

07.08-3790A
Project Title:Reverse Engineering For Information Systems
Company:C.T.I. Computer Technology, Inc.
Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910
Principal Investigator:Goehner, Peter

Abstract:

C.T.I. Computer Technology, Inc. proposes to undertake a research and development
project which develops a disciplined reverse engineering methodology.  This effort
is intended to demonstrate that a C.T.I. reverse engineering methodology can develop
comprehensive specification trees, requirements documents and design specifications
using existing code, comments, and the available documentation of a selected software
package as currently implemented.

The reverse engineering project will require a significant amount of manual effort,
which will be supported by a proprietary tool.  If successful, it will result in
a fully redocumented program package containing complete and correct requirements
documents, design specifications and code, correlated with one another within one
database.

Because of recent private-sector technology transfers from West Germany to the United
States, a tool is now available in the U.S. which may aid NASA in such reverse engineering
of existing software.  Extraction of system design and specification data rom existing
code will be attempted by C.T.I., using the EPOS (Engineering and Project management
Oriented Support) System.

Project Title:

A Generalized Strateg For Building Resident Database Interfaces

07.09-6211
Project Title:A Generalized Strateg For Building Resident Database Interfaces
Company:Ken Wanderman & Associates, Inc.
San Francisco, CA 94112
Principal Investigator:Wanderman, Ken

Abstract:

The innovation described here is the development of an automated tool for the implementation
of interfaces between resident dabase systems and a NASA project, the Distributed
Access View Integrated Database (DAVID).  In Phase I, a detailed methodology for
interface-building will be specified, and the feasibility of the methodology will
be demonstrated by using it to implement interfaces to several database systems representative
of the different types of databases commercially available.  the thrust of Phase
II will be the development of the automated interface builder, using the techniques
developed in Phase I.

The automated generation of interfaces between existing databases and a heterogeneous
distributed database management system (DBMS) opens potential avenues of communication
among scientists never before possible, and has widespread potential application
throughout the federal government as well as in the private sector.

Project Title:

An Expert System Based Software Sizing Tool

07.10-0671
Project Title:An Expert System Based Software Sizing Tool
Company:MCR Technology, Inc.
Goleta, CA 93117
Principal Investigator:Osborne, Ron

Abstract:

An Expert System for Software Sizing will be developed based on two different types
of knowledge:  qualitative human experience formalized as rules and quantitative
experience gained in previous  software development projects implemented as frames.
 The Software Sizing Tool will operate in two stages.  First, it determines a Functional
Specification of the software as a means of analyzing a complex system and of breaking
the code sizing task into a set of smaller subtasks.  Then it sizes each of the modules
in the software system using its Knowledge Base.

Project Title:

Automation Of Requirements Development Utilizing A Desk Top Computer

07.11-7817
Project Title:Automation Of Requirements Development Utilizing A Desk Top Computer
Company:Bruce G. Jackson and Associates
Houston, TX 77058
Principal Investigator:Hottman, David L.

Abstract:

NASA is continually developing new systems ranging from computer software to test
facilities to large spacecraft.  Each system development is initiated and controlled
through the use of requirements specifications.  The proposed study will determine
the feasibility of developing an Automated Technical Documentation System for a desk
top computer.  The system will be prototyped to develop and test concepts for requirements
collection, decomposition, and traceability.  Concepts for data structure and user
interfaces that can be implemented within the processing and storage capabilities
of a desk top computer will be examined.  Concepts providing a word processor interface
to a database will also be examined

Project Title:

SETI Signal Detector

07.14-2140
Project Title:SETI Signal Detector 
Company:Silicon Engines
Palo Alto, CA 94306
Principal Investigator:Duluk, Jerome F.

Abstract:

A special computer architecture for signal detection and pettern recognition is proposed
as a solution to the SETI signal detection problem  The architecture features a new
concept in the design of Content Addressable Memories (CAM).  This CAM will function
as the heart of a novel associative processor that efficiently executes the SETI
pattern recognition algorithms.  The CAM architecture uses highly parallel and distributed
processing in a custom VLSI implementation to support query directed, associative
computation.

The SETI approach for finding extraterrestrial artificial signals involves the detection
of patterns of weak narrow band signals among a large number of noisy narrow band
channels.  The patterns of interest are either continuous wave, or pulse modulated
signals that may drift slowly in frequency.

The associative processor proposed here successfully recognizes these patterns of
artificial signals obscured by noise, and replaces all competing alternatives in
performance, size and cost.  Fabrication of large-scale SETI systems, such as 500
million channel spectrometers, now becomes practical when the design employs this
new concept in associative computation.

Project Title:

Short Pulse Higpower Infrared Laser

08.02-0755
Project Title:Short Pulse Higpower Infrared Laser
Company:LIGHTWAVE Electronics Corp.
Mountain View, CA 94043
Principal Investigator:Wallace Richard W.

Abstract:

This proposal is for Research and Development leading to an all solid state short-pulse
infrared source operating at a wavelength near one micron.  This source will employ
laser diode pumped solid state laser technology to provide for a highly stable and
reliable source for such applications as laser altimeters for Earth climate sensing
from space.

Project Title:

A New Radar Technique For Satellite Rainfall Algorithm Development

08.02-8442
Project Title:A New Radar Technique For Satellite Rainfall Algorithm Development
Company:Applied Research Corporation
Landover, MD 20785
Principal Investigator:Jameson, Arthur R.

Abstract:

Accurate ground-ased measurements are required in developing satellite rainfall retrieval
algorithms.  It is proposed to investigate a new radar rain measurement technique
which unlike all previous methods measures the rain mass directly and is insensitive
to the raindrop size distribution, raindrop shapes, and attenuation.  In Phase I
we will:

collect the first measurements ever of this new quantity;
investigate alternative measurements schemes;
investigage the signal statistics of the parameter; and
compare with complimentary polarization measurements.

Project Title:

A Reliable, Mechanical Cryocooler For 80 K Cooling In Space

08.03-8629A
Project Title:A Reliable, Mechanical Cryocooler For 80 K Cooling In Space
Company:Alabama Cryogenic Engineering, Inc.
Huntsville, AL 35084
Principal Investigator:Hendricks, John B.

Abstract:

This proposal covers the development of a 0.25 watt, 80 K mechanical cryocooler for
use in sensor cooling in space.  The cryocooler will use the Mikulin pulse tube cycle
that has no moving parts inthe cols section of the cryocooler.  The elimination of
cold moving parts removes the main sources of failure and of vibration inthe cryocooler.
 Lifetimes of over five years should be possible with this cryocooler cycle.

Project Title:

"Development Of A Unique Laboratory Standard Indium Gallium Arsenide

08.04-1188
Project Title:"Development Of A Unique Laboratory Standard Indium Gallium Arsenide
Detector For The 0.5-1.7 Micron Spectral Range"
Company:EPITAXX, Inc.
Princeton, NJ 08540
Principal Investigator:Olsen, Gregory H.

Abstract:

Spectral measurements over the visible/near-infrared 0.5.1-7 micron range cannot
be done at present with a single detector.  Two separate detectors (silicon for 0.5-1.1
microns and germanium for 1.0-1.7 microns) must presently be used in order to cover
the entire spectral range.  This complicates measurement procedures and adds cost
and extra components to the system.  We propose to develop a large-area indium gallium
arsenide (InGaAs) detector which will have high quantum efficiency over the 0.5-1.7
micron spectral range and allow a single detector to be used in place of both silicon
silicon and germanium.  No such detector exists at this time.  These InGaAs detectors
would have high uniformity and would be well suited as calibration standards for
the 0.5-1.7 micron spectral region.  Internal quantum efficiencies should be near
100% over much of this range.  The hydride vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) texhnique will
be used to synthesize layers of InGaAs and InP from which these detectors will be
made.  The InP thickness will be varied to determine its effect on quantum efficienty.
 Detailed radiometric calibration methods will be caried out at the Optical Sciences
Center at the University of Arizona.

Project Title:

Large Area Nuclear Particle Detectors Using ET MaterialsTM

08.04-2701
Project Title:Large Area Nuclear Particle Detectors Using ET MaterialsTM
Company:Quantex Corporation

ockville, MD 20850
Large area (unlimited size) two-dimensional position-sensitive (about 0.1mm) solid-state
nuclear particle detectors are proposed for feasibility investigation using Quantex-developed
electron-trapping (ET) materials.  Impingement of high-energy (compared to 2eV) nuclear
particles or ionizing photons produces both local visible-wavelength scintillation
and trapping of excited electrons in the ET material applied to a substrate.  Subsequent
illumination by near-infrared of 0.8 to 1.2 micron wavelength releases the trapped
electrons and produces visible-wavelength light from the particle impingement spots.
 Integrating intervals may be chosen at will (up to years) and applying near-infrared
at higher irradiance levels can erase the pattern.  Readout can be accomplished with
common solid-state video cameras and recorded during near-infrared illumination,
or with a visible-range photomultiplier and a common near-infrared seiconductor diode
laser scanning the surface for extremel low impingement rates.

Abstract:

Project Title:

Reinforced Inorganic Cement Material For Spark Wire And Drift Chamber

08.04-6803
Project Title:Reinforced Inorganic Cement Material For Spark Wire And Drift Chamber
Wire Frames
Company:Mega Engineering
Silver Spring, MD 20901
Principal Investigator:Dame, Richard E.

Abstract:

This project will investigate appropriate inorganic cements and compatible reinforcing
fibers for potential use in the low outgassing high dielectric and high strength
application required for spark wire frames and drift chamber frame application.

Analytical studies of appropriate materials supported by limited material tests will
be used to develop material properties.

Project Title:

Curved Channel MCP Improvement Program

08.04-9191E
Project Title:Curved Channel MCP Improvement Program
Company:Galileo Electro-Optics Corp.
Sturbridge, MA 01518
Principal Investigator:LaPrade, Bruce N.

Abstract:

Curved Channel Microchannel Plates (C2 MCP) have been proposed for use in a number
of Scientific and Astronomical Applications.  This single stage high gain, high spacial
resolution device is an ideal detector for space flight applications.  The performance
of the curved channel plate can be significantly enhanced through the elimination
of two major mechanical shortcomings.

The first area to be addressed is theuniformity of channel curvature.  Non-uniformity
of channel curvature can cause gain variations, localized photocathode degradation
caused by poor ion trapping, non-uniform pulse height distribution and dynamic range
limitations.  Currently, many systems rely on a pre-launch calibration to "normalize"
the gain of the array.

The work effort on channel curvature non-uniformity will center around developing
a thorough understanding of the mechanics and thermodynamics of channel bending through
an intensive computer modeling of the process coupled with process and product anlysis.

A second area to be addressed is the area of blemishes.  Blemishes are small voids
in the glass structure which can cause dead areas or "hot spots" in the imaging area.

This work effort will center around a materials analysis of the blemished material
utilizing Auger or EDAX.

Project Title:

Low-Cost AlGaAs Arrays For Solid State Laser Pumps

08.05-6000
Project Title:Low-Cost AlGaAs Arrays For Solid State Laser Pumps
Company:Spire Corporation
Bedford, MA 01730
Principal Investigator:Linden, Kurt J.

Abstract:

Solid state lasers such as Nd:YAG are being used as intense sources of optical radiation
for commercial and military applications.  NASA's interest in such lasers is for
use on a polar orbiting space platform to perform critical experiments to measure
atmospheric aerosols and molecular species.  Convnetionally pumped with flashlamps,
these lasers havelow power conversion efficiency and short lifetimes.  By using AlGaAs
diode laser arrays as optical Nd:YAG laser pumps, high power conversion efficiencies
and improved reliability values are possible.  The proposed program offers two innovative
concepts, both based on Spire's established GaAs/AlGaAs concentrator solar cell technology.
 The first concept is based on the use of MOCVD to grow highly uniform, large area
wafers for use in fabricating low cost diode laser arrays.  The cost and yields of
MOCVD material are significantly more favorable than those of LPE grown material.
 The second concept involves the application of Spire-developed GaAs concentrator
cell technologies to diode laser arrays.  Semiconductor wafer and thermal packaging
cos considerations are the promary driving forces which lead to the prsent high costs
of diode laser arrays.  Use of the MOCVD AlGaAs solar cell technolog is expected
to lead to significant cost reductions.

Project Title:

A Long-Life Centrifugal Pump For Helium II Transfer

08.06-3800
Project Title:A Long-Life Centrifugal Pump For Helium II Transfer
Company:Creare Inc.
Hanover, MI 03755
Principal Investigator:Sixsmith, Herbert

Abstract:

NASA currently has several astrophysics missions planned in which helium replenishment
is important.  One of the two leading candidate replenishment systems requires a
mechanical pump.  This program is intended to develop a long-life centrifugal pump
to meet these requirements.  In Phase I, a preliminary design and analysis of a small
high speed centrifugal pump will be performed.  The pump will be designed for Space
Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF).  The proposed approach includes the use of self-acting
tilt pad bearings which operate in helium to provide reliabe, long term operation
without contamination or water.

Project Title:

The Feasibility Of Utilizing CCSEM, Cluster Analysis And Fractal Analysis

08.07-1776
Project Title:The Feasibility Of Utilizing CCSEM, Cluster Analysis And Fractal Analysis
Techniques To Characterize And Evaluate Atmospheric Aerosols
Company:ETC
Monroeville, PA 15146
Principal Investigator:Casuccio, Gary S.

Abstract:

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with an energy dispersive x-ray analyzer
(EDX) is ideal for characterizing the size, composition, and morphology of particulate
matter.  This technology is often limited, however, by the inability to collect data
on statistically significant particle populations.  As a result, much of the microscopic
work performed to date has been qualitative rather than quanatitative.  However,
recent advances in computer control and data processing techniques are rapidly changing
the very nature of microscopic analyses.

Today, computer controled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) and automatic image
analysis permit quantification of atmospheric aerosols and subtle differences in
the size, shape, and composition of atmospheric aerosols.  Coupling this rapidly
emerging technology with cluster analysis, a mathematical technique for identifying
commonality in objects or groups of objects, and fractal analysis, a mathematical
technique which permits detailed quantification of surface texture comparable to
the detail perfceived by the hyman eye, should permit quantification of particulate
matter in a manner never before performed.  This prposed project intends to demonstrfate
the feasibility of using a novel combination of CCSEM, cluster analysis and fractal
analysis techniques to characterize atmospheric aerosols.

Project Title:

Frequency Domain LV Signal Processor

08.08-3500
Project Title:Frequency Domain LV Signal Processor
Company:Macrodyne, Inc.
Schenectady, NY 12301
Principal Investigator:Murphy, R. Jay

Abstract:

Since the early 70's high speed digital circuit techniques have been applied to laser
velocimetry for flow measurement.  The measurement techniques have been carried outin
the time domain.  Recently evolved techniques applied to radar signal analysis might
be similarly applied to such measurements.  The introduction of sub-nanosecond digital
logic and development of low cost digital filter implementations permit computation
of frequency data directly from sample measurements of the signal waveform.  The
intent of this effort is to reduce to hardware the results of a theoretical investigation
and sophistocated computer simulation of a Frequency Domain Laser Velocimeter Signal
Processor.  A completely operational FDLV will be manufactured; implemented using
commercially available silicon technology.  the system will sample at 10 to 20 MHz
and be used as "proof-of-concept" in low frequency regimes.

Project Title:

Boundary Layer Transition Detection System

08.08-4846
Project Title:Boundary Layer Transition Detection System
Company:Innovative Dynamics
Oxnard, CA 93030-6512
Principal Investigator:Dahl, Philip R.

Abstract:

The objective of this project is to develop a prototype Boundary Layer Transition
Detection System (BLTDS) that incorporates piezoelectric material to sense laminar,
transitional, and turbulent boundary layer produced signals and to detect the point
of transition.  A novel concept conceived by the proposer that utilizes solid-state
piezoelectric sensot technology indicates that it is possible to sense both surface
drag shear force and acoustic noise generated by the airflow.  The key elements of
this system utilize polyvinylidene flouride transducer film material (PVDF) for sensing
and a microcomputer for digital signal processing.  Due to its excellent piezoelectric
properties and broadband response, the PVDF can sense the boundary layer surface
vibratory motion responding to frequencies from a few Hz to 100 KHz and higher. 
By incorporating a microcomputer into this system, a number of design advantages
immediately become available.  It will be possible to construct a inintrusive prototype
BLTDS that determines laminar, turbulent, and transitional conditions on both wind
tunnel models as well as actual aircraft flight control surfaces.

Project Title:

High Temperature Capacitive Strain Gage

08.08-6963
Project Title:High Temperature Capacitive Strain Gage
Company:HITEC Products, Inc.
Ayer, MA 01432
Principal Investigator:Wnuk, Stephen P. Jr.

Abstract:

Our approach to strain measurement above 2000F is to miniaturize and "ruggedize"
the NASA sponsored, Boeing developed differential capacitive strain gage.1  This
gage, introduced around 1973, has never been redesigned or updated.  The basic gage
has demonstrated ability to measure static strains accurately at temperatures up
to 1500F.  This limitation of 1500F is due to electricalleakage in the insulators
and cable.  The gage itself is stabilized at 2000F during manufacturing, and could
operate at least for a short time at this temperature.  More recent modifications
to the signal conditioning2 increase the instrument capacity to tolerate more severe
electrical leakage.  With this improvement combined with better insulation, the gage
should operate well above 2000F using current technology.

The first phase of the project would study methods of improving gage components such
as improved flexure designs, possible use of ceramic bearings in place of flexures,
and an overall minaturization of the gage.  The use of ceramic components such al
Alumina, Silicon Carbide, and Silicon Nitride with sputtered insulation and sputtered
thin film capacitor plate could substaintially increase ruggedness and provide miniaturization.


The end result of Phase II would be a miniature, rugged differential capacitive strain
gage which could measure large or small strains at temperatures well above 2000F.
 The gage would be insensitive to shock loads or mechanical vibrations and less expensive
than present models.  Its primary use would be to measure strain on advanced aerospace
structures, turbojet and ram jet engine components.  It would also have limited applications
on nuclear and conventional power plant components, refineries, advanced automotive
gas and diesel engines and in material testing applications.

Project Title:

Tunable Solid State Cr:ZnWO4 Laser At 1.083 Micron Region

08.10-4016
Project Title:Tunable Solid State Cr:ZnWO4 Laser At 1.083 Micron Region
Company:Excel Technology, Inc.
Coram, NY 11727
Principal Investigator:Srinivasan, Triveni

Abstract:

The feasibility of building an extremely stable, spectrally narrow (300 MHz), and
tunable cw solid state laser operating at 1.083 micron wavelength region using a
single crystal of chromium doped zinc tungstate as the active medium is examined.
 The wide fluorescence bandwidth 800-1200 nm of this material makes it a promising
candidate for NASA space application, as an optical pumping source for He3 & He4
atoms used in space magnetometer.  In the proposed scheme, the system incorporates
a uniquely designed, an extreme short cavity (5 cm), longitudinally pumped Cr:ZnWO4
only supports multiple cavity round trips during the short time in which the population
is inverted but also makes the spacing between adjacent longitudinal modes very large.
 This results in an extreme reduction fo the amplified spontaneous emission, single
mode operation of the system and great stability in the frequency output.  The grazing
incidence design of the holographic grating eleminates the need of any beam expanding
optics in the cavity and also provides high resolution and spectrally narrow linewidth
(300 Mhz) over the entire tuning range of the crystal.  The spectral linewidth being
comparable to the atomic transition linewidth, the system is capable of locking in
at the helium resonance lines.  Furthermore, using the mirror (not the grating) as
a tuning element, ensures that the mode number and linewidth are precisely preserved
during the scanning process.

Project Title:

Tunable CW Laser For The 1.08 Micron Region

08.10-9000
Project Title:Tunable CW Laser For The 1.08 Micron Region
Company:General Optronics Corp.
Edison, NJ 08820
Principal Investigator:Wang, C. S.

Abstract:

We propose to develop a InGaAsP/InP double hetrostructure laser that will operate
with a wavelength of 1.08 micron.  The CW laser will be tunable to produce light
equivalent to the helium spectral lines at 1.083 micron.  This laser can be used
as an optical pumping source for He3 and He4 atoms used in space magnetometers. 
Continuous output power of 10 mW is the design goal.

Project Title:

Integrated MOS Chemical Sensors Utilizing Inorganic Insertion Compounds

08.15-9450
Project Title:Integrated MOS Chemical Sensors Utilizing Inorganic Insertion Compounds
Company:EIC Laboratories, Inc.
Norwood, MA 02062
Principal Investigator:Rauh, R. David

Abstract:

Solid state chemical sensors based on chemically active thin films incorporated as
gate metals in field effect transistors would be useful as gas analyzers for robotic
planetary explorers and cabin/station atmospheres.  These devices can be subject
to micromineaturization, and integrated into circuits containing, on a single chip,
all calibration, analysis and readout functions.  The problem with present sensors
of configuration CATALYTIC METAL/SiO2/Si is their lack of specificity and long term
instability.  We propose to inestigate new structures where an insertion compound
is interposed between the metal and the SiO2.  The insertion compound is chosen to
be selective of molecule or atom size or structure.  The insertion layers of interest
also undergo a change in electrical conductivity on insertion of the species to be
sensed or its biproduct into its crystalline lattice.  These reactions are highly
reversible.  The result is a change in the capacitance of the metal-insulator-semiconductor
structure, which is ultimately realized as a change in source-drain current in a
field effect transistor.  In Phase I, it is proposed to survey a variety of catalytic
metal/insertion compound bilayers in simple MIS diode structures for chemical sensitivity
with improved selectivity, reversibility and stability compared to present technology.
 Phase II will be employed to study the fabrication of diode arrays and the use of
pattern recognition logic to interpret array response for analysis of gaseous mixtures.

Project Title:

Aeroheating Flight Instrumentation

08.20-8581
Project Title:Aeroheating Flight Instrumentation
Company:REMTECH, Inc.
Huntsville, AL 35805
Principal Investigator:Bancroft, S. A.

Abstract:

The current inventory ofinstruments to measure aerodynamic heating during supersonic
and hypersonic flight of a space vehicle is extreme limited.  The evaluation of the
heat data measured by Schmidt - Boelter and Gordon calorimeters has pointed out the
large errors inherent to these instruments due to a phenomena called the temerature
mismatch error.  This error is basically caused by large surface temperature gradients
between the calorimeter face and the upstream surface.  An empirical method developed
in 1961 to estimate this errfor for two dimensional undisturbed low was used to correct
the Shuttle flight data.  This method provides, at best, an estimate for correcfting
the flight data especially in three dimensional and highly disturbed flwo.  The objective
of the Phase I study is to develop and anyalyze conceptual designs that eliminate
the temperature mismatch error.  The best concept would then be designed, fabricated,
tested and verified during the Phase II study.

Project Title:

Metal Thin-Film Optical Polarizers For Space Applications

08.24-2727
Project Title:Metal Thin-Film Optical Polarizers For Space Applications
Company:Polatomic, Inc.
Dallas, TX 75248
Principal Investigator:Slocum, Robert E.

Abstract:

We propose to fabricate a broadband polarizer for visible and near-infrared radiation
using a new technique recently developed by the principal investigator for producing
evaporatively deposited metal thin films which polarize normal incidence light over
a wide acceptance angle.  Narrow band polarizers using silver have been demonstrated
in the near infrared to have contrast ratio k1/k2 in excess of 3000 and excellent
stability in military and space environments.  These polarizers are compact sheed
polarizers and replace plastic dichroic sheets.

The objective of the proposed effort is use of thin-film techniques to develop visible
and near-infrared polarizers which are compact and can be used in a space environment.
 An investigation of film materials, deposition techniques, and substrate materials
will be conducted to achieve polarizing in the spectral band 400 nm to 1100 nm. 
The structure of these polarizing thin metal films will be examined and compared
with wire grid polarizer theory and the theory of electromagnetic scattering off
metal dipoles.  The effort will include investigation of techniques for improving
coating durability, transmission, extinction and peaking performance at 570 nm to
achieve contrast ratio k2/k1 of 105.

Project Title:

08.26-5649

Project Title:Feasibility Study For A Field Portable Thermal Infrared Spectrometer
Company:Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Principal Investigator:Lehotsky, James P.

Abstract:

The NASA Geology Program has been stdying the application of thermal infrared imaging
from aircraft and spacecraft to surface compositional mapping.  In order to support
these studies, there is a critical need to have a field portable thermal infrared
spectrometer for in situ measurement of the emission spectra of surface materials.
 Such an instrument must have good performance in the 5-14 micrometer wavelength
range and be easy to maintain, carry, and operate in the field.

The proposed research will investigate the feasibility of designing and building
an innovative portable thermal infrared spectrometer that is one person portable,
rugged and reliable, and meets the performance requirements.  This will require innovative
approaches to spectral dispersion and detection, power consumption, and especially
packaging.  The proposed program will investigate a variety of design approaches
to each subsystem, evaluate each with respect to performance and packaging constraints,
and recommend an optimum design.  The final report will include the preliminary design
with components specified and configuration identified for Phase II implementation.

Successful completion of the proposed research will result i the design of an instrument
that would produce date to significantly increase knowledge of the thermal infrared
emission characteristics of surface materials.

Project Title:

Imaging IR Spectrometer

08.27-8712
Project Title:Imaging IR Spectrometer
Company:SETS, Inc.
Honolulu, HI 96826
Principal Investigator:McCord, Carol S.

Abstract:

This proposal responds to Technical Subtopic 08.27:  Multi-Channel Infrared Spectrometer,
which requested a spectrometer be developed capable of sampling simultaneously the
spectral range 1.0 to 2.5 at 1% resolution wit a nep of 10-16 W/Hz.  The opportunity
is to apply new IR array detectors and optical designs to meet and exceed these specifications,
and perhaps to develop a truly imaging spectrometer as opposed to a simple point
spectrometer.  Further, new image, spectrum and image cube data processing systems
can be adapted togive realtime data analysis during measurement.  SETS, Inc. personnel
have helped develop some of the new technologies to be applied here.  The objective
of Phase I is to develop a detailed conceptual design and show feasibility for development
and testing of an operating prototype instrument under Phase II.  The Phase I effort
would be carried out by a highly knowledgeable technical staff, one for each of the
areas:  focal plane including detectors; optics; mechanical engineering, cooling
and packaging; instrument control and signal processing electronics; micro computer
system; and instrument control and data analysis software.

Project Title:

An Expert System For Particle Analysis

08.28-8801
Project Title:An Expert System For Particle Analysis
Company:ATAC
Mountain View, CA 94041
Principal Investigator:Wolf, Daniel E.

Abstract:

The objective of the research project is to develop and to configure a system which
will automatically identify, classify, and count shapes or granules in a pervasive
background.  The first intended application for the system is for aerosol particle
anal#mplex domains.  Unstructured grids are, therefore, receiving considerable attention.
 Although, the use of the unstructured grids remove the geometrical restriction of
sturctured grids, a problem that remains is the efficient generation of these grids
-particulaly in three-dimensions.  It is proposed to develop a grid generation capability
which, combined with a fast near neighbor algorithm, could reduce grid generation
times by an order of magnitude compard to the presently available methods.  It is
proposed to develop a grid generation capability which, combined with a fast near
neighbor algorithm, could reduce grid generationtimes by an order of magnitude compared
to the presently available methods.  It is also planned to develop a menu-driven
grid generation algorithm and fast interactive graphics.

Project Title:

Feasibility Of Modifying A Multispectral Scanner To Measure Fire Characteristics

08.29-5649
Project Title:Feasibility Of Modifying A Multispectral Scanner To Measure Fire Characteristics
Company:Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Principal Investigator:Osterwisch, Frederick, G.

Abstract:

NASA, in cooperation with several other agencies, has been studying the characteristics
of wildland fires with particular emphasis on understanding nutrient transport mechanisms.
 These studies have shown that multispectral data, especially in the thermal infrared
region, provides valuable information on fire characteristics..  Existing instruments
provide thermal infrared data in only a few broad bands of the spectrum and it ispredicted
that better measurements could be obtained using many more bands and higher spectral
resolution.  It may be possible to design a new spectrometer for an existing NASA
airborne multispectral scanner to acquire the desired high spectral resolution data.

The proposed research will investigate the feasibility of designing and building
a multispectral thermal infrared spectrometer.  The effort will involve the analysis
of alternative spectrometer designs which might be implemented using the existing
scaner primary optics and signal processing electronics.  Each alternative design
will be evaluated with respect to compatibility with the existing system, number
of spectral bands that can be obtained, and the probable performance characteristics
of the resulting instrument.

Successful completion of the proposed research will result in the design of an instrument
for airborne measurement of wildland fire characteristics on a local and regional
scale.

Project Title:

Advanced Actuators For The Control Of Large Space Structures

09.01-0540
Project Title:Advanced Actuators For The Control Of Large Space Structures
Company:SatCon Technology Corporation
Cambridge, MA 02142
Principal Investigator:Johnson, Bruce G.

Abstract:

New spacecraft designs feature large structures characterized by low natural frequencies,
lightly damped structural modes, and stringent pointing and vibration performance
requirements.  These large space structures (LSS) pose unique and difficult control
problems.  An important part of the solutions to these control problems is the development
of actuators that allow the application of force and or torque to the space structure.

This proposed research program will examine advanced six-degree-of-freedom actuators
employing magnetic suspensions.  These actuators will consist of a magnetically suspended
reaction mass that has three-degrees-of-freedom in both translation and rotation.
 These actuators will employ a unique large-angle-magnetic suspension that allows
gimballing of the suspended reaction mass.  These advanced actuators are expected
to have a number of advantages over convetional actuators including low noise, high
bandwidth, and relaxed constraints on actuator placement.  The proposed research
program will develop these actuators and asses their performance compared to conventional
actuators.

Project Title:

Titanium/Water Capillay Pumped Loop For Manned Environments

09.07-1342A
Project Title:Titanium/Water Capillay Pumped Loop For Manned Environments
Company:Thermacore, Inc.
Lancaster, PA 17601
Principal Investigator:Dussinger, Peter M.

Abstract:

Future space systems will undoubtedly utilize two-phase heat transport devices to
manage their complex thermal systems.  Many concepts have been proposed for a two-phase
thermal bus such as heat pipes, capillary pumped loops, and mechanically pumped loops.
 This proposal defines a work plan directed towards develoing a new capillary pumped
loop concept which utilizes recent developments in heat pipe wick structures.  The
new concept would increase theoperating power range of a CPL to that of a heat pipe
and also wuld eliminate the need for external controls and starter pumps.  Titanium/water
was chosen as the material/fluid combination to allow for direct use in manned environments.

Project Title:

Advanced Heat Pipe Body Mounted Radiators

09.07-1343B
Project Title:Advanced Heat Pipe Body Mounted Radiators
Company:Thermacore Inc
Lancaster, PA 17601
Principal Investigator:Jerome E. Toth

Abstract:

As the number of activities planned for the space station, and their associated energy
requirements continue to grow, concern over thermal management is increasing.  One
area of current development is advanced methods for the effective dissipation of
excess thermal energy.  The most effective method for the dissipoation of thermal
energy in space is radiation heat transfer.  For low temperature applications in
the range of 250-400k2 only low heat fluxes can be emitted.  At 300k, a thermal flux
of a blackbody can be emitted.  Therefore, to radiate large quantities of power at
low temperatures, the  radiating surface area must be maximized.  One relatively
large surface available for thermal radiation on the space station is the outer body
of the activities  modules.  By encasing the module with radiating panels, the need
for additional deployable radiators can be greatly reduce.  The proposed program
will identify advance designs for a body mounted radiator.  The concepts will concentrate
on offering benefits in the areas of reduced weight and improved performance and
operating efficiency.

Project Title:

Solid State Modulation Of Conductive Heat Transfer

09.07-5911
Project Title:Solid State Modulation Of Conductive Heat Transfer
Company:Cape Cod Research
Buzzards Bay, MA 02532
Principal Investigator:Walsh, Myles

Abstract:

An experimental program is proposed to explore the feasibility of using solid flexible
films for the electrical modulation of conductive heat transfer so that a variable
thermal switch might be developed capable of controlling energy flow to or from an
advanced spacecraft component.

Project Title:

Portable Low Temperature Cooler For Space Station

09.07-7000A
Project Title:Portable Low Temperature Cooler For Space Station
Company:SRS Technologies
Huntsville, AL 45806
Principal Investigator:Cody, Joseph C.

Abstract:

A thermal efficient lightweight enclosure (cooler) for low temperature storage of
biological and other experiment samples onboard the Space Station, and transportation
to earch, wil provide significant life cycle cost savings to the Space Station program.
 In addition, the concept is essentially passive requiring no pumps and/or compressors.
 Safety is enhanced because potentially toxic heat trnsport fluids are not required.
 The cooler could be removed to the logistics module, installed in t